Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Foreign Countries written by Paul K. Kerr and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses broad themes related to U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries.

Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Foreign Countries Issues for Congress written by Paul K. Kerr and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Foreign Countries Issues for Congress written by Congressional Research Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-08 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: U.S. civil nuclear cooperation agreements ("123" agreements), which are bilateral agreements with other governments or multilateral organizations, have several important goals, including promoting the U.S. nuclear industry, which is increasingly dependent on foreign customers and suppliers, and preventing nuclear proliferation. Increased international interest in nuclear power has generated concern that additional countries may obtain fuel-making technology that could also be used to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons. Ensuring the peaceful use of transferred nuclear technology has long been a major U.S. objective, and Congress has played a key role. For example, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978, which amended the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954, added new requirements for nuclear cooperation with the United States. Moreover, the United States has been a longtime proponent of restrictive international nuclear export policies. In recent years, some observers and Members of Congress have advocated that the United States adopt new conditions for civil nuclear cooperation. These would include requiring potential recipients of U.S. civil nuclear technology to forgo fuel-making enrichment and reprocessing technologies and to bring into force an Additional Protocol to their International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards agreements. Such protocols augment the IAEA's legal authority to inspect nuclear facilities. The near-term proliferation threat posed by civil nuclear commerce, particularly reactor transfers, is far from clear: All but three states (India, Israel, and Pakistan, all of which have nuclear weapons) are parties to the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT); all legitimate transfers of nuclear technology to NPT non-nuclear-weapon states are subject to IAEA safeguards; and no country with comprehensive safeguards in place and a record in good standing with the IAEA has used declared nuclear facilities to produce fissile material for weapons. Further, the international community has multiple mechanisms to dissuade countries from developing domestic enrichment or reprocessing facilities. States such as India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan did acquire enrichment or reprocessing technology, but did so either clandestinely or prior to the establishment of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) in the mid-1970s.

Download or read book U S Nuclear Cooperation with India Issues for Congress written by Paul Kerr and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-01-25 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all of its nuclear material, exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as a direct response to India's test, halted nuclear exports to India a few years later, and worked to convince other states to do the same. India tested nuclear weapons again in 1998. However, President Bush announced July 18, 2005, he would "work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India" and would "also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies," in the context of a broader partnership with India. U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries is governed by the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 (P.L. 95-242). However, P.L. 109-401, which President Bush signed into law on December 18, 2006, allows the President to waive several provisions of the AEA. On September 10, 2008, President Bush submitted to Congress, in addition to other required documents, a written determination that P.L. 109-401's requirements for U.S. nuclear cooperation with India to proceed had been met. President Bush signed P.L. 110-369, which approved the agreement, into law October 8, 2008. Then-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and India's then-External Affairs Minister Shri Pranab Mukherjee signed the agreement two days later, and it entered into force December 6, 2008. Additionally, the United States and India signed a subsequent arrangement in July 2010 which governs "arrangements and procedures under which" India may reprocess U.S.-origin nuclear fuel in two new national reprocessing facilities, which New Delhi has not yet constructed. The NSG, at the behest of the Bush Administration, agreed in September 2008 to exempt India from some of its export guidelines. That decision has effectively left decisions regarding nuclear commerce with India almost entirely up to individual governments. Since the NSG decision, India has concluded numerous nuclear cooperation agreements with foreign suppliers. However, U.S. companies have not yet started nuclear trade with India and may be reluctant to do so if New Delhi does not resolve concerns regarding its policies on liability for nuclear reactor operators and suppliers. Taking a step to resolve such concerns, India signed the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage, which has not yet entered into force, October 27, 2010. However, many observers have argued that Indian nuclear liability legislation adopted in August 2010 is inconsistent with the Convention. The Obama Administration has continued with the Bush Administration's policy regarding civil nuclear cooperation with India. According to a November 8, 2010, White House fact sheet, the United States "intends to support India's full membership" in the NSG, as well as other multilateral export control regimes.

Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with China written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Special Subcommittee on U.S. Trade with China and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries written by Paul K. Kerr and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book U S Indian Nuclear Energy Cooperation written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book United States People s Republic of China Nuclear Agreement written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book U S Nuclear Cooperation with India Issues for Congress written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On July 18, 2005, President Bush announced he would "work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India" and would "also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies," in the context of a broader, global partnership with India to promote stability, democracy, prosperity, and peace. India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all nuclear material in peaceful nuclear activities, exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as a direct response to India's test, halted nuclear exports to India a few years later, and worked to convince other states to do the same. India tested nuclear weapons again in 1998. Nonproliferation experts have argued that the potential costs of nuclear cooperation with India to U.S. and global nonproliferation policy may far exceed the benefits. At a time when the United States has called for all states to strengthen their domestic export control laws and for tighter multilateral controls, U.S. nuclear cooperation with India would require loosening its own nuclear export legislation, as well as creating a NSG exception. This is at odds with nearly three decades of U.S. nonproliferation policy and practice. Some believe the proposed agreement undercuts the basic bargain of the NPT, could undermine hard-won restrictions on nuclear supply, and could prompt some suppliers, like China, to justify supplying other states outside the NPT regime, like Pakistan. Others contend that allowing India access to the international uranium market will free up its domestic uranium sources to make more nuclear weapons. Appendix A contains Frequently Asked Questions about U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation.

Download or read book Nuclear Energy Cooperation with China written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Special Subcommittee on U.S.-Pacific Rim Trade and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book U S Policy Toward the International Atomic Energy Agency written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book U S Nuclear Cooperation With India Issues for Congress written by Sharon Squassoni and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of the 1950s-era Atoms for Peace program, the United States actively promoted nuclear energy cooperation with India from the mid-1950s, building nuclear reactors (Tarapur), providing heavy water for the CIRUS reactor, and allowing Indian scientists to study at U.S. nuclear laboratories. When other nations joined the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968, however, India refused to join the treaty on the basis that it was discriminatory. In 1974, India exploded a peaceful nuclear device, demonstrating that nuclear technology transferred for peaceful purposes could be used to produce nuclear weapons. As a result, the United States has refused nuclear cooperation with India for twenty-five years and has tried to convince other states to do the same.

Download or read book The Future of International Civilian Nuclear Cooperation written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book United States Policy Toward the International Atomic Energy Agency written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book United States Japan Nuclear Cooperation Agreement written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Implementation of the U S China Nuclear Cooperation Agreement Hearing Before the Committee on International Relations House of Representatives One Hundred Fifth Congress Second Session February 4 1998 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Implementation of the U S China Nuclear Cooperation Agreement written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: