Download or read book Northern Cascadia Marine Gas Hydrate Constraints from Resistivity Velocity and AVO written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents estimates of marine gas hydrate distribution and concentration obtained from various geophysical methods. The study area is located in the accretionary prism of the Northern Cascadia subduction zone, offshore Vancouver Island. Canada. The primary objective of this study was to assess the applicability of a suite of geophysical methods in estimating marine gas hydrate distribution and concentration. The measurements tested are downhole log electrical resistivity and seismic velocity, multi-channel seismic (MCS) velocity, and seismic amplitude vs. offset (AVO) of a gas hydrate-related bottom-simulating reflection (BSR). The downhole log data are from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311, along a transect of four wells, and the seismic data are from a conventional 2-D MCS line along the well transect. Gas hydrate distribution and concentration estimates along the well transect exhibit high spatial variability, both from site to site, and within any given site. On average. estimates from electrical resistivity measurements give 5-15% gas hydrate pore space saturation. whereas velocity-based estimates are 15-25%. Some intervals in both cases show concentrations over 40%. Nonlinear Bayesian inversion of seismic AVO data yields a gas hydrate concentration estimate of 0-23% of the pore space. These results lead to the conclusion that resistivity and velocity data are effective tools for estimating marine gas hydrate concentration. The main uncertainty in the resistivity analysis is the in situ pore fluid salinity, whereas the main uncertainty in the velocity study is the magnitude of the bulk sediment velocity increase associated with gas hydrate occurrence (related to how gas hydrate forms). It is shown here that AVO of a gas hydrate BSR is not a useful method to estimate marine gas hydrate concentration. The method lacks the shear-wave velocity resolution necessary to add useful constraints to what is already known from compressional-wave.
Download or read book Northern Cascadia Marine Gas Hydrate written by Marc-André Paul Chen and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents estimates of marine gas hydrate distribution and concentration obtained from various geophysical methods. The study area is located in the accretionary prism of the Northern Cascadia subduction zone, offshore Vancouver Island. Canada. The primary objective of this study was to assess the applicability of a suite of geophysical methods in estimating marine gas hydrate distribution and concentration. The measurements tested are downhole log electrical resistivity and seismic velocity, multi-channel seismic (MCS) velocity, and seismic amplitude vs. offset (AVO) of a gas hydrate-related bottom-simulating reflection (BSR). The downhole log data are from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311, along a transect of four wells, and the seismic data are from a conventional 2-D MCS line along the well transect.Gas hydrate distribution and concentration estimates along the well transect exhibit high spatial variability, both from site to site, and within any given site. On average. estimates from electrical resistivity measurements give 5-15% gas hydrate pore space saturation. whereas velocity-based estimates are 15-25%. Some intervals in both cases show concentrations over 40%. Nonlinear Bayesian inversion of seismic AVO data yields a gas hydrate concentration estimate of 0-23% of the pore space.These results lead to the conclusion that resistivity and velocity data are effective tools for estimating marine gas hydrate concentration. The main uncertainty in the resistivity analysis is the in situ pore fluid salinity, whereas the main uncertainty in the velocity study is the magnitude of the bulk sediment velocity increase associated with gas hydrate occurrence (related to how gas hydrate forms). It is shown here that AVO of a gas hydrate BSR is not a useful method to estimate marine gas hydrate concentration. The method lacks the shear-wave velocity resolution necessary to add useful constraints to what is already known from compressional-wave velocity information.
Download or read book Northern Cascadia Marine Gas Hydrate written by Marc-André Paul Chen and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents estimates of marine gas hydrate distribution and concentration obtained from various geophysical methods. The study area is located in the accretionary prism of the Northern Cascadia subduction zone, offshore Vancouver Island. Canada. The primary objective of this study was to assess the applicability of a suite of geophysical methods in estimating marine gas hydrate distribution and concentration. The measurements tested are downhole log electrical resistivity and seismic velocity, multi-channel seismic (MCS) velocity, and seismic amplitude vs. offset (AVO) of a gas hydrate-related bottom-simulating reflection (BSR). The downhole log data are from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311, along a transect of four wells, and the seismic data are from a conventional 2-D MCS line along the well transect. Gas hydrate distribution and concentration estimates along the well transect exhibit high spatial variability, both from site to site, and within any given site. On average. estimates from electrical resistivity measurements give 5-15% gas hydrate pore space saturation. whereas velocity-based estimates are 15-25%. Some intervals in both cases show concentrations over 40%. Nonlinear Bayesian inversion of seismic AVO data yields a gas hydrate concentration estimate of 0-23% of the pore space. These results lead to the conclusion that resistivity and velocity data are effective tools for estimating marine gas hydrate concentration. The main uncertainty in the resistivity analysis is the in situ pore fluid salinity, whereas the main uncertainty in the velocity study is the magnitude of the bulk sediment velocity increase associated with gas hydrate occurrence (related to how gas hydrate forms). It is shown here that AVO of a gas hydrate BSR is not a useful method to estimate marine gas hydrate concentration. The method lacks the shear-wave velocity resolution necessary to add useful constraints to what is already known from compressional-wave velocity information.
Download or read book 3 D Seismic Investigations of Northern Cascadia Marine Gas Hydrates written by Michael Riedel and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents results from 3-D (parallel 2-D) high resolution seismic surveys and associated studies over an area with deep sea gas hydrate occurrence. The study area is located on the accretionary prism of the northern Cascadia subduction zone offshore Vancouver Island, Canada. The major objectives of this study were the imaging of a gas/fluid vent field found in the study area and detailed mapping of the tectonic setting and geological controls on fluid/gas venting. Secondary objectives were the characterization of the gas hydrate occurrence and constraints on the seismic nature of the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) and its spatial distribution. The main grid was 40 lines at 100 m spacing with eight perpendicular crossing lines of multichannel and single channel seismic reflection, and 3.5 kHz subbottom profiler data. In addition to the main 3-D seismic grid, two smaller single channel grids (25 m spacing) were collected over the vent field. The multichannel seismic data acquired with the Canadian Ocean Acoustic Measurement System (COAMS) streamer required correction for irregular towing depth and shot point spacing. A new array element localization (AEL) technique was developed to calculate receiver depth and offset. The individual receiver depths along the COAMS streamer varied between 10-40 m, which resulted in the occurrence of a prominent receiver ghost that could not be completely removed from the seismic data. The ghost resulted in limited vertical resolution and a coarse velocity depth function. The vent field is characterized by several blank zones that are related to near-surface deformation and faulting. These zones are 80-400 m wide and can be traced downward through the upper 100-200 m thick slope sediment section until they are lost in the accreted sediments that lack coherent layered reflectivity. The blank zones are also characterized by high amplitude rims that are concluded to result from the interference effect of diffractions. These diffractions result due to relatively sharp discontinuities in the sediment physical properties at the blank zone boundary. 2-D vertical incidence seismic modeling suggests an increase in P-wave velocity inside of the blank zone with only minor changes in density. Blanking is believed to be mainly the effect of increased hydrate formation within the fault planes. The faults are conduits for upward migrating fluids and methane gas that is converted into hydrate once it reaches the hydrate stability field. Carbonate formations at the seafloor can also contribute to blanking especially at higher frequencies. Free gas may be present in case of full hydrate saturation or strong fluid flow. Geochemical analyses of pore water and water-column samples carried out in cooperation with Scripps Institute of Oceanography indicate relatively low fluid fluxes of less than 1 mm/yr and there is no heat flow anomaly present over the vent field. Methane concentrations of 20 n-moles/L (about 8 times the ocean background concentration) were detected in water-column samples of the first 100-200 m above the main blank zone of the vent field. Venting is also believed to be strongly episodic with a recently more quiet time. However, the observed carbonate crusts indicate a long-term activity of the vents.
Download or read book Dissertatio inauguralis medica de cutis exterioris morbis written by and published by . This book was released on 1753 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book 3 D Seismic Investigations of Northern Cascadia Marine Gas Hydrates written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Seismic Characterization of Marine Gas Hydrates and Free Gas at Northern Hydrate Ridge Cascadia Margin written by Carl Jörg Petersen and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book World Atlas of Submarine Gas Hydrates in Continental Margins written by Jürgen Mienert and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This world atlas presents a comprehensive overview of the gas-hydrate systems of our planet with contributions from esteemed international researchers from academia, governmental institutions and hydrocarbon industries. The book illustrates, describes and discusses gas hydrate systems, their geophysical evidence and their future prospects for climate change and continental margin geohazards from passive to active margins. This includes passive volcanic to non-volcanic margins including glaciated and non-glaciated margins from high to low latitudes. Shallow submarine gas hydrates allow a glimpse into the past from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to modern environmental conditions to predict potential changes in future stability conditions while deep submarine gas hydrates remained more stable. This demonstrates their potential for rapid reactions for some gas hydrate provinces to a warming world, as well as helping to identify future prospects for environmental research. Three-dimensional and high-resolution seismic imaging technologies provide new insights into fluid flow systems in continental margins, enabling the identification of gas and gas escape routes to the seabed within gas hydrate environments, where seabed habitats may flourish. The volume contains a method section detailing the seismic imaging and logging while drilling techniques used to characterize gas hydrates and related dynamic processes in the sub seabed. This book is unique, as it goes well beyond the geophysical monograph series of natural gas hydrates and textbooks on marine geophysics. It also emphasizes the potential for gas hydrate research across a variety of disciplines. Observations of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) in 2D and 3D seismic reflection data combined with velocity analysis, electromagnetic investigations and gas-hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) modelling, provide the necessary insights for academic interests and hydrocarbon industries to understand the potential extent and volume of gas hydrates in a wide range of tectonic settings of continental margins. Gas hydrates control the largest and most dynamic reservoir of global carbon. Especially 4D, 3D seismic but also 2D seismic data provide compelling sub-seabed images of their dynamical behavior. Sub-seabed imaging techniques increase our understanding of the controlling mechanisms for the distribution and migration of gas before it enters the gas-hydrate stability zone. As methane hydrate stability depends mainly on pressure, temperature, gas composition and pore water chemistry, gas hydrates are usually found in ocean margin settings where water depth is more than 300 m and gas migrates upward from deeper geological formations. This highly dynamic environment may precondition the stability of continental slopes as evidenced by geohazards and gas expelled from the sea floor. This book provides new insights into variations in the character and existence of gas hydrates and BSRs in various geological environments, as well as their dynamics. The potentially dynamic behavior of this natural carbon system in a warming world, its current and future impacts on a variety of Earth environments can now be adequately evaluated by using the information provided in the world atlas. This book is relevant for students, researchers, governmental agencies and oil and gas professionals. Some familiarity with seismic data and some basic understanding of geology and tectonics are recommended.
Download or read book World Atlas of Submarine Gas Hydrates in Continental Margins written by Jürgen Mienert and published by Springer. This book was released on 2022-12-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This world atlas presents a comprehensive overview of the gas-hydrate systems of our planet with contributions from esteemed international researchers from academia, governmental institutions and hydrocarbon industries. The book illustrates, describes and discusses gas hydrate systems, their geophysical evidence and their future prospects for climate change and continental margin geohazards from passive to active margins. This includes passive volcanic to non-volcanic margins including glaciated and non-glaciated margins from high to low latitudes. Shallow submarine gas hydrates allow a glimpse into the past from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to modern environmental conditions to predict potential changes in future stability conditions while deep submarine gas hydrates remained more stable. This demonstrates their potential for rapid reactions for some gas hydrate provinces to a warming world, as well as helping to identify future prospects for environmental research. Three-dimensional and high-resolution seismic imaging technologies provide new insights into fluid flow systems in continental margins, enabling the identification of gas and gas escape routes to the seabed within gas hydrate environments, where seabed habitats may flourish. The volume contains a method section detailing the seismic imaging and logging while drilling techniques used to characterize gas hydrates and related dynamic processes in the sub seabed. This book is unique, as it goes well beyond the geophysical monograph series of natural gas hydrates and textbooks on marine geophysics. It also emphasizes the potential for gas hydrate research across a variety of disciplines. Observations of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) in 2D and 3D seismic reflection data combined with velocity analysis, electromagnetic investigations and gas-hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) modelling, provide the necessary insights for academic interests and hydrocarbon industries to understand the potential extent and volume of gas hydrates in a wide range of tectonic settings of continental margins. Gas hydrates control the largest and most dynamic reservoir of global carbon. Especially 4D, 3D seismic but also 2D seismic data provide compelling sub-seabed images of their dynamical behavior. Sub-seabed imaging techniques increase our understanding of the controlling mechanisms for the distribution and migration of gas before it enters the gas-hydrate stability zone. As methane hydrate stability depends mainly on pressure, temperature, gas composition and pore water chemistry, gas hydrates are usually found in ocean margin settings where water depth is more than 300 m and gas migrates upward from deeper geological formations. This highly dynamic environment may precondition the stability of continental slopes as evidenced by geohazards and gas expelled from the sea floor. This book provides new insights into variations in the character and existence of gas hydrates and BSRs in various geological environments, as well as their dynamics. The potentially dynamic behavior of this natural carbon system in a warming world, its current and future impacts on a variety of Earth environments can now be adequately evaluated by using the information provided in the world atlas. This book is relevant for students, researchers, governmental agencies and oil and gas professionals. Some familiarity with seismic data and some basic understanding of geology and tectonics are recommended.
Download or read book Exploration of Gas Hydrates written by Naresh Kumar Thakur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-08 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline substances that form a rigid cage of water molecules and entrap hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gas by hydrogen bonding. Natural gas hydrate is primarily composed of water and methane. These are solid, crystalline, ice-like substances found in permafrost areas and deepwater basins around the world. They naturally occur in the pore space of marine sediments, where appropriate high pressure and low temperature conditions exist in an adequate supply of gas (mainly methane). Gas hydrates are considered as a potential non conventional energy resource. Methane hydrates are also recognized as, an influence on offshore platform stability, a major factor in climate change contributing to global warming and a significant contribution to the ocean carbon cycle. The proposed book treats various geophysical techniques in order to quantify the gas hydrate reserves and their impact on environment. The primary goal of this book is to provide the state of art for gas hydrate exploration. The target audiences for this book are non-specialist from different branches of science, graduate students and researchers.
Download or read book Natural Gas Hydrates written by Timothy S. Collett and published by AAPG. This book was released on 2010-01-14 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardcover plus CD
Download or read book Seismic Velocity Structure Associated with Gas Hydrate at the Frontal Ridge of Northern Cascadia Margin written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the frontal ridge near the base of the slope off Vancouver Island, wide-angle ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data were acquired in summer 2005, in support of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 311. Marine gas hydrate is present beneath the ridge based on the observation of the 'Bottom Simulating Reflector' (BSR) that is interpreted to coincide with the base of the methane hydrate stability zone. Hydrate was also observed in downhole logs and drilling by IODP. The BSR has been identified on single-channel seismic data at -250-260 m depth beneath the ridge crest and on its seaward slope. The OBS data have been analyzed with the objective of determining the velocity structure in the upper portion of the accretionary wedge especially the hydrate stability zone and underlying free gas. As identified by a clear refracted phase, the velocity structure above the BSR shows anomalous high velocities of about 1.95 (0.5) km/s at shallow depths of 80 - 110 m. On vertical incidence data, high amplitude reflectors are observed near this depth. Below the BSR, the velocities increase to -2.4 km/s at sub-seafloor depths of about 600 m. A strong refracted phase with a velocity of 4.0 km/s is generated at a depth of about 1700 mbsf. Velocities from traveltime inversion of OBS data are in general agreement with the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) X311 downhole sonic velocities. In particular, on the log data, a layer with low porosity and high velocities of 2.4 - 2.8 km/s was observed at depths of 50 - 75 m. This probably corresponds with the 1.95 km/s layer at depths of 80-110 m interpreted from the OBS data. The refraction data thus suggest that this high-velocity layer varies laterally through the frontal ridge region, out to distances of at least 4 km from the drillhole. BSR depths (250-280 m) estimated in the present work also agree with the IODP X311 depths. From the velocity structure, we can make estimates of hydrate concentration in a region clo.
Download or read book Natural Gas Hydrate written by M.D. Max and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. THE BEGINNINGS OF HYDRATE RESEARCH Until very recently, our understanding of hydrate in the natural environment and its impact on seafloor stability, its importance as a sequester of methane, and its potential as an important mechanism in the Earth's climate change system, was masked by our lack of appreciation of the vastness of the hydrate resource. Only a few publications on naturally occurring hydrate existed prior to 1975. The first published reference to oceanic gas hydrate (Bryan and Markl, 1966) and the first publication in the scientific literature (Stoll, et a1., 1971) show how recently it has been since the topic of naturally occurring hydrate has been raised. Recently, however, the number of hydrate publications has increased substantially, reflecting increased research into hydrate topics and the initiation of funding to support the researchers. Awareness of the existence of naturally occurring gas hydrate now has spread beyond the few scientific enthusiasts who pursued knowledge about the elusive hydrate because of simple interest and lurking suspicions that hydrate would prove to be an important topic. The first national conference on gas hydrate in the U.S. was held as recently as April, 1991 at the U.S. National Center of the U.s. Geological Survey in Reston Virginia (Max et al., 1991). The meeting was co-hosted by the U.s. Geological Survey, the Naval Research Laboratory, and the U.S.
Download or read book Seismic Velocity Structure Associated with Gas Hydrate at the Frontal Ridge of Northern Cascadia Margin written by Caroll López and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the frontal ridge near the base of the slope off Vancouver Island, wide-angle ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data were acquired in summer 2005, in support of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 311. Marine gas hydrate is present beneath the ridge based on the observation of the 'Bottom Simulating Reflector' (BSR) that is interpreted to coincide with the base of the methane hydrate stability zone. Hydrate was also observed in downhole logs and drilling by IODP. The BSR has been identified on single-channel seismic data at -250-260 m depth beneath the ridge crest and on its seaward slope. The OBS data have been analyzed with the objective of determining the velocity structure in the upper portion of the accretionary wedge especially the hydrate stability zone and underlying free gas. As identified by a clear refracted phase, the velocity structure above the BSR shows anomalous high velocities of about 1.95 (?0.5) km/s at shallow depths of 80 - 110 m. On vertical incidence data, high amplitude reflectors are observed near this depth. Below the BSR, the velocities increase to -2.4 km/s at sub-seafloor depths of about 600 m. A strong refracted phase with a velocity of 4.0 km/s is generated at a depth of about 1700 mbsf. Velocities from traveltime inversion of OBS data are in general agreement with the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) X311 downhole sonic velocities. In particular, on the log data, a layer with low porosity and high velocities of 2.4 - 2.8 km/s was observed at depths of 50 - 75 m. This probably corresponds with the 1.95 km/s layer at depths of 80-110 m interpreted from the OBS data. The refraction data thus suggest that this high-velocity layer varies laterally through the frontal ridge region, out to distances of at least 4 km from the drillhole. BSR depths (250-280 m) estimated in the present work also agree with the IODP X311 depths. From the velocity structure, we can make estimates of hydrate concentration in a region close to the deformation front, where fluid flow velocities are expected to be large. The gas hydrates concentrations vary from -35% for the shallow phase to -22% for the layer above the BSR. The deep refracted phase with a velocity of 4.0 km/s at 1700 m depth indicates the presence of highly compacted accreted wedge sediments. On the SW side of the frontal ridge, a collapse structure is observed in newly acquired multi-beam bathymetry data from the University of Washington and in seismic reflection data. The BSR is present in the region surrounding the slump. There are only weak indications of its presence within the slide region. Since hydrates may prevent normal sediment compaction, their dissociation in sediment pores is thought to decrease seafloor strength, potentially facilitating submarine landslides on continental slopes. The head wall of the frontal ridge slide is -250 m high, extending close to the BSR depth, and the slump has eroded a -2.5 km long section into the ridge, along strike. Migrated seismic reflection data image a set of normal faults in the frontal ridge striking NE-SW, perpendicular to the strike of the ridge and the direction of plate convergence. These faults outcrop at the seafloor and can be traced from the surface through the sedimentary section to depths well below the BSR in some locations. Seafloors scarps show that fault seafloor displacements of -25 m to 75 m are generated. The two faults with the largest seafloor scarps bound the region of slope failure on the frontal ridge, suggesting that the lateral extent of slumping is fault-controlled. The triggering mechanism for the slope failure may have been a combination of various effects. The possible mechanisms explored include gas hydrate dissociation, high pore pressure fluid expulsion along the faults, and salinity elevation in faults which would inhibit the formation of gas hydrates along the faults. However, an earthquake may induce initial slope failure, which can not only start gas hydrate dissociation but also increase fluid expulsion and pore pressure.
Download or read book IN SITU SAMPLING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING MARINE METHANE HYDRATE USING THE D written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary activities accomplished during this quarter were continued efforts to develop plans for Phase 2 of this cooperative agreement based on the evolving operational planning for IODP Expedition 311, which will use the JOIDES Resolution to study marine methane hydrates along the Cascadia margin, offshore Vancouver Island. IODP Expedition 311 has been designed to further constrain the models for the formation of marine gas hydrate in subduction zone accretionary prisms. The objectives include characterizing the deep origin of the methane, its upward transport, its incorporation in gas hydrate, and its subsequent loss to the seafloor. The main attention of this expedition is on the widespread seafloor-parallel layer of dispersed gas hydrate located just above the base of the predicted stability field. In a gas hydrate formation model, methane is carried upward through regional sediment or small-scale fracture permeability, driven by the tectonic consolidation of the accretionary prism. The upward moving methane is incorporated into the gas hydrate clathrate as it enters the methane hydrate stability zone. Also important is the focusing of a portion of the upward methane flux into localized plumes or channels to form concentrations of near-seafloor gas hydrate. The amount of gas hydrate in local concentrations near the seafloor is especially important for understanding the response of marine gas hydrate to climate change. The expedition includes coring and downhole measurements at five sites across the Northern Cascadia accretionary prism. The sites will track the history of methane in an accretionary prism from (1) its production by mainly microbiological processes over a thick sediment vertical extent, (2) its upward transport through regional or locally focused fluid flow, (3) its incorporation in the regional hydrate layer above the BSR or in local concentrations at or near the seafloor, (4) methane loss from the hydrate by upward diffusion, and (5) methane oxidation and incorporation in seafloor carbonate, or expulsion to the ocean. This expedition builds on the previous Cascadia gas hydrate drilling of ODP Leg 146 and on more recent ODP Leg 204 off Oregon. Important experiments being considered for DOE/NETL funding as part of the JOI cooperative agreement include, (1) Logging-While-Drilling/Measurements-While-Drilling (LWD/MWD), (2) Pressure Core Sampling (PCS/HYACINTH) of gas hydrate, and fluid recovery under in situ conditions, (3) X-ray CT logging of whole cores under in situ conditions, and (4) Infrared thermal imaging of whole round cores to map temperature variations resulting from the presence of hydrate. Preliminary budget estimates have been made for each of these tasks and discussions are ongoing with DOE/NETL program managers to develop a final plan that can be implemented within the constraints of the available funding and logistical considerations.
Download or read book Gas Hydrates written by Carlo Giavarini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-06 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas hydrates are both a huge energy resource and an environmental challenge. They have a significant impact on society because of their applications to the future of energy, protection of the environment and fuel transportation. Gas Hydrates opens up this fascinating, multidisciplinary field to non-specialists. It provides a scientific study of gas hydrates that considers their potential as an energy source while assessing the possible risk to the environment. The authors also examine the feasibility of using these natural compounds for storing and transporting gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Diagrams and photos are used throughout Gas Hydrates to help readers understand the scientific and technical content. Each section has been designed so it can be read independently by academics and professionals in the oil and gas industry, as well as by all those with an interest in how hydrates combine to be an energy resource, an industrial challange and a geological hazard.
Download or read book Economic Geology of Natural Gas Hydrate written by Michael D. Max and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-07-09 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a companion to “Natural Gas Hydrate in Oceanic and Permafrost Environments” (Max, 2000, 2003), which is the first book on gas hydrate in this series. Although other gases can naturally form clathrate hydrates (referred to after as ‘hydrate’), we are concerned here only with hydrocarbon gases that form hydrates. The most important of these natural gases is methane. Whereas the first book is a general introduction to the subject of natural gas hydrate, this book focuses on the geology and geochemical controls of gas hydrate development and on gas extraction from naturally occurring hydrocarbon hydrates. This is the first broad treatment of gas hydrate as a natural resource within an economic geological framework. This book is written mainly to stand alone for brevity and to minimize duplication. Information in Max (2000; 2003) should also be consulted for completeness. Hydrate is a type of clathrate (Sloan, 1998) that is formed from a cage structure of water molecules in which gas molecules occupying void sites within the cages stabilize the structure through van der Waals or hydrogen bonding.
