Download or read book Observation and Experiment written by Paul Rosenbaum and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-14 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A daily glass of wine prolongs life—yet alcohol can cause life-threatening cancer. Some say raising the minimum wage will decrease inequality while others say it increases unemployment. Scientists once confidently claimed that hormone replacement therapy reduced the risk of heart disease but now they equally confidently claim it raises that risk. What should we make of this endless barrage of conflicting claims? Observation and Experiment is an introduction to causal inference by one of the field’s leading scholars. An award-winning professor at Wharton, Paul Rosenbaum explains key concepts and methods through lively examples that make abstract principles accessible. He draws his examples from clinical medicine, economics, public health, epidemiology, clinical psychology, and psychiatry to explain how randomized control trials are conceived and designed, how they differ from observational studies, and what techniques are available to mitigate their bias. “Carefully and precisely written...reflecting superb statistical understanding, all communicated with the skill of a master teacher.” —Stephen M. Stigler, author of The Seven Pillars of Statistical Wisdom “An excellent introduction...Well-written and thoughtful...from one of causal inference’s noted experts.” —Journal of the American Statistical Association “Rosenbaum is a gifted expositor...an outstanding introduction to the topic for anyone who is interested in understanding the basic ideas and approaches to causal inference.” —Psychometrika “A very valuable contribution...Highly recommended.” —International Statistical Review
Download or read book Observation and Experiment written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Reading Options -- List of Examples -- Part I. Randomized Experiments -- 1. A Randomized Trial -- 2. Structure -- 3. Causal Inference in Randomized Experiments -- 4. Irrationality and Polio -- Part II. Observational Studies -- 5. Between Observational Studies and Experiments -- 6. Natural Experiments -- 7. Elaborate Theories -- 8. Quasi-experimental Devices -- 9. Sensitivity to Bias -- 10. Design Sensitivity -- 11. Matching Techniques -- 12. Biases from General Dispositions -- 13. Instruments -- 14. Conclusion -- Appendix: Bibliographic Remarks -- Notes -- Glossary: Notation and Technical Terms -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- Acknowledgments -- Index
Download or read book Observation and Inference written by Alexander Muir Walker and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Observations and Inferences written by American Association for the Advancement of Science and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Child learns to distinguish between observations and inferences, to construct one or more inferences from an observation or a set of observations, and to demonstrate that inferences may need to be revised on the basis of additional observations.
Download or read book Problems of Inference and Proof in Participant Observation written by Howard Saul Becker and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science written by National Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-05-06 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today many school students are shielded from one of the most important concepts in modern science: evolution. In engaging and conversational style, Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science provides a well-structured framework for understanding and teaching evolution. Written for teachers, parents, and community officials as well as scientists and educators, this book describes how evolution reveals both the great diversity and similarity among the Earth's organisms; it explores how scientists approach the question of evolution; and it illustrates the nature of science as a way of knowing about the natural world. In addition, the book provides answers to frequently asked questions to help readers understand many of the issues and misconceptions about evolution. The book includes sample activities for teaching about evolution and the nature of science. For example, the book includes activities that investigate fossil footprints and population growth that teachers of science can use to introduce principles of evolution. Background information, materials, and step-by-step presentations are provided for each activity. In addition, this volume: Presents the evidence for evolution, including how evolution can be observed today. Explains the nature of science through a variety of examples. Describes how science differs from other human endeavors and why evolution is one of the best avenues for helping students understand this distinction. Answers frequently asked questions about evolution. Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science builds on the 1996 National Science Education Standards released by the National Research Councilâ€"and offers detailed guidance on how to evaluate and choose instructional materials that support the standards. Comprehensive and practical, this book brings one of today's educational challenges into focus in a balanced and reasoned discussion. It will be of special interest to teachers of science, school administrators, and interested members of the community.
Download or read book Video in Teacher Learning written by Laura Baecher and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2019-06-12 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Harness the power of video to promote reflective practice and teacher growth Video is the only feedback method that allows educators to view their teaching through their own eyes, yet many K-12 professionals have yet to reap the benefits of this powerful technology. This practical and comprehensive guide takes advantage of new methods and tools to capture teaching and learning and a broad base of current research to impact teacher thinking and actions. Written for instructional coaches, administrators, supervisors, and individual teachers, it includes guidance on how to get started and how to engage in nonjudgmental and descriptive analysis scaffolding to counter anxiety and resistance, and to cultivate a growth mindset. chapters on specific contexts including developmental, evaluative, and problems of practice. guidance for observation in specific grade bands and for specific student populations. templates and links to videos for video analysis tasks, step-by-step process outlines, real-world vignettes and application questions. Drawing on broad evidence of the impact of video on teaching, this is the guide for maximizing this powerful form of professional learning.
Download or read book The interaction of observation and inference written by Robert E. Filman and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Problems of Inference and Proof in Participant Observation written by Howard S. Becker and published by Irvington Pub. This book was released on 1997-10-01 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Interaction of Observation and Inference written by R. Filman and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An intelligent computer program must have both a representation of its knowledge, and a mechanism for manipulating that knowledge in a reasoning process. This thesis examines the problem of formalizing the expression and solution of reasoning problems in a machine manipulable form. It is particularly concerned with analyzing the interaction of the standard form of deductive steps with an observational analogy obtained by performing computation in a semantic model. This dissertation is centered on the world of retrograde analysis chess, a particularly rich domain for both observational tasks and long deductive sequences. A formalization is embodied in its axioms, and a major portion is devoted to both axiomatizing the rules of chess, and discussing and comparing the representational decisions involved in that axiomatization. Consideration was given not only to the necessity for these particular choices (and possible alternatives) but also the implications of these results for designers of representational systems for other domains. Using a reasoning system for first order logic, 'FOL', a detailed proof of the solution of a difficult retrograde chess puzzle was constructed. The close correspondence between this 'formal' solution to the problem, and an 'informal, descriptive' analysis a human might present was shown. The proof and axioms were then examined for their relevance to general epistemological formalisms.
Download or read book Inference and Implication written by Ilexa Yardley and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-28 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One can infer a hidden constant, because observation implies a hidden constant. Thus the variable observation is possible because the variable is constant. Constant and variable are conserved by the circular relationship between the observer and the observation. The conservation of duplication conserves unification (and vice versa).
Download or read book The Structure of Scientific Inference written by Mary Hesse and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2022-05-13 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1974.
Download or read book Differentiation of Observation and Inference a Socio cognitive Competency written by Candice Susan Schroter and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Designing Social Inquiry written by Gary King and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 1994-05-22 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designing Social Inquiry focuses on improving qualitative research, where numerical measurement is either impossible or undesirable. What are the right questions to ask? How should you define and make inferences about causal effects? How can you avoid bias? How many cases do you need, and how should they be selected? What are the consequences of unavoidable problems in qualitative research, such as measurement error, incomplete information, or omitted variables? What are proper ways to estimate and report the uncertainty of your conclusions?
Download or read book Learning by Observation written by John Philip Shuman and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-12-21 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Randomized clinical trials are the primary tool for evaluating new medical interventions. Randomization provides for a fair comparison between treatment and control groups, balancing out, on average, distributions of known and unknown factors among the participants. Unfortunately, these studies often lack a substantial percentage of data. This missing data reduces the benefit provided by the randomization and introduces potential biases in the comparison of the treatment groups. Missing data can arise for a variety of reasons, including the inability or unwillingness of participants to meet appointments for evaluation. And in some studies, some or all of data collection ceases when participants discontinue study treatment. Existing guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials, and the analysis of the resulting data, provide only limited advice on how to handle missing data. Thus, approaches to the analysis of data with an appreciable amount of missing values tend to be ad hoc and variable. The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials concludes that a more principled approach to design and analysis in the presence of missing data is both needed and possible. Such an approach needs to focus on two critical elements: (1) careful design and conduct to limit the amount and impact of missing data and (2) analysis that makes full use of information on all randomized participants and is based on careful attention to the assumptions about the nature of the missing data underlying estimates of treatment effects. In addition to the highest priority recommendations, the book offers more detailed recommendations on the conduct of clinical trials and techniques for analysis of trial data.
Download or read book Inference observation an Experimental Study Testing H e Validity of a Method of Teaching Inference observation written by Allen Jay Lippman and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
