Download or read book Numerical and Experimental Aspects of Coherent Lensless Imaging written by Erik Malm and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis is devoted to the understanding, application, and extension of coherent lensless imaging methods for microscopy purposes. Particular attention is given to the Fourier transform holography and coherent diffractive imaging methods. These two methods share several properties such as the ability for singleshot imaging and their experimental geometries, but differ greatly in their reconstruction approach. Holographic approaches use reference waves to encode phase information into the measurements which means the reconstruction quality is controlled, to a large extent, by the characteristics of the reference wave. In contrast, coherent diffractive imaging utilizes prior knowledge to iteratively recover the phase information; this has the effect that the reconstruction quality is independent of any optics or references, but relies heavily on the performance of iterative numerical algorithms. The complex nature of the phase retrieval problem raises questions regarding the existence and uniqueness of a solution which makes understanding the numerical and mathematical aspects of the problem of central importance. The main topics in this thesis include: the extension of coherent diffractive imaging to multi-wavelength diffraction data, effects related to optically thick references in Fourier transform holography and an alternative numerical approach to phase retrieval which is based on non-rigid image registration. Along the way, various topics are covered which form the foundations of these techniques, or could be useful to a practioner in the field.

Download or read book Methods for Coherent Lensless Imaging and X ray Wavefront Measurement written by Manuel Guizar-Sicairos and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Advancement and research on phase retrieval techniques are in large part motivated by their application in high resolution lensless laser imaging and x- ray diffractive imaging. In the former a high resolution image can be obtained from measuring the intensity pattern of the propagated field without the use of any imaging optics, thus providing an imaging system that does not increase its thickness along the optical axis as the aperture diameter is increased. For x- ray coherent diffractive imaging, on the other hand, high-resolution conventional imaging is difficult to achieve at these wavelengths because of the difficulty of manufacturing and aligning x-ray focusing elements with sufficient numerical aperture and precision. Thus, in order to achieve resolutions on the order of a nanometer, a coherent x-ray beam is used to illuminate the object of interest and the object is reconstructed from a measurement of its far-field diffraction intensity without any imaging optics. Thus the advancement and application of lensless imaging techniques has become an increasingly important topic of research. X-ray diffractive imaging is set apart from other high-resolution imaging techniques (e.g. scanning electron or atomic force microscopy) for its high penetration depth, which enables tomographic 3D imaging of thick samples and buried structures. Furthermore, using short x-ray pulses, it enables the capability to take ultrafast snapshots, giving a unique opportunity to probe nanoscale dynamics at femtosecond time scales. In this thesis we present improvements to phase retrieval algorithms, assess their performance through numerical simulations, and develop new methods for both imaging and wavefront measurement. Using numerical simulations we identified and explained the origin of the twin-image problem in iterative transform phase retrieval with a centrosymmetric support constraint. We proposed and numerically demonstrated the effectiveness of a modified phase retrieval algorithm that uses Fourier weighted projections to increase the quality and resolution of the reconstructions by mitigating a problem arising from the finite measurement window and finite support constraint. Such an approach is particularly useful when the object presents large phase variations on a length- scale significantly smaller than the resolution, i.e. reconstruction of fully developed speckled images. In order to accurately and efficiently assess phase retrieval algorithm performance, we have developed algorithms for subpixel image registration. Despite being particularly well suited for comparing images from data collected in the Fourier domain (e.g., phase retrieval and holography), these algorithms have al- ready shown a substantial success in other applications as well. Building on the original work by Faulkner and Rodenburg, we developed an improved reconstruction algorithm for phase retrieval with transverse translations of the object relative to the illumination beam. Based on gradient-based non- linear optimization, this algorithm is capable of estimating the object, and at the same time refining the initial knowledge of the incident illumination and the object translations. The advantages of this algorithm over the original iterative transform approach are shown through numerical simulations. Phase retrieval has already shown substantial success in wavefront sensing at optical wavelengths. Although in principle the algorithms can be used at any wavelength, in practice the focus-diversity mechanism that makes optical phase retrieval robust is not practical to implement for x-rays. In this thesis we also describe the novel application of phase retrieval with transverse translations to the problem of x-ray wavefront sensing. This approach allows the characterization of the complex-valued x-ray field in-situ and at-wavelength and has several practical and algorithmic advantages over conventional focused beam measurement techniques. A few of these advantages include improved robustness through diverse measurements, reconstruction from far-field intensity measurements only, and significant relaxation of experimental requirements over other beam characterization approaches. Furthermore, we show that a one-dimensional version of this technique can be used to characterize an x-ray line focus produced by a cylindrical focusing element. We provide experimental demonstrations of the latter at hard x-ray wavelengths, where we have characterized the beams focused by a kinoform lens and an elliptical mirror. In both experiments the reconstructions exhibited good agreement with independent measurements, and in the latter a small mirror misalignment was inferred from the phase retrieval reconstruction. These experiments pave the way for the application of robust phase retrieval algorithms for in-situ alignment and performance characterization of x-ray optics for nanofocusing. We also present a study on how transverse translations help with the well-known uniqueness problem of one-dimensional phase retrieval. We also present a novel method for x-ray holography that is capable of reconstructing an image using an off-axis extended reference in a non-iterative computation, greatly generalizing an earlier approach by Podorov et.al. The approach, based on the numerical application of derivatives on the field autocorrelation, was developed from first mathematical principles. We conducted a thorough theoret- ical study to develop technical and intuitive understanding of this technique and derived sufficient separation conditions required for an artifact-free reconstruction. We studied the effects of missing information in the Fourier domain, and of an im- perfect reference, and we provide a signal-to-noise ratio comparison with the more traditional approach of Fourier transform holography. We demonstrated this new holographic approach through proof-of-principle optical experiments and later ex- perimentally at soft x-ray wavelengths, where we compared its performance to Fourier transform holography, iterative phase retrieval and state-of-the-art zone-plate x-ray imaging techniques (scanning and full-field). Finally, we present a demonstration of the technique using a single 20 fs pulse from a high-harmonic table-top source. Holography with an extended reference is shown to provide fast, good quality images that are robust to noise and artifacts that arise from missing information due to a beam stop."--Leaves viii-xi.

Download or read book A Study on New Approaches in Coherent X ray Microscopy of Biological Specimens written by Klaus Giewekemeyer and published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen. This book was released on 2011 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of coherent x rays for microscopic imaging has seen a rapid and ongoing development within the past decade, driven by an increasing availability of highly brilliant and coherent sources worldwide. Accordingly, novel methods have been developed, which replace the microscope‘s objective lens by a numerical reconstruction scheme. The aim of the present work is to study how very recent experimental and algorithmic developments in the field can be implemented towards a highly sensitive and fully quantitative microscopy method for imaging of biological cells. To this end, different experimental approaches are studied, based on coherent far-field as well as near-field diffraction. At first, an application of the novel ptychographic imaging method to single biological cells is presented. In particular, it is demonstrated how weakly scattering biological specimens can be imaged with fully quantitative density contrast. Alongside, a sueccessful extension of the method towards soft x-ray energies is described.In the second part of the work it is shown how x-ray waveguides can be used as a point source for propagation-based microscopy of single cells in the hard x-ray regime. The specifically devised iterative reconstruction scheme allows for full quantitativity and high sensitivity and thus enables an application to single biological cells. The work contains a thorough introduction into the x-ray optical methods applied and aims at a useful and self-contained overview on aspects of signal and Fourier theory relevant for the used numerical propagation schemes.

Download or read book Lensless Imaging with High harmonic Sources written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a family of computational imaging techniques that uses iterative reconstruction algorithms to decipher the information encoded in one or more interference patterns to reconstruct an image of an object located in another propagation plane. The lensless nature of these techniques makes them well-suited for imaging with coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or x-ray illumination as refractive optics are limited at these wavelengths. In particular, this work investigates the use of CDI techniques in combination with high-harmonic generation. High-harmonic generation~(HHG) sources can generate EUV illumination beams with a high degree of spatial coherence in a compact tabletop setup. In this work we use Fourier-Transform spectroscopy~(FTS) to separate sets of nearly monochromatic diffraction patterns from a broadband HHG diffraction pattern. These monochromatic diffraction patterns can used to reconstruct spectrally resolved images through reconstruction methods that are similar to those applied in conventional CDI. In Chapter 4 we describe how we use a common path interferometer and a noncollinear chirped pulse amplifier system to generate phase locked 25 fs pulse pairs with a central wavelength of approximately 800 nm and a combined pulse energy of 10 mJ. These infrared driving laser pulses are focused at slightly separated locations in a noble gas jet to upconvert them into a pair of almost identical high-harmonic pulses. In FTS-based imaging experiments, we illuminate a sample with the HHG pulse pairs and record the far-field diffraction pattern as a function of pulse-to-pulse time delay. The spatial separation of our two harmonic beams results in spatial interference between two laterally sheared copies of the diffraction pattern. As a consequence of the geometry, the spectrally separated diffraction patterns obtained in these measurements are similar, but not identical to the standard CDI case. In this work, we demonstrated an algorithm, called diffractive shear interferometry (DSI), to reconstruct images from such diffraction patterns. Using this algorithm, the information present in these diffraction patterns is used to reconstruct complex images of the sample. The reverse problem is either constrained by combining an diffraction pattern with a finite object support prior in Chapter 5 or with other diffraction patterns with a different relative orientation between the shear and the object. One of the advantages of coherent diffractive imaging techniques is that it they reconstruct the full complex electric field at the sample. In reflection mode, such phase difference can be easily attributed to height differences of the reflecting surface. However, most research in diffractive imaging has focused on transmission mode imaging. At the EUV wavelengths generated by HHG sources normal incidence reflection coefficients are vanishingly small. However towards grazing incidence the reflection coefficients approach one. Such a geometry does come at a cost of added experimental and computational complexity. While far-field diffraction between colinear planes can be described by a straight forward Fourier transform of the electric field, for the propagation between non-collinear planes, an additional non-linear coordinate transformation is required. This coordinate transformation depends on the tilt angle of the fields and becomes very sensitive to the exact tilt-angle towards grazing incidence. While CDI itself requires accurate knowledge of the wave propagation, a technique known as ptychography offers more flexibility, as it is often possible to solve for more variables than just the object field. In Chapter 7 we use that property to demonstrate an auto-calibration algorithm that can iteratively calibrate the tilt-angle during a ptychographic reconstruction. Using this approach we were able to refine the tilt angle close to the correct value even when the initial estimates were off by more than 5 degrees, greatly improving flexibility in reflection-mode lensless imaging.

Download or read book Nanoscale Photonic Imaging written by Tim Salditt and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book, edited and authored by a team of world-leading researchers, provides a broad overview of advanced photonic methods for nanoscale visualization, as well as describing a range of fascinating in-depth studies. Introductory chapters cover the most relevant physics and basic methods that young researchers need to master in order to work effectively in the field of nanoscale photonic imaging, from physical first principles, to instrumentation, to mathematical foundations of imaging and data analysis. Subsequent chapters demonstrate how these cutting edge methods are applied to a variety of systems, including complex fluids and biomolecular systems, for visualizing their structure and dynamics, in space and on timescales extending over many orders of magnitude down to the femtosecond range. Progress in nanoscale photonic imaging in Göttingen has been the sum total of more than a decade of work by a wide range of scientists and mathematicians across disciplines, working together in a vibrant collaboration of a kind rarely matched. This volume presents the highlights of their research achievements and serves as a record of the unique and remarkable constellation of contributors, as well as looking ahead at the future prospects in this field. It will serve not only as a useful reference for experienced researchers but also as a valuable point of entry for newcomers.

Download or read book Lensless Holography Methods for Soft X ray Resonant Coherent Imaging written by Diling Zhu and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2010 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to interpret and inverse x-ray diffraction patterns from crystals has largely shaped our understanding of the structure of matter. However, structure determination of noncrystalline objects from their diffraction patterns is a much more difficult task. The dramatic increase in available coherent x-ray photon flux over the past decade has made possible a technique known as lensless coherent diffractive imaging (CDI), that addresses exactly this problem. The central question around CDI is the so-called phase problem: upon detection of the diffraction intensity, the phase information of the diffracted wave is inevitably lost. Generally, the phase problem is approached using iterative phase retrieval algorithms. Holographic methods, through interference with reference diffractions, encode the phase information directly inside the measured x-ray holograms, and are therefore able to avoid the stagnation and uniqueness problems commonly encountered by the iterative algorithms. This dissertation discusses two novel holographic methods for coherent lensless imaging using resonant soft x-rays. The first part focuses on generalizing the multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction technique, a highly successful method for solving the crystal structures of biomacromolecules, into a multiple-wavelength holography technique for nanoscale resonant x-ray imaging. Using this method I show element specific reconstructions of nanoparticles and magnetization distribution in magnetic thin films with sub 50 nm resolution. The second part discusses progress in X-ray Fourier holography, an ultrafast lensless imaging platform that can be used with the upcoming x-ray free electron lasers. In particular, I will present experiments using two novel types of extended reference structures that bring the resolution beyond the precision of reference fabrication, previously regarded as the resolution limit for x-ray Fourier transform holography. Finally, future applications of holographic methods, especially experimental considerations for time-resolved studies of nanostructures using X-FELs, will be discussed.

Download or read book Single Shot Lensless Imaging with Coherence and Wavefront Characterization of Harmonic and FEL Sources written by Aura Inés Gonzalez Angarita and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lensless imaging techniques have broadened imaging applications to coherent sources in the short wavelength XUV domain, where optical systems to create an image are still not readily available. Furthermore, high harmonic generation sources (HHG) and free electron lasers (FEL) have the advantage of providing short temporal resolutions (atto 10-18s - femto 10-15s), opening the way towards ultrafast time resolved nanoscale imaging. Single shot imaging techniques are then highly important to exploit the shortest temporal resolution that can be reached with XUV sources. Lensless imaging is based on the direct measurement of the electric field diffracted by the sample. The diffraction pattern depends on the object transmittance but also on the source spatial coherence and wavefront. Single shot characterization of those properties thus leads to an improvement of the resolution of the object reconstruction.The results presented in this thesis are divided in two parts; the first one is focused on the characterization of the sources and the second on the development of new multidimensional imaging techniques. We will present different applications of single shot wavefront sensing of XUV sources. The results presented are the product of different experimental campaigns performed during this thesis using HH sources and FEL facilities at LCLS (Stanford) and FERMI (Trieste). Furthermore, a new method for single shot characterization of the spatial coherence that does not require the simultaneous measurement of the intensity distribution is presented. Additionally, we present a new holographic technique to improve the resolution of the object reconstruction when a partially coherent source is used.The second part is dedicated to two new multidimensional imaging techniques developed during the thesis. A new tri-dimensional imaging technique that is single shot, easy to implement and that lowers drastically the X-ray dose received by the sample, is presented. Different experimental setups for the generation of two synchronized XUV sources suitable for this ultrafast single shot 3D stereo imaging technique are presented. In addition, we present a holographic technique to extend imaging using a broadband source towards spectrally resolved single shot imaging and attosecond applications. Finally, we present the general conclusions from the work done during the thesis, together with the perspectives drawn from this work.

Download or read book X Ray Near Field Holography Beyond Idealized Assumptions of the Probe written by Johannes Hagemann and published by Göttingen University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All images are flawed, no matter how good your lenses, mirrors etc. are. Especially in the hard X-ray regime it is challenging to manufacture high quality optics due to the weak interaction of multi-keV photons with matter. This is a tremendous challenge for obtaining high resolution quantitative X-ray microscopy images. In recent years lensless phase contrast imaging has become an alternative to classical absorptionbased imaging methods. Without any optics, the image is formed only by the free space propagation of the wave field. The actual image has to be formed posteriori by numerical reconstruction methods. Advanced phasing methods enable the experimentalist to recover a complex valued specimen from a single or a set of intensity measurement. This would be the ideal case - reality teaches us that there are no ideal imaging conditions. Describing, understanding and circumventing these non ideal imaging conditions and their effects on X-ray near-field holographic (NFH) imaging are the leitmotifs for this thesis. In NFH the non ideal conditions manifest themselves in the illuminating wave field or probe. The probe generally does not satisfy the canonical assumptions of fully coherent and monochromatic radiation emitted by a point source. The main results of this thesis are compiled as a collection of publications. An approach is shown to reconstruct the probe of a X-ray nano-focus setup by a series of measurements of the probe at varied Fresnel number. The following chapter presents a study concerning the reconstruction efficiency in terms of resolution for near- and far-field based lensless imaging. In the following, the reconstruction scheme for the probe is extended to incorporate the effects of partial coherence in the near field. This enables the recovery of the modal structure of the probe which yields a full description of its coherence properties. Giving up the assumption of temporal stability due to the stochastic pulses, delivered by X-ray free electron lasers, the reconstruction of probe and specimen must be achieved from a single shot. A suitable scheme for this purpose is proposed in this work.

Download or read book High Resolution Lensless Coherent Imaging written by Abhishek Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book 21st Century Nanoscience A Handbook written by Klaus D. Sattler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-04-08 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 21st Century Nanoscience Handbook will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics by the same editor published in the fall of 2010 and was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. This seventh volume in a ten-volume set covers bioinspired systems and methods. Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanophysics extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.

Download or read book Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics written by Robert Thomson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of ultrafast nonlinear optics is broad and multidisciplinary, and encompasses areas concerned with both the generation and measurement of ultrashort pulses of light, as well as those concerned with the applications of such pulses. Ultrashort pulses are extreme events – both in terms of their durations, and also the high peak powers which their short durations can facilitate. These extreme properties make them powerful experiment tools. On one hand, their ultrashort durations facilitate the probing and manipulation of matter on incredibly short timescales. On the other, their ultrashort durations can facilitate high peak powers which can drive highly nonlinear light-matter interaction processes. Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics covers a complete range of topics, both applied and fundamental in nature, within the area of ultrafast nonlinear optics. Chapters 1 to 4 are concerned with the generation and measurement of ultrashort pulses. Chapters 5 to 7 are concerned with fundamental applications of ultrashort pulses in metrology and quantum control. Chapters 8 and 9 are concerned with ultrafast nonlinear optics in optical fibres. Chapters 10 to 13 are concerned with the applications of ultrashort pulses in areas such as particle acceleration, microscopy, and micromachining. The chapters are aimed at graduate-student level and are intended to provide the student with an accessible, self-contained and comprehensive gateway into each subject.

Download or read book Photorefractive Crystals in Coherent Optical Systems written by Mikhail P. Petrov and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the processes of optical information recording in photorefractive crystals and applications of these materials in phase-conjugating devices, holographic interferometry, optical computers and sensors. It is in essence an extensive introduction to this new and rapidly developing area of quantum electronics. It presents physical concepts, fundamentals of theory, and important experimental data. A rigorous treatment of basic phenomena is accompanied by a quantitative analysis, which makes the book interesting to experts and accessible for newcomers to the field. Of particular interest to researchers is an extensive summary of basic physical and holographic parameters of all presently known photorefractive crystals and structures and also a detailed critical analysis of their applications.

Download or read book Fourier Ptychographic Imaging written by Guoan Zheng and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2016-06-30 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book demonstrates the concept of Fourier ptychography, a new imaging technique that bypasses the resolution limit of the employed optics. In particular, it transforms the general challenge of high-throughput, high-resolution imaging from one that is coupled to the physical limitations of the optics to one that is solvable through computation. Demonstrated in a tutorial form and providing many MATLAB® simulation examples for the reader, it also discusses the experimental implementation and recent developments of Fourier ptychography. This book will be of interest to researchers and engineers learning simulation techniques for Fourier optics and the Fourier ptychography concept.

Download or read book Structural Dynamics with X ray and Electron Scattering written by Kasra Amini and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2023-12-20 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 20th century, X-ray and electron scattering has provided a powerful means by which the location of atoms can be identified in gas-phase molecules and condensed matter with sub-atomic spatial resolution. Scattering techniques can also provide valuable observables of the fundamental properties of electrons in matter such as an electron’s spin and its energy. In recent years, significant technological developments in both X-ray and electron scattering have paved the way to time-resolved analogues capable of capturing real-time snapshots of transient structures undergoing a photochemical reaction. Structural Dynamics with X-ray and Electron Scattering is a two-part book that firstly introduces the fundamental background to scattering theory and photochemical phenomena of interest. The second part discusses the latest advances and research results from the application of ultrafast scattering techniques to imaging the structure and dynamics of gas-phase molecules and condensed matter. This book aims to provide a unifying platform for X-ray and electron scattering.

Download or read book Advanced Holography written by Izabela Naydenova and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-11-09 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Holography - Metrology and Imaging covers digital holographic microscopy and interferometry, including interferometry in the infra red. Other topics include synthetic imaging, the use of reflective spatial light modulators for writing dynamic holograms and image display using holographic screens. Holography is discussed as a vehicle for artistic expression and the use of software for the acquisition of skills in optics and holography is also presented. Each chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to a specific topic, with a survey of developments to date.

Download or read book Progress in Optics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-04-18 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress in Optics, Volume 68 highlights new advances in the field of optics, with this updated volume presenting interesting chapters on a variety of timely topics in the field. Chapters in this release include Nonlinear Optical Polarimetry with application in biomicroscopy, Single-photon Sources, Introduction to Tensor Networks and Matrix Product States with Applications in Cavity and Waveguide Quantum Electrodynamics, Rotated frames, Phase retrieval, and more. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors who review the latest developments in optics. Covers medical imaging, physical optics, integrated optics and quantum optics Includes contributions from leading authorities in the field of optics Presents timely, state-of-the-art reviews on advances in optics

Download or read book Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-06-10 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 218 merges two long-running serials, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy. The series features articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science, digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy and the computing methods used in all these domains. Specific chapters in this release cover Phase retrieval methods applied to coherent imaging, X-ray phase-contrast imaging: a broad overview of some fundamentals, Graphene and borophene as nanoscopic materials for electronics – with review of the physics, and more. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics series Updated release includes the latest information on the Coulomb Interactions in Charged Particle Beams