Download or read book Opothleyaholo and the Loyal Muskogee written by Lela Jean McBride Brockway Tindle and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2000 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1861, Lt. William Averell was dispatched to Indian Territory on a secret mission intended to close the forts that protected the Creeks, Seminoles, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees. The South immediately seized the opportunity to woo the Indian nations to the Confederacy. The South anticipated some trouble with John Ross, the Cherokee chief, but expected little difficulty from the other tribes. But they had forgotten about a leader of the Muskogees, called Creeks by the whites, named Opothleyaholo. Opothleyaholo had endured the Trail of Tears in 1836, when the Creek had been uprooted from their homelands in Alabama and Georgia and sent to the Arkansas Territory. Despite hardships, they eventually prospered in the new territory. As the Civil War approached, Opothleyaholo fully understood the strategic importance of the Indian Territory to the Confederacy and knew that an alliance with its government would undoubtedly lead to the demise of his people. Despite his distrust of the American government, which consistently broke their promises to the Indian nations, he sided with the United States and fought bravely, only to be deserted by its troops when he needed them most. Retreating to southern Kansas during the worst winter in memory, at least 240 of his followers--men, women, and children--died in Wilson County, Kansas, in 1862. This is the story of a little-remembered part of the years leading up to the Civil War and the bravery and misfortune of the Indian tribes in the conflict.

Download or read book The State of Sequoyah written by Donald L. Fixico and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2024-10-22 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few people today know that the forty-sixth state could have been Sequoyah, not Oklahoma. The Five Tribes of Indian Territory gathered in 1905 to form their own, Indian-led state. Leaders of the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Muscogees, and Seminoles drafted a constitution, which eligible voters then ratified. In the end, Congress denied their request, but the movement that fueled their efforts transcends that single defeat. Researched and interpreted by distinguished Native historian Donald L. Fixico, this book tells the remarkable story of how the state of Sequoyah movement unfolded and the extent to which it remains alive today. Fixico tells how the Five Nations, after removal to the west, negotiated treaties with the U.S. government and lobbied Congress to allow them to retain communal control of their lands as sovereign nations. In the wake of the Civil War, while a dozen bills in Congress proposed changing the status of Indian Territory, the Five Tribes sought strength in unity. The Boomer movement and seven land dispensations—beginning with the famous run of 1889—nevertheless eroded their borders and threatened their cultural and political autonomy. President Theodore Roosevelt ultimately declared his support for the merging of Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory, paving the way for Oklahoma statehood in 1907—and shattering the state of Sequoyah dream. Yet the Five Tribes persevered. Fixico concludes his narrative by highlighting recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, most notably McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020), that have reaffirmed the sovereignty of Indian nations over their lands and people—a principal inherent in the Sequoyah movement. Did the story end in 1907? Could the Five Tribes revive their plan for separate statehood? Fixico leaves the reader to ponder this intriguing possibility.

Download or read book The Second Colorado Cavalry written by Christopher M. Rein and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2020-02-13 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the Civil War, the Second Colorado Volunteer Regiment played a vital and often decisive role in the fight for the Union on the Great Plains—and in the westward expansion of the American empire. Christopher M. Rein’s The Second Colorado Cavalry is the first in-depth history of this regiment operating at the nexus of the Civil War and the settlement of the American West. Composed largely of footloose ’59ers who raced west to participate in the gold rush in Colorado, the troopers of the Second Colorado repelled Confederate invasions in New Mexico and Indian Territory before wading into the Burned District along the Kansas border, the bloodiest region of the guerilla war in Missouri. In 1865, the regiment moved back out onto the plains, applying what it had learned to peacekeeping operations along the Santa Fe Trail, thus definitively linking the Civil War and the military conquest of the American West in a single act of continental expansion. Emphasizing the cavalry units, whose mobility proved critical in suppressing both Confederate bushwhackers and Indian raiders, Rein tells the neglected tale of the “fire brigade” of the Trans-Mississippi Theater—a group of men, and a few women, who enabled the most significant environmental shift in the Great Plains’ history: the displacement of Native Americans by Euro-American settlers, the swapping of bison herds for fenced cattle ranges, and the substitution of iron horses for those of flesh and bone. The Second Colorado Cavalry offers us a much-needed history of the “guerilla hunters” who helped suppress violence and keep the peace in contested border regions; it adds nuance and complexity to our understanding of the unlikely “agents of empire” who successfully transformed the Central Plains.

Download or read book The Civil War and the Subversion of American Indian Sovereignty written by Joseph Connole and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. government's Indian Policy evolved during the 19th century, culminating in the expulsion of the American Indians from their ancestral homelands. Much has been written about Andrew Jackson and the removal of the Five Nations from the American Southeast to present-day Oklahoma. Yet little attention has been paid to the policies of the Lincoln administration and their consequences. The Civil War was catastrophic for the natives of the Indian Territory. More battles were waged in the Indian Territory than in any other theater of the war, and the Five Nations' betrayal by the U.S. government ultimately lead to the destruction of their homes, their sovereignty and their identity.

Download or read book Extreme Civil War written by Matthew M. Stith and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2016-05-18 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the American Civil War, the western Trans-Mississippi frontier was host to harsh environmental conditions, irregular warfare, and intense racial tensions that created extraordinarily difficult conditions for both combatants and civilians. Matthew M. Stith's Extreme Civil War focuses on Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian Territory to examine the physical and cultural frontiers that challenged Confederate and Union forces alike. A disturbing narrative emerges where conflict indiscriminately beset troops and families in a region that continually verged on social and political anarchy. With hundreds of small fights disbursed over the expansive borderland, fought by civilians— even some women and children—as much as by soldiers and guerrillas, this theater of war was especially savage. Despite connections to the political issues and military campaigns that drove the larger war, the irregular conflict in this border region represented a truly disparate war within a war. The blend of violence, racial unrest, and frontier culture presented distinct challenges to combatants, far from the aid of governmental services. Stith shows how white Confederate and Union civilians faced forces of warfare and the bleak environmental realities east of the Great Plains while barely coexisting with a number of other ethnicities and races, including Native Americans and African Americans. In addition to the brutal fighting and lack of basic infrastructure, the inherent mistrust among these communities intensified the suffering of all citizens on America's frontier. Extreme Civil War reveals the complex racial, environmental, and military dimensions that fueled the brutal guerrilla warfare and made the Trans-Mississippi frontier one of the most difficult and diverse pockets of violence during the Civil War.

Download or read book Border War written by Stanley Harrold and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2010-11-08 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1840s and 1850s, a dangerous ferment afflicted the North-South border region, pitting the slave states of Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri against the free states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Aspects of this struggle--the underground railroad, enforcement of the fugitive slave laws, mob actions, and sectional politics--are well known as parts of other stories. Here, Stanley Harrold explores the border struggle itself, the dramatic incidents that comprised it, and its role in the complex dynamics leading to the Civil War.

Download or read book Negro History Bulletin written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Oklahoma Indian and Nature Guide written by Southwest Center for Human Relations Studies (University of Oklahoma) and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book African Creeks written by Gary Zellar and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A narrative of the African Creek community

Download or read book African Americans and Native Americans in the Cherokee and Creek Nations 1830s 1920s written by Katja May and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-01-20 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illuminating the historical development of race relations from African American, Cherokee, and Muskeg (Creek) points of views, this book weaves a rich tapestry from oral history accounts, manuscript census schedules, and ethnohistorical literature. The Cherokee and Creek tribes were two of the largest in the Southeast and their forcible removal to Indian Territory affected tens of thousands of Africans and Native Americans This innovative study describes Creek and Cherokee social organization and culture change in the early 19th century, uses oral accounts to examine the impact of Removal on black-Indian relations, and analyzes Creek-black Indian political alliances during the Green Peach War and the anti-allotment Crazy Snake Uprising. Two chapters contain analyses of samples from federal manuscript census schedules of 1900 and 1910, describing demographics, intermarriage patterns, and education The study also links African American and European American immigration to race relations in Creek and Cherokee history between 1880 and 1920, consulting many sources that have not been used before. The comparison between the neighboring Cherokees and Creeks in the Indian Territory shows different approaches to similar problems, documenting culture change that affected the two societies. The census figures at the beginning of the century are analyzed in terms of four population segments: black Indians, including freedmen, and post-1880 black immigrants, so-called fullbloods, and (white-Indian) mixed-bloods. The study shows how these categories became metaphors for political and social outlooks and attitudes about race and native Americans. The book ends with a detailed, comprehensive bibliography containing primary and secondary sources with guides to their locations. (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley 1994; revised with new preface and index)

Download or read book The Seminoles written by Edwin C. McReynolds and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 1957 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the history of a remarkable nation, the only Indian tribe that never officially made peace with the United States. General Thomas Sidney Jesup admired the Seminoles as adversaries: "We have, at no former period in our history, had to contend with so formidable an enemy. No Seminole proves false to his country, nor has a single instance occurred of a first rate warrior having surrendered." Jesup made those comments in 1837, and they proved true throughout the Seminole-white confrontations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Portions of the Seminoles’ story-particularly their wars-have been told, but until this book no extensive history of the tribe had been written. Here is the record of those dauntless people, who were tricked, robbed, defrauded, and abused. The origins of the tribe, the complex problems concerning their rights in Florida, the military operations against them, their forced removal to Indian Territory, their role in the Civil War, and their adjustment to life in the West are important elements of the book.

Download or read book The World s Richest Indian written by Tanis C. Thorne and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2003-10-09 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first biography of Jackson Barnett, who gained unexpected wealth from oil found on his property. This book explores how control of his fortune was violently contested by his guardian, the state of Oklahoma, the Baptist Church, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and an adventuress who kidnapped and married him. Coming into national prominence as a case of Bureau of Indian Affairs mismanagement of Indian property, the litigation over Barnett's wealth lasted two decades and stimulated Congress to make long-overdue reforms in its policies towards Indians. Highlighting the paradoxical role played by the federal government as both purported protector and pilferer of Indian money, and replete with many of the major agents in twentieth-century Native American history, this remarkable story is not only captivating in its own right but highly symbolic of America's diseased and corrupt national Indian policy. The World's Richest Indian was the winner of the Sierra Prize of the Western Association of Women Historians.

Download or read book The Press Covers the Invasion of Arkansas 1862 written by H. L. Hanna and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2011 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the first year of the War Between the States, Arkansas had been on the sidelines as the main actions had taken place in Virginia, Missouri and Kentucky. This was to change as the Federals gained control of Missouri and set their eyes on control of the lower Mississippi River toward the close of 1861. In these selections from period newspapers are both Confederate and Yankee Reports on the Invasion of Arkansas by the Union Army of the South-West under General Samuel R. Curtis in early 1862. Reports on the battle of Elkhorn Tavern, the occupation of parts of northern Arkansas and the attempts to take Little Rock by the Yankee army, the resistance to the invaders by the people of the State, and Curtis retreat to Helena as his army nearly starves, are here seen through the eyes of witnesses to the events. But, we have to be careful when using these reports, as demonstrated by this article from the July 11th, 1862 edition of the Richmond, Va. Daily Dispatch, sometimes the reports and editorials that purport to be reprints from newspapers published by the opposing side may not be all they seem: Yankee Trick. A soldier from Georgia picked up on the battlefield, a Yankee "Richmond Dispatch," which had been dropped by some dead Yankee. We have not yet seen it, but persons who have, say it is a cari(?)elry. It is exactly like this paper. The size, paper, advertisements and all are precisely the same. The only difference is in the editorials. The Yankee concern is full of desponding and despairing editorials, which pronounce our cause desperate and say that McClellan is obliged to take the city. These counterfeits are no doubt sent North, and used in keeping up the popular delusion there. --Possibly, other Southern papers may be counterfeited too. Was there ever a nation so thoroughly base? Newspaper reports are not the best of primary sources. Egos, partisanship and hatred can colour the stories, but a true sense of the events as they happened can be gained from these narratives.

Download or read book To Tame A Rebel written by Georgina Gentry and published by Kensington Publishing Corp.. This book was released on 2004-03-01 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Union Brave A Rebel soldier killed his brother. Now the fires of revenge burn in the soul of Creek warrior Yellow Jacket as he prepares to join his tribe in battle against his sworn enemies. To keep their plans secret, Yellow Jacket is forced to take a nurse prisoner. He has nothing to fear from Twilight Dumont, a gentle Southern belle--except for the unexpected passion that could break down the walls between them. . .or keep them apart forever. . . A Rebel Warrior A lieutenant in the famed Cherokee Mounted Rifles, Jim Eagle has cast his lot with the Confederacy. After capturing a Union supply boat, he is shocked to find that one of the young soldiers is actually a stunning Cherokee woman--and a spy. Eastern-educated April Grant has come to Indian territory to root out a traitor. . .but on which side? Now, Jim Eagle is torn between a deadly desire for the courageous beauty--and his duty to the Rebel cause. . . A War Of Hearts As the country is torn by Civil War, two men have chosen sides--but they cannot choose their destinies. Their paths will cross, their loyalties will be tested--and love for two exceptional women will make their hearts beat faster than the drums of war. . .

Download or read book Indian Leaders written by H. Glenn Jordan and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Road to Disappearance written by Angie Debo and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 1941 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A history of the Creek Indians.

Download or read book The Confederate Cherokees written by W. Craig Gaines and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 1992-04-01 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although many Indian nations fought in the Civil War, historians have given little attention to the role Native Americans played in the conflict. Indian nations did, in fact, suffer a higher percentage of casualties than any Union or Confederate state, and the war almost destroyed the Cherokee Nation. In The Confederate Cherokees, W. Craig Gaines provides an absorbing account of the Cherokees' involvement in the early years of the Civil War, focusing in particular on the actions of one group, John Drew's Regiment of Mounted Rifles.As the war began, The Cherokees were torn by internal political dissension and a simmering thirty-year-old blood feud. Entry into the war on the Confederate side did little to resolve these intratribal tensions. One faction, loyal to Chief John Ross, formed a regiment led by John Drew, Ross's nephew by marriage. Another regiment was formed by Ross's rival, Stand Watie. The Watie regiment was largely por-Confederate, whereas many of Drew's soldiers, though fighting for the Confederate cause, were secretly members of a pro-Union, antislavery society known as the Keetoowahs. They had little sympathy for the southern whites, who had driven them from their ancestral homelands in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Drew's regiment nonetheless earned a degree of infamy during the Battle of Pea Ridge, in Arkansas, for scalping Union soldiers.Gaines writes not only about the actions of Drew's regiment but about military events in the Indian Territory in general. United action was almost impossible because of continuing factionalism within the tribes and the desertion of many Indians to the Union forces. Desertion was so high that Drew's regiment was effectively disbanded by mid-1862, and the soldiers did not complete their one-year enlistment. Drew's regiment bears the distinction of being the only Confederate regiment to lose almost its entire membership through desertion to the Union ranks.Gaines's solidly researched, ground-breaking history of this ill-fated band of Cherokees will be of interest to Civil War buffs and students of Native American history alike.