Download or read book On the Integrated Analysis and Forensic Interpretation of Gunshot Residues written by Callum Bonnar and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gunshot residue (GSR) is a type of trace material that can be very important to the investigative, coronial, or criminal justice outcomes of incidents involving firearms. If scientists can identify and interpret these traces, they can contribute valuable information to the forensic process. The intent of this body of work was to improve the capabilities available to forensic practitioners, regarding this particular category of trace evidence. -- Specifically, it was identified that contemporary GSR analyses largely target the inorganic portion of gunshot residues (IGSR). Forensic scientists already recognize that firearms also produce organic residues (OGSR). Research into the exploitation of OGSR traces as evidence has been well documented in academic literature, but as yet no single technique has been adopted into routine laboratory use. It is even rarer for an integrated (IGSR/OGSR) methodology, using data on both components of the trace, to be used forensically for either detection or evaluation of traces. The original contribution to knowledge made by this PhD project was the exploration of options for this unified approach. -- New data on the subject were generated using combinations of laboratory experimentation, firing range fieldwork, and collection of survey samples. Authentic GSR samples were collected both from shooting experiments performed under controlled conditions and also following “natural” shooting activities undertaken by recreational shooters. It was found that liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry instrumentation, already available to forensic chemistry laboratories, could detect known OGSR compounds from recovered traces. A process for preparing subsamples for this organic analysis, while still retaining the possibility of inorganic analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), was developed. Further samples were collected alongside written surveys asking about recent firearm use. Analysis of the pool of “non-shooter” background samples gave confidence that the combination of analytical methods was specific for the detection of GSR, with few to no false positives. This tandem approach offers potential improvement over current methodologies, as it increases the mass of material that can be targeted for detection. It also allows greater confidence when discriminating between GSR and inorganic, environmental GSR-like interferences by providing more chemical data to the analyst from each trace. These data are applicable to sub-source and activity-level evaluations used by experts in some jurisdictions when presenting their findings. -- Next, different strategies for combining the outputs of each test into a single reportable result were investigated. Initially, the inorganic and organic laboratory tests were judged to indicate whether samples were either “positive” or “negative” for GSR using separate, predetermined categorical requirements. A Bayesian updating approach was then used to show that a statistical improvement in diagnostic accuracy was achieved when using two categorical tests in tandem. More advanced statistical methods including both univariate and multivariate models were also used to generate likelihood ratios representing the potential strength of evidence that could be provided to an investigator or courtroom. Of several techniques evaluated, artificial neural networks were chosen as the preferred method for synthesising multivariate data into a cohesive output without needing to discard any underlying information. Some perceived advantages and disadvantages of choosing categorical or likelihood ratio-based reporting are discussed. Data were also used as examples to perform certain sub-source and activity-level evaluations. -- Finally, two separate spectrometers featuring ambient-ionisation capability were assessed for possible use as rapid and selective detectors for analysing GSR. Both “Direct Sample Analysis” (DSATM) and “Direct Analysis in Real-Time” (DART®) ion-sources were found to be capable of desorbing and ionising relevant OGSR compounds. Either instrument was suitable for analysing, and potentially discriminating between, smokeless powders collected in their unburned state. However, the outcomes for GSR samples collected using adhesive stubs were poor due to a significant background signal arising from the adhesive in the stubs themselves. Therefore it is suggested that any future efforts to incorporate AIMS into a GSR detection procedure should focus on sample collection or isolation procedures. -- In summary, the integrated analysis of GSR traces was found by the author to both be technically feasible and to offer greater value to forensic scientists than the sum of its parts.

Download or read book Current Methods in Forensic Gunshot Residue Analysis written by A. J. Schwoeble and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-06-27 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the improvements in collection methods and analytical tools that allow more thorough analyses, gunshot residue examination has made a dramatic impact as an area of trace evidence essential to the investigation and prosecution of violent crime. Current Methods in Forensic Gunshot Residue Analysis deals with major areas of gunshot residue analysis, including current and future methods of analysis, collection techniques, interpretation of evidence, expert testimony and report writing. This text is a necessity for forensic scientists conducting this type of analysis and anyone involved in the investigation and prosecution of violent crimes involving firearms.

Download or read book Improving Forensic Casework Analysis and Interpretation of Gunshot Residue GSR Evidence written by Stephanie Hales and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 944 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Chemical Analysis of Firearms Ammunition and Gunshot Residue written by James Smyth Wallace and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-06-04 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue, Second Edition continues in the tradition of the popular first edition, filling the void in forensic texts on the subject. While most books on firearms focus solely on the physical aspects of firearms, this book addresses forensic issues relating to the chemical aspects of firearms and ammunition. It draws on the latest published literature including books, scientific papers, technical reports, manufacturer’s literature, newspaper articles, and personal observations and research conducted by the author. This edition is fully updated, introducing the history and development of firearms and ammunition including advances in the chemical analysis of them. Several changes in primer compositions and the particle classification system are addressed with new techniques added on evidence collection and testing methods. Coverage details chemical aspects of forensic firearms casework with particular emphasis on the detection of gunshot residues (GSR), firearm discharge residues (FDR), and cartridge discharge residues (CDR) on a suspect’s skin and clothing surfaces. Two new chapters have been added. One deals with unusual firearms case while the other summarizes a controversial, high-profile Australian case involving inorganic and organic gunshot residue, highlighting the dangers of incorrect forensic evidence and the increased need for careful training of forensic scientists. Fully updated to reflect the latest techniques and tests for particle and chemical classification Provides a complete history of firearms and ammunition development as well as advances in the chemical analysis involved in forensic firearm casework Features a one-of-a-kind chapter on processing suspects, a crucial component in many firearms and explosives residue cases The book will serves as a useful to forensic chemists, investigators, ballistics experts, among other professionals serving in a variety of forensic disciplines.

Download or read book Forensic Analysis of Gunshot Residue 3D printed Firearms and Gunshot Injuries written by Oscar Black and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As technology continues to advance forward, it is crucial that the forensic disciplines maintain their lead over the criminal element. The field of firearm analysis is one such area that has experienced rapid developments, spurred on by recent technological advancements. With the invention of high resolution 3D-printing, new improvements in instrumental techniques such as Raman Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry, and improvements in simulation capabilities for ballistic wounding potential, entirely new fields of study have evolved. This book takes an in-depth look at the current state of gunshot residue analysis and wound ballistics, and showcases groundbreaking research in these crucial areas. The ramifications of the availability of 3D-printed firearms are also discussed, with authors submitting evaluations of new and existing forensic methods on trace analysis of GSR and fingerprinting, as well as potential protocol adaptations to better address the unique challenges of 3D-printed firearms. Whereas this book is primarily oriented toward forensic researchers and practitioners, others with an interest in keeping up with developments in forensic science may find it informative and useful.

Download or read book Shooting Incident Reconstruction written by Michael G. Haag and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-06-29 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shooting Incident Reconstruction, Second Edition, offers a thorough explanation of matters from simple to complex to help the reader understand the factors surrounding ballistics, trajectory, and shooting scenes. Forensic scientists, law enforcement, and crime scene investigators are often tasked with reconstruction of events based on crime scene evidence, along with the subsequent analysis of that evidence. The use and misuse of firearms to perpetrate crimes from theft to murder necessitates numerous invitations to reconstruct shooting incidents. The discharge of firearms and the behavior of projectiles create many forms of physical evidence that, through proper testing and interpretation by a skilled forensic scientist, can establish what did and what did not occur. Written by the world's most well-respected shooting scene and ballistics experts, the book addresses the terminology, science, and factors involved in reconstructing shooting incident events to solve forensic cases. It covers the full range of related topics including: the range from which a firearm was discharged; the sequence of shots in a multiple discharge shooting incident; the position of a firearm at the moment of discharge; and the position of a victim at the moment of impact. The probable flight path of a projectile and the manner in which a firearm was discharged are also discussed. Case studies illustrate real-world application of technical concepts, supported by over 200 full-color diagrams and photographs. This book will be of value to practicing forensic scientists (firearm and toolmark examiners), ballistics experts, crime scene personnel, police departments, forensic consultants (generalists), attorneys and judges, medical examiners (coroners), and forensic pathologists. Written by the most well-respected shooting scene and ballistics experts in the world Contains over 200 full-color diagrams and photographs that support and illustrate key concepts Case studies illustrate real-world application of technical concepts

Download or read book Firearm and Toolmark Examination and Identification written by Max M. Houck and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-10-17 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Advanced Forensic Science Series grew out of the recommendations from the 2009 NAS Report: "Strengthening Forensic Science: A Path Forward." This volume, Firearm and Toolmark Examination and Identification, will serve as a graduate-level text for those studying and teaching firearm and toolmark examination and identification. It will also prove an excellent reference for forensic practitioner’s libraries or use in their casework. Coverage includes a wide variety of tools and toolmarks, analysis of gunshots, ammunition, gunshot wounds and professional issues they may encounter. Provides basic principles of forensic science and an overview of firearms and toolmarks Contains information on a wide variety of tools and toolmarks Covers the analysis and interpretation of gunshots, ammunition and gunshot wounds Includes a section on professional issues, such as: from crime scene to court, lab reports, and health and safety Incorporates effective pedagogy, key terms, review questions, discussion question and additional reading suggestions

Download or read book Practical Analysis and Reconstruction of Shooting Incidents written by Edward E. Hueske and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-11-29 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultimate goal of collecting, preserving, and examining physical evidence is individualization - associating each piece with its responsible source. Firearms evidence in particular has the potential to individualize its source. Accessible and comprehensive, Practical Analysis and Reconstruction of Shooting Incidents provides the foundation necessary to develop and sharpen the skills used to investigate shooting incidents. It provides an explanation of what constitutes pertinent evidence and appropriate results pertaining to autopsies, forensic laboratory analysis, and reenactments. The text also reviews basic firearm design, function, ammunition components, and the terminology required for understanding evidence encountered at the scene. The book explains the basic mathematics of shooting reconstruction and includes sample problems at the end of each chapter. It presents case studies that feature those involving the John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy assassinations. It also details proper photographic documentation and effective courtroom techniques used to present the results of shooting reconstructions to juries, with examples of acceptable demonstrative evidence. Arming the investigator with the means to successfully examine and evaluate what transpired at the scene, Practical Analysis and Reconstruction of Shooting Incidents is an important resource to have accessible at all times.

Download or read book New Approaches In Forensic Science written by Jagdish Kumar Agrawal and published by . This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book Is A Comprehensive Volume On Gunshot Residues. It Covers The Phenomenon Of Gun Shot Residue Formation, Their Placing, Collection, Detection, And Identification. Gun Shot Residues Lead To The Identification Of Shooter, Range Determination And Identification Of Gun Shot Holes Hence Play An Important Role In Firearm Cases. Various Methods Reported For The Detection Of Gun Shot Residues So Far Have Been Discussed In Detail And Their Merits And Demerits Are Listed. Authors Have Successfully Applied The Differential Pulse Anoding Stripping Voltamettric Analysis , For The Detection Of Gun Shot Residues On The Hands Of The Shooter. This Method Is Quick, Quantitative, Non-Destructive, Effective And Cheap As Compared To The Methods Suggested So Far. This Work Is Based On The Actual Experiments Conducted At The State Forensic Science Laboratory, Govt. Of Madhya Pradesh, Sagar And Dr. Hari Singh Gour University (Formerly Sagar University) Sagar. It Will Be Of Great Interest To All Those Who Are Working In The Field Of Gunshot Residue Analysis, Students Of Forensic Science, Investigating Officers, Advocates And Judicial Officers. This May Also Interest The General Public To Help Them In Preserving The Firearm Evidence In The Form Of Gunshot Residues To Avoid Complication In The Investigation Of The Firearm Cases Particularly Where Mode Of Firing (Suicide, Accident, Homicide) Is Disputed.

Download or read book Forensic Analysis written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-04-26 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1960s, testimony by representatives of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in thousands of criminal cases has relied on evidence from Compositional Analysis of Bullet Lead (CABL), a forensic technique that compares the elemental composition of bullets found at a crime scene to the elemental composition of bullets found in a suspect's possession. Different from ballistics techniques that compare striations on the barrel of a gun to those on a recovered bullet, CABL is used when no gun is recovered or when bullets are too small or mangled to observe striations. Forensic Analysis: Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence assesses the scientific validity of CABL, finding that the FBI should use a different statistical analysis for the technique and that, given variations in bullet manufacturing processes, expert witnesses should make clear the very limited conclusions that CABL results can support. The report also recommends that the FBI take additional measures to ensure the validity of CABL results, which include improving documentation, publishing details, and improving on training and oversight.

Download or read book A Survey of Gunshot Residue Analysis Methods written by RL. Singer and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A survey was sent to 80 forensic laboratories in 44 States and two Canadian Provinces concerning methodology in analyzing gunshot residue (GSR) and interpreting the results. Of the 80 surveys, 50 (63%) were returned completed. Questions included standard procedures, collection methods, thresholding problems and specificity of data. These results are compared to a previous survey reported in 1990. Implications for the interpretation and future study of these methods are discussed.

Download or read book Emerging Technologies for the Analysis of Forensic Traces written by Simona Francese and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-30 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a line of communication between academia and end users/practitioners to advance forensic science and boost its contribution to criminal investigations and court cases. By covering the state of the art of promising technologies for the analysis of trace evidence using a controlled vocabulary, this book targets the forensics community as well as, crucially, informing the end users on novel and potential forensic opportunities for the fight against crime. By reporting end users commentaries at the end of each chapter, the relevant academic community is provided with clear indications on where to direct further technological developments in order to meet the law requirements for operational deployment, as well as the specific needs of the end users. Promising chemistry based technologies and analytical techniques as well as techniques that have already shown to various degrees an operational character are covered. The majority of the techniques covered have imaging capabilities, that is the ability to visualize the distribution of the target molecules within the trace evidence recovered. This feature enhances intelligibility of the information making it also accessible to a lay audience such as that typically found with a court jury. Trace evidence discussed in this book include fingermarks, bodily fluids, hair, gunshot residues, soil, ink and questioned documents thus covering a wide range of possible evidence recovered at crime scenes.

Download or read book A Novel Approach to Gunshot Residue Pattern Interpretation Utilizing Digital Image based Analysis written by Amanda L. Abbott and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bayesian Networks for Probabilistic Inference and Decision Analysis in Forensic Science written by Franco Taroni and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-07-21 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bayesian Networks “This book should have a place on the bookshelf of every forensic scientist who cares about the science of evidence interpretation.” Dr. Ian Evett, Principal Forensic Services Ltd, London, UK Bayesian Networks for Probabilistic Inference and Decision Analysis in Forensic Science Second Edition Continuing developments in science and technology mean that the amounts of information forensic scientists are able to provide for criminal investigations is ever increasing. The commensurate increase in complexity creates diffculties for scientists and lawyers with regard to evaluation and interpretation, notably with respect to issues of inference and decision. Probability theory, implemented through graphical methods, and specifically Bayesian networks, provides powerful methods to deal with this complexity. Extensions of these methods to elements of decision theory provide further support and assistance to the judicial system. Bayesian Networks for Probabilistic Inference and Decision Analysis in Forensic Science provides a unique and comprehensive introduction to the use of Bayesian decision networks for the evaluation and interpretation of scientific findings in forensic science, and for the support of decision-makers in their scientific and legal tasks. Includes self-contained introductions to probability and decision theory. Develops the characteristics of Bayesian networks, object-oriented Bayesian networks and their extension to decision models. Features implementation of the methodology with reference to commercial and academically available software. Presents standard networks and their extensions that can be easily implemented and that can assist in the reader’s own analysis of real cases. Provides a technique for structuring problems and organizing data based on methods and principles of scientific reasoning. Contains a method for the construction of coherent and defensible arguments for the analysis and evaluation of scientific findings and for decisions based on them. Is written in a lucid style, suitable for forensic scientists and lawyers with minimal mathematical background. Includes a foreword by Ian Evett. The clear and accessible style of this second edition makes this book ideal for all forensic scientists, applied statisticians and graduate students wishing to evaluate forensic findings from the perspective of probability and decision analysis. It will also appeal to lawyers and other scientists and professionals interested in the evaluation and interpretation of forensic findings, including decision making based on scientific information.

Download or read book Review of written by WF. Rowe and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the methods currently used for the analysis of gunshot residue, with particular emphasis on variable pressure SEM/EDS analysis of primer residues. The chapters consider in turn: (1) gunshot residue as forensic evidence (including the loss or transfer of gunshot residue and its collection at the scene of the crime), (2) the formation and composition of primer residue particles, (3) methods of gunshot residue analysis (concentrating on the aforementioned variable pressure SEM/EDS but also outlining graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis), (4) gunshot residue plumes produced by a variety of firearms (presenting video captures from the highspeed video studies conducted by RJ Group, Inc., in 1994), (5) the results of SEM/EDS analyses of a number of samples of gunsot residue produced by various handguns firing a variety of brands of ammunition, and finally (6) the proper documentation of test results and the presentation of testimony. The book concludes with a glossary of ballistic terms and a comprehensive bibliography of articles relating to the analysis of gunshot residue.

Download or read book Forensic Analysis of Gunshot Residue written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Survey of Gunshot Residue Analysis in Forensic Science Laboratories written by D. DeGaetano and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this survey was to determine the methods of analysis being used on gunshot residue (GSR) samples in forensic science laboratories across the United States. In addition, the two general techniques of GSR analysis are compared and contrasted. Problems encountered by analysts using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) are discussed.