Download or read book NIST Technical Note 1746 Accelerated Weathering of Firefighter Protective Clothing Delineating the Impact of Thermal Moisture and Ultraviolet Light Exposures written by U.s. Department of Commerce and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2014-10-09 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previously, the chemical and mechanical deterioration of polyaramid and polybenzimidazolebased protective clothing fabrics that resulted from concurrent thermal, moisture, and simulated sunlight exposure were quantified. This manuscript discusses the individual impacts of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation at ambient conditions and moisture and elevated temperature in the absence of irradiation on the performance properties of outer shell (OS) fabrics used in firefighters' turnout gear. The mechanical properties which most often determine the protective performance of firefighters' turnout gear, including unidirectional stretching, tear resistance, and elastic properties, were tested before and after an accelerated weathering process.
Download or read book Accelerated Weathering of Firefighter Protective Clothing written by Shonali Nazare and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previously, the chemical and mechanical deterioration of polyaramid and polybenzimidazole-based protective clothing fabrics that resulted from concurrent thermal, moisture, and simulated sunlight exposure were quantified. This manuscript discusses the individual impacts of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation at ambient conditions and moisture and elevated temperature in the absence of irradiation on the performance properties of outer shell (OS) fabrics used in firefighters' turnout gear. The mechanical properties which most often determine the protective performance of firefighters' turnout gear, including unidirectional stretching, tear resistance, and elastic properties, were tested before and after an accelerated weathering process. To assess and compare the protective performance of outer shell fabric samples against UV irradiation, the UV protection factor (UPF) was calculated. Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis was used to elucidate the chemical changes induced by the weathering process. The data suggests that the deterioration in the physical properties of polyaramids and polybenzimidazoles are mainly due to photo-oxidative reactions, which result in chemical and mechanical deterioration of the fabrics. However, the UV exposure has a lesser detrimental effect on the UPF value.
Download or read book NIST Technical Note 1751 Accelerated Weathering of Firefighter Protective Clothing Containing Melamine Fiber Blends written by U.s. Department of Commerce and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2014-10-09 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, the mechanical properties critical to the protective performance of firefighter turnout gear were evaluated in environmentally stressed outer shell (OS) fabrics containing melamine fiber blends. Environmental stress factors that affect the durability of turnout gear include temperature, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, moisture, abrasion, and laundering. The effect of fiber blend, fabric construction, and finishing processes including water repellent coatings and pigmented melamine- containing OS fabrics were also studied. Melamine-containing OS fabrics show comparable thermal protective performance and have superior tear resistance when compared to the traditionally used polyaramid blends.
Download or read book Effect of Accelerated Ultraviolet UV Weathering on Firefighter Protective Clothing Outer Shell Fabrics written by Rick Davis and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The outer shell of the jacket and pants of a firefighter's protective clothing is constructed of a fabric that is commonly a blend of polyaramid, polybenzimidazole, and/or poly(melamine-formaldehyde) fibers. The outer shell contributes to the thermal and moisture protection of the garment, but its primary purpose is to provide protection from other physical hazards, such as sharp objects and abrasive surfaces. The research discussed in this manuscript indicates that the mechanical performance, which is critical to the outer shell providing protection against these physical hazards, of polyaramid and polybenzimidazole based outer shell fabrics will rapidly deteriorate when exposed to simulated ultraviolet sunlight at 50 °C and 50% relative humidity. For example, these fabrics lost as high as 80% of their tear and tensile strength after only 13 days of exposure to these conditions. In addition, a water repellant coating on these fabrics was significantly degraded as a result of these conditions. Even though these exposure conditions caused catastrophic mechanical failure, the amount of ultraviolet light transmitted through these fabrics was quite low. More specifically, after 13 days exposure these fabrics blocked more than 94% of the ultraviolet light (Ultraviolet Protection Factor of 18). Using a conversion factor (defined in the manuscript), these outer shell fabrics will lose a high as 80% of its mechanical performance, but still block at least 94 % of the sunlight after being in service for 6.3 years.
Download or read book Accelerated Weathering of Firefighter Protective Clothing Melamine Fiber Beads written by Shonali Nazaré and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Accelerated Ultraviolet UV Weathering on Firefighter Protective Clothing Outer Shell Fabrics written by Rick Davis (et al) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The outer shell of the jacket and pants of a firefighters protective clothing is constructed of a fabric that is commonly a blend of polyaramid, polybenzimidazole, and/or poly(melamine-formaldehyde) fibers. The outer shell contributes to the thermal and moisture protection of the garment, but its primary purpose is to provide protection from other physical hazards, such as sharp objects and abrasive surfaces. The research discussed in this manuscript indicates that the mechanical performance, which is critical to the outer shell providing protection against these physical hazards, of polyaramid and polybenzimidazole based outer shell fabrics will rapidly deteriorate when exposed to simulated ultraviolet sunlight at 50 °C and 50 % relative humidity. For example, these fabrics lost as high as 80 % of their tear and tensile strength after only 13 days of exposure to these conditions. In addition, a water repellant coating on these fabrics was significantly degraded as a result of these conditions. Even though these exposure conditions caused catastrophic mechanical failure, the amount of ultraviolet light transmitted through these fabrics was quite low. More specifically, after 13 days exposure these fabrics blocked more than 94 % of the ultraviolet light (Ultraviolet Protection Factor of 18). Using a conversion factor (defined in the manuscript), these outer shell fabrics will lose a high as 80 % of its mechanical performance, but still block at least 94 % of the sunlight after being in service for 6.3 years.
Download or read book Evaluating the Effects of Moisture on the Thermal Protective Performance of Firefighter Protective Clothing in Low Level Heat Exposures Annual Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Moisture on the Thermal Protective Performance of Firefighter Protective Clothing in Low level Radiant Heat Exposures written by Roger L. Barker and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Impact of Soiling Moisture Content Abrasion and Ultraviolet Exposure on Near Infrared Evaluation of In Use Firefighter Protective Clothing written by Christopher J. Bespflug and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous research conducted by the University of Saskatchewan demonstrated the potential to use near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a nondestructive test (NDT) method. Correlations were developed between changes in NIR reflectance spectra and tensile strength after thermal aging. However, it is important to determine how NIR measurements are affected by environmental factors, such as moisture or soiling, if this method is to be used in the field. It is also important to assess the ability of NIR to predict the effects of other forms of aging, such as abrasion or ultraviolet (UV) radiation on fabric performance. In this study, the effects of soiling and moisture content on NIR reflectance measurements of protective fabrics were investigated. Changes in reflectance curves caused by soiling could be differentiated from those caused by thermal aging by examining changes to particular features in reflectance curves, rather than simply by looking at shifts in these curves. The importance of cleaning garments before NIR evaluation was also demonstrated. Results of moisture experiments suggest that the fabrics included in this study would not have to be conditioned to tightly controlled humidity levels before NIR evaluation, especially if analysis avoids wavelengths that coincide with water absorption bands. The effects of abrasion and UV radiation on reflectance curves of the fabrics considered in this study were minimal, especially when compared with the effects of thermal aging. This may indicate that NIR spectroscopy may not be as suitable for predicting changes in tensile strength caused by these forms of aging as for predicting thermal aging. Caution is necessary, however, as effects of UV radiation on reflectance curves were shown to vary considerably for different fabrics.
Download or read book Full Ensemble and Bench Scale Testing of Fire Fighter Protective Clothing NISTIR 7467 written by nist and published by . This book was released on 2013-11-23 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal Protective Perfonnance (TPP) test wasdeveloped to quantify the performance of fire fighter protectiveclothing ensembles under an intense thermal exposure. This testmethod has certainly helped to improve the thermal protection of fire fighter protective clothing. However, many fire service bum injuries can be traced to significantly lower thermal exposures than are simulated by the TPP test. A bench scale test method has been developed to evaluate the perfonnance of fire fighter protective clothing at low heat fluxes. Tnaddition, a full scale test apparatus capable of exposing both complete fire fighter ensembles and samples similar to those used in the bench scale test to various heat flux levels is under development. Both of these tests provide temperature measurements on the surface of the outer shell, at locations between the fabric or moisture barrier layers inside the protective clothing system, and at the thermal liner surface. When plotted, these temperature measurements show a detailed picture of how a protective clothing system performs when exposed to a given thermal environment. This report describes comparisons of resultsobtained using the bench scale test with data from the full-scale test apparatus. The data are also compared to results from a fire fighter protective clothing heat transfer model.
Download or read book Clothing Biosensory Engineering written by Yan Li and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2006-04-24 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human sensory perception of clothing involves a series of complex interactive processes, including physical responses to external stimuli, neurophysiological processes for decoding stimuli through the biosensory and nervous systems inside the body, neural responses to psychological sensations, and psychological processes for formulating preferences and making adaptive feedback reactions.Clothing biosensory engineering is a systematic and integrative way of translating consumers' biological and sensory responses, and psychological feelings and preferences about clothing, into the perceptual elements of design. It is a link between scientific experimentation and commercial application to develop economic solutions to practical technical problems.Clothing biosensory engineering quantifies the decision-making processes through which physics, mathematics, neurophysiological and engineering techniques are applied to optimally convert resources to meet various sensory requirements – visual/thermal/mechanical. It includes theoretical and experimental observations, computer simulations, test methods, illustrations and examples of actual product development. - Describes the process of Clothing biosensory engineering in detail - Quantifies the decision making processes applied to optimally convert resources to meet various sensory requirements - Includes theoretical and experimental observations and examples of actual product development
Download or read book Advanced Characterization and Testing of Textiles written by Patricia I. Dolez and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-19 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Characterization and Testing of Textiles explores developments in physical and chemical testing and specific high-performance tests relating to textiles. The book introduces the principles of advanced characterization and testing, including the importance of performance-based specifications in the textiles industry. Chapters are organized by textile properties, providing in-depth coverage of each characteristic. Tests for specific applications are addressed, with the main focus on high-performance and technical textiles. - Focuses on advanced testing methods for technical and high-performance textiles, covering state-of-the-art technology in its field - Details specific textile properties and associated testing for each characteristic
Download or read book Fiber Technology for Fiber Reinforced Composites written by M. Ozgur Seydibeyoglu and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-22 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fiber Technology for Fiber-Reinforced Composites provides a detailed introduction to fiber reinforced composites, explaining the mechanics of fiber reinforced composites, along with information on the various fiber types, including manufacturing of fibers (starting from monomers and precursors), fiber spinning techniques, testing of fibers, and surface modification of fibers. As material technologies develop, composite materials are becoming more and more important in transportation, construction, electronics, sporting goods, the defense industry, and other areas of research. Many engineers working in industry and academics at universities are trying to manufacture composite materials using a limited number of fiber types with almost no information on fiber technology, fiber morphology, fiber properties, and fiber sizing agents. This book fills that gap in knowledge. - Unique in that it focuses on a broad range of different fiber types used in composites manufacturing - Contains contributions from leading experts working in both industry and academia - Provides comprehensive coverage on both natural and nanofibers
Download or read book Practical Guide and Spectral Atlas for Interpretive Near Infrared Spectroscopy Second Edition written by Jerry Workman, Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-04-17 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interpretive spectroscopy provides a basis for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between NIR spectrometer response and the chemical properties of the samples. Without established cause-effect relationships, the measured data has no true predictive significance. This interpretive process is key for achieving an analytical understanding of the measurement. In the expanded second edition of Practical Guide and Spectral Atlas for Interpretive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, the authors include new research, editorials, supplements, and molecular structural formulas, along with updated references and information on NIR spectra. The thoroughly updated and revised second edition offers a full library of color spectra in a larger format to ensure clarity and reader comprehension. Providing a rich set of reference information required to interpret NIR spectra for research and industrial applications, this book: Offers more than 300 figures representing all the major functional groups and their NIR frequency ranges Contains over 120 pages of tables and charts illustrating overlapping spectra Covers NIR spectra for organic compounds, including alkanes, carboxylic acids, amines, dienes, alkynes, heterocyclic compounds, amino acids, and aldehydes Provides comprehensive appendices with spectra-structure correlations, example spectra, and other useful data for interpreting NIR spectra
Download or read book Fresh from the Farm 6pk written by Rigby and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling Phosphorus in the Environment written by David E. Radcliffe and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-11-14 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite advances in modeling, such as graphical user interfaces, the use of GIS layers, and databases for developing input files, the approaches to modeling phosphorus (P) have not changed since their initial development in the 1980s. Current understanding of P processes has evolved and this new information needs to be incorporated into the current models. Filling this need, Modeling Phosphorus in the Environment describes basic approaches to modeling P, how the current models implement these approaches, and ways to improve them. The book sets the scene with a review of general approaches to modeling runoff and erosion, P in runoff, leaching of P, stream processes that affect P, and an examination of the important issue of model uncertainty. It describes state-of-the-science watershed-scale P transport models including dynamic semi-disturbed models, models of intermediate complexity, and two lumped models. Phosphorus Indexes (PIs) represent one end of the modeling spectrum and the book takes a comprehensive look at PIs developed in each state, and illustrates some of the problems encountered when incorporating PIs into farm-scale manure management software. The book discusses monitoring data, which is critical for calibrating models, and concludes with suggestions for improving the modeling of P. From researching mechanisms to applying regulations, the uses of phosphorus models have increased as our knowledge of the effects of phosphorus in the environment has increased. Drawing on contributions from experts, the book gives you the tools to select the model that best fits your needs.
Download or read book Heart life in Song written by Frances Harrison Marr and published by . This book was released on 1883 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
