Download or read book Observations of Large Scale Sidereal Anisotropy in 1 and 11 TeV Cosmic Rays from the MINOS Experiment written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The MINOS Near and Far Detectors are two large, functionally-identical, steel-scintillating sampling calorimeters located at depths of 220 mwe and 2100 mwe respectively. The detectors observe the muon component of hadronic showers produced from cosmic ray interactions with nuclei in the earth's atmosphere. From the arrival direction of these muons, the anisotropy in arrival direction of the cosmic ray primaries can be determined. The MINOS Near and Far Detector have observed anisotropy on the order of 0.1% at 1 and 11 TeV respectively. The amplitude and phase of the first harmonic at 1 TeV are 8.2 ± 1.7(stat.) x 10−4 and (8.9 ± 12.1(stat.)){sup o}, and at 11 TeV are 3.8 ± 0.5(stat.) x 10−4 and (27.2 ± 7.2(stat.)){sup o}.

Download or read book Observation of TeV energy Cosmic ray Anisotropy with the HAWC Observatory written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades, ground-based measurements of the arrival directions of TeV cosmic rays have revealed an unexpected anisotropy. Multiple detectors have recorded fluxes above all-sky averages to high statistical significance for features at large (about 180°) and small (about 5°) angular sizes. Likely sources of high-energy cosmic rays are no closer than about 100 pc, about 100,000 Larmor radii for a TeV proton in typical interstellar magnetic fields of order several microGauss. This thesis outlines methods to search for signals in cosmic-ray arrival directions on data from the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory -- an extended air shower detector array in Puebla, Mexico, sensitive to gamma rays and cosmic rays at TeV energies. The detector is currently under construction, but data acquisition with the partially deployed detector started in 2013. An analysis of the cosmic-ray arrival direction distribution based on 86 billion events recorded between June 2013 and July 2014 shows anisotropy at the 10^(-4) level on angular scales of about 10°. The HAWC cosmic-ray sky map exhibits three regions of significantly enhanced cosmic-ray flux; two of these regions were first reported by the Milagro experiment. A third region coincides with an excess recently reported by the ARGO-YBJ experiment. An angular power spectrum analysis of the sky shows that all terms up to l=15 contribute significantly to the excesses. Large angular scales (>60°) are also considered, but the results are still preliminary as they are contaminated with non-sidereal signals which cancel for integer years of continuous data. An analysis of the cosmic-ray Moon shadow is shown to demonstrate the angular resolution and energy scale of the data set and to evaluate part of the analysis technique.

Download or read book Cosmic Ray Observations at the TeV Scale with the HAWC Observatory written by Zigfried Hampel-Arias and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades, a more detailed understanding of TeV-scale cosmic rays has emerged which appears to deviate from the isotropic, single power law description of the cosmic ray flux. This may be the result of the distribution of sources within the Galaxy, changes in source spectra, effects from the propagation of cosmic rays from their sources to Earth, or a combination of the three. Supernova remnants are thought to be the most likely source of Galactic cosmic rays, providing a natural power law source spectrum with sufficient power to generate the observed cosmic ray energy density. Yet, recent results from balloon-borne experiments hint at a possible change in the spectral index between 20−50 TeV. These direct detection apparatuses provide the most precise measurements of the cosmic ray flux up to ~30 TeV, beyond which they are limited by the combined effects of their physical dimensions, runtime durations, and a rapidly decreasing flux. Above ~100 TeV, the spectrum has been measured by ground based air shower arrays, with typical systematic uncertainties of order 10%. Despite having the combined measurements from various experimental techniques, their different energy scales and systematics imply that identifying finer structure between 10−100 TeV requires a single experimental method to span the entire range. Furthermore, as the nearest potential source is hundreds of parsecs away and the Larmor radius of TeV scale charged cosmic rays in the Galaxy is of order 10−3 parsecs, the previously observed anisotropy in arrival directions of cosmic rays is unexpected. In order to attain the statistical power necessary to observe TeV cosmic ray anisotropy at the 10−3 level and below, the long data taking periods required are only attainable by air shower arrays. This thesis presents a measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum and the energy dependence of the anisotropy on small scales O(10°) using data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory, an air-shower array located near Puebla, Mexico that is sensitive to gamma rays and cosmic rays at TeV energies. The analyses in this work comprise data taking periods of order 1 yr containing ~1010 events. An analysis of the cosmic ray Moon shadow is first presented as a verification of the angular resolution and energy scale of the detector. Next, a measurement of the all-particle cosmic ray energy spectrum from 10−500 TeV is shown, with an indication of structure deviating from a single power law. The final results presented in this work show an improved spectral measurement of a particular region of cosmic ray excess at the 10−4 level, previously observed both in HAWC and in other experiments.

Download or read book The Early Universe and the Cosmic Microwave Background Theory and Observations written by Norma G. Sànchez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of the Daniel Chalonge School on Astrofundamental Physics is to contribute to a theory of the universe (and particularly of the early universe) up to the marks, and at the scientific height of, the unprecedented accuracy, existent and expected, in the observational data. The impressive development of modern cosmology during the last decades is to a large extent due to its unification with elementary particle physics and quantum field theory. The cross-section between these fields has been increasing setting up Astrofundamental Physics. The early universe is an exceptional (theoretical and experimental) laboratory in this new discipline. This NATO Advanced Study Institute provided an up dated understanding, from a fundamental physics and deep point of view, of the progress and key issues in the early universe and the cosmic microwave background: theory and observations. The genuine interplay with large scale structure formation and dark matter problem were discussed. The central focus was placed on the cosmic microwave background. Emphasis was given to the precise inter-relation between fundamental physics and cosmology in these problems, both at the theoretical and experimental/observational levels, within a deep and well defined programme which provided in addition, a careful interdisciplinarity. Special sessions were devoted to high energy cosmic rays, neutrinos in astrophysics, and high energy astrophysics. Deep understanding, clarification, synthesis, careful interdisciplinarity within a fundamental physics framework, were the main goals of the course.

Download or read book Measurement of Anisotropy in the Cosmic Background Radiation on a Large Angular Scale at 33 GHz written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Results of a measurement of anisotropy in the 3 °K cosmic background radiation on a large-angular-scale are presented. Observations were carried out with a dual-antenna microwave radiometer operating at 33 GHz (0.89 cm wavelength) flown on board a U-2 aircraft to 20-km altitude. In eleven flights, between December 1976 and May 1978, the radiometer measured differential intensity between pairs of directions distributed over most of the northern celestial hemisphere with an rms sensitivity of +- 46m°K/.sqrt. Hz. The measurements show clear evidence of anisotropy that is readily interpreted as due to the motion of the earth relative to the sources of the radiation; the anisotropy is well fit by a cosine distribution of amplitude 3.61 +- 0.54 millireverse arrowreverse arrow-degrees Kelvin (m°K), one part in 800 of 3°K, implying a velocity of 361 +- 54 km/sec toward the direction 11.23 +- 0.46 hours right ascension, and 19.0 +- 7.5° declination. A simultaneous fit to a combined hypothesis of dipole (cos theta) and quadrupole (cos2 theta) angular distributions places a 1 m°K limit on the amplitude of most components of quadruple anisotropy with 90% confidence. Additional analysis places a 0.5 m °K limit on uncorrelated fluctuations (sky-roughness) in the 3°K background on an angular scale of the antenna beam width, about 7°. This thesis describes the equipment development through three engineering flights and the data acquisition in eleven additional flights. The astrophysical results are then presented from the statistical analysis of the reduced data.

Download or read book Large Angular Scale Anisotropy in the Cosmic BackgroundRadiation written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We report the results of an extended series of airborne measurements of large-angular-scale anisotropy in the 3 K cosmic background radiation. Observations were carried out with a dual-antenna microwave radiometer operating at 33 GHz (0.89 cm wavelength) flown on board a U-2 aircraft to 20 km altitude. In eleven flights, between December 1976 and May 1978, the radiometer measured differential intensity between pairs of directions distributed over most of the northern hemisphere with an rms sensitivity of 47 mK Hz−12. The measurements show clear evidence of anisotropy that is readily interpreted as due to the solar motion relative to the sources of the radiation. The anisotropy is well fit by a first order spherical harmonic of amplitude 360 ± 50km sec−1 toward the direction 11.2 ± 0.5 hours of right ascension and 19 ± 8 degrees declination. A simultaneous fit to a combined hypothesis of dipole and quadrupole angular distributions places a 1 mK limit on the amplitude of most components of quadrupole anisotropy with 90% confidence. Additional analysis places a 0.5 mK limit on uncorrelated fluctuations (sky-roughness) in the 3 K background on an angular scale of the antenna beam width, about 7 degrees.

Download or read book A Measurement of Anisotropy in the Cosmic Background Radiation on a Large Angular Scale at 33 GHz written by Marc Victor Gorenstein and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book An Apparatus for Measuring Large Scale Cosmic Ray Anisotropy Through Water Cherenkov Muon Detection written by Malcolm McCarthy and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book 300 Gev Observations of Unidentified Egret Sources a Search for TeV Counterparts to Batse Gamma Ray Bursts written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-02 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are few things more intriguing in high energy astrophysics than the study of the highest energy particles in the universe. Where and how these particles achieve their extreme energies is of interest not only to the astrophysicist but also to the particle physicist. At GeV and TeV energies the problem is manageable since the physics is known and the acceleration processes feasible. But the energy spectrum extends to 10(exp 20)Ev and there the problem of their origin is both more difficult and interesting; in fact at these high energies we do not even know what the particles are. The study of the origin and distribution of relativistic particles in the universe has been a challenge for more than 80 years but it is only in recent years that the technology has become available to really address the question. Although something can be learned from studies of composition and energy spectrum, the origins (and thence the acceleration mechanisms) can only come from the direct study of the neutral particle component (in this respect the highest energy particles are effectively neutral since they are virtually undeflected). The feasible channels of investigation are therefore the study of the arrival directions of: (1) TeV photons (covered by the following U.S. experiments: STACEE, Whipple/VERITAS, MILAGRO and, to some extent, by EGRET/GLAST); (2) neutrinos of TeV energy and above (AMANDA/KM3); (3) the highest energy cosmic rays (HiRes, Auger). While these studies represent a form of astronomy they are the astronomy of the extraordinary universe, the universe populated by the most dynamic and physically exciting objects, the universe of the high energy astrophysicist whose cosmic laboratories represent conditions beyond anything that can be duplicated in a terrestrial laboratory. This extraordinary astronomy may say little about the normal evolution of stars and galaxies but it opens windows into cosmic particle acceleration where new and strange physical processes take ...

Download or read book Measurement of the Large scale Anisotropy of the Cosmic Background Radiation at 3mm written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A balloon-borne differential radiometer has measured the large-scale anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation (CBR) with high sensitivity. The antenna temperature dipole anistropy at 90 GHz (3 mm wavelength) is 2.82 +- 0.19 mK, corresponding to a thermodynamic anistropy of 3.48 +- mK for a 2.7 K blackbody CBR. The dipole direction, 11.3 +- 0.1 hours right ascension and -5.7° +- 1.8° declination, agrees well with measurements at other frequencies. Calibration error dominates magnitude uncertainty, with statistical errors on dipole terms being under 0.1 mK. No significant quadrupole power is found, placing a 90% confidence-level upper limit of 0.27 mK on the RMS thermodynamic quadrupolar anistropy. 22 figures, 17 tables.

Download or read book Energy Dependence of the Anisotropy for Cosmic Ray Electrons written by William Fischbein and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The existence of a spatial anisotropy for the electron component of cosmic rays is considered for the energy range of 100 to 1000 GeV. It is found that an anisotropy as large as 1 percent is likely to be seen at energies as low as 100 GeV. Expressions are derived for the energy dependence of the anisotropy based on a model in which local pulsars are the predominant electron sources. Supernova radia remnants are considered as possible additional sources. (Author).

Download or read book 3 Mm Anisotropy Measurement written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have mapped the large-scale anisotropy in the cosmic background radiation at 3 mm wavelength using a liquid-helium-cooled balloon-borne radiometer sensitive enough to detect the dipole in one gondola rotation (1 minute). Statistical errors on the dipole and quadrupole components are below 0.1 mK with less than 0.1 m K galactic contribution. We find a dipole consistent with previous measurements but disagree with recent quadrupole reports. The measurement is also useful in searching for spectral distortions.

Download or read book The Cosmos written by Jay M. Pasachoff and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 629 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exciting introduction to astronomy, using recent discoveries and stunning photography to inspire non-science majors about the Universe and science.

Download or read book Polarization at LEP written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Worldwide List of Alternative Theories and Critics written by Jean de Climont and published by Editions d Assailly. This book was released on 2020-11-01 with total page 2426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Worldwide List of Alternative Theories and Critics (only avalailable in english language) includes scientists involved in scientific fields. The 2023 issue of this directory includes the scientists found in the Internet. The scientists of the directory are only those involved in physics (natural philosophy). The list includes 9700 names of scientists (doctors or diplome engineers for more than 70%). Their position is shortly presented together with their proposed alternative theory when applicable. There are nearly 3500 authors of such theories, all amazingly very different from one another. The main categories of theories are presented in an other book of Jean de Climont THE ALTERNATIVE THEORIES

Download or read book Solar Neutrino Physics written by Lothar Oberauer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the fascinating interplay between particle physics and astrophysics that highlights the discovery of neutrino oscillations Written by three international experts on the topic, Solar Neutrino Physics offers a review of the status of solar physics with its strong link to neutrino physics. The book explores constitutive physics and the governing equations of standard solar models. The authors also review the theory of neutrinos in the Standard Model and the related detector experiments. The book contains a summary of the results from various experiments and develops a coherent view of the current state-of-the-art of solar neutrino physics. Solar Neutrino Physics shows how solar models can be calibrated with the observational constraints of the age, mass, radius, and luminosity of the sun. The authors present general evolutionary properties of the sun as a star, past and future. They also discuss the solar neutrino production via the pp-chains and CNO-cycle, including the important role of the chemical composition of the sun. A very important source of information about the solar interior is offered by helioseismology, the study of solar oscillations. This important book: Presents a high-level overview of the field of solar neutrino physics Brings together data and their interpretation of results obtained at various solar neutrino observatories Combines the theory of nuclear reactions with solar neutrino experiments Contains a review of SNO+, JUNO, LENA, Hyper-Kamiokande, and DUNE. Written for astronomers, physicists, and high energy physicists, Solar Neutrino Physics contains a review of the field of neutrino physics, the relevant equations, and the impact of matter on the behavior of neutrino oscillations.

Download or read book Particles and Astrophysics written by Maurizio Spurio and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-06 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an introduction to “multi-messenger” astrophysics. It covers the many different aspects connecting particle physics with astrophysics and cosmology and introduces astrophysics using numerous experimental findings recently obtained through the study of high-energy particles. Taking a systematic approach, it comprehensively presents experimental aspects from the most advanced laboratories and detectors, as well as the theoretical background. The book is aimed at graduate students and post-graduate researchers with a basic understanding of particle and nuclear physics. It will also be of interest to particle physicists working in accelerator/collider physics who are keen to understand the mechanisms of the largest accelerators in the Universe. The book draws on the extensive lecturing experience of Professor Maurizio Spurio from the University of Bologna.