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Book Nidus idearum  Scilogs  II  de rerum consectatione

Download or read book Nidus idearum Scilogs II de rerum consectatione written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2016-11-01 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exchanging ideas with Valentin Boju, Victor Christianto, Octavian Cira, Ervin Goldfain, Madad Khan, Yale Landsberg, Marcella Lucchetta, Dan Mitruț, Mircea Monu, Tudor Păroiu, Ion Pătrașcu, Valeriu Perianu, Paul Pistea, Gunn Quznetsov, Dmitri Rabounski, Belo Riecan, Juan Rodriguez, Ovidiu Ilie Șandru, Raj Singh, Mircea Eugen Șelariu, Haibin Wang. Welcome into my scientific lab! My lab[oratory] is a virtual facility with noncontrolled conditions in which I mostly perform scientific meditation and chats: a nest of ideas (nidus idearum, in Latin). I called the jottings herein scilogs (truncations of the words scientific, and gr. Λόγος – appealing rather to its original meanings "ground", "opinion", "expectation"), combining the welly of both science and informal (via internet) talks (in English, French, and Romanian). In this second book of scilogs collected from my nest of ideas, one may find new and old questions and solutions, some of them already put at work, others dead or waiting, referring to many topics (see Topics) in different fields of research – email messages to research colleagues, or replies, notes about authors, articles, or books, so on – in an eager pursuit (consectatio) for meanings, reasons, and purports of (scientific) things (res). Feel free to budge in or just use the scilogs as open source for your own ideas.

Book Nidus Idearum  Scilogs  XIV  SuperHyperAlgebra

Download or read book Nidus Idearum Scilogs XIV SuperHyperAlgebra written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2024-01-01 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this fourteenth book of scilogs – one may find topics on examples where neutrosophics works and others don’t, law of included infinitely-many-middles, decision making in games and real life through neutrosophic lens, sociology by neutrosophic methods, Smarandache multispace, algebraic structures using natural class of intervals, continuous linguistic set, cyclic neutrosophic graph, graph of neutrosophic triplet group , how to convert the crisp data to neutrosophic data, n-refined neutrosophic set ranking, adjoint of a square neutrosophic matrix, neutrosophic optimization, de-neutrosophication, the n-ary soft set relationship, hypersoft set, extending the hypergroupoid to the superhypergroupoid, alternative ranking, Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT), reconciliation between theoretical and market prices, extension of the MASS model by the incorporation of neutrosophic statistics and the DSmT combination rule, conditional probability of actually detecting a financial fraud, neutrosophic extension using DSmT combination rule, probabilistic information content, absolute and relative DSm conditioning rules, example of PCR5 with Zhang’s degree, PCR5 with degree of intersection, the most general form of SuperHyperAlgebra, on Crittenden and Vanden Eynden’s conjecture, use of special types of linear algebras and their generalizations, SuperMathematics, 3D-space in physics, neutrosophic physical laws, neutrosophy as a meta-philosophy, principle of interconvertibility matter-energy-information, neutrosophic philosophical interpretation, possible neutrosophic applications to Indian philosophy and religion, philosophical horizons in neutrosophy, clan capitalism, or artificial intelligence – email messages to research colleagues, or replies, notes, comments, remarks about authors, articles, or books, spontaneous ideas, and so on. Exchanging ideas with Mirela Teodorescu, Linfan Mao, Shondiin Silversmith, Mumtaz Ali, Vasantha W.B. Kandasamy, V. Lakshmana Gomathi Nayagam, Bharanidharan R., Michael Voskoglou, Said Broumi, Maissam Jdid, Sagvan Y. Musa, Mohammad Hamidi, Yaser Ahmad Alhasan, Nivetha Martin, Mohammad Khoshnevisan, Deqiang Han, Jean Dezert, Mircea Șelariu, Ștefan Vlăduțescu, Tudor Păroiu (in order of reference in the book).

Book Nidus Idearum  Scilogs  XIII  Structure   NeutroStructure   AntiStructure

Download or read book Nidus Idearum Scilogs XIII Structure NeutroStructure AntiStructure written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2024-01-01 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this thirteenth book of scilogs – one may find topics on Neutrosophy, Plithogeny, Physics, Mathematics, Philosophy – email messages to research colleagues, or replies, notes, comments, remarks about authors, articles, or books, spontaneous ideas, and so on. It presents new types of soft sets and new types of topologies. Exchanging ideas with Mohammad Abobala, Ishfaq Ahmad, Ibrahim M. Almanjahie, Fatimah Alshahrani, Nizar Altounji, Muhammad Aslam, Said Broumi, Victor Christianto, R. Diksh, Feng Liu, Frank Julian Gelli, Erick Gonzalez Caballero, Riad Hamido, Yaser Al-Hasan, Ahmed Hatip, Yasin Karmouta, Nivetha Martin, Preda Mihăilescu, V. Lakshmana Gomathi Nayagam, Ze Carlos Tiago de Oliveira, Alexey Platonov, Andrei Pogany, Shakti Prasad, Ranulfo Paiva Barbosa (Sobrinho), Dmitri Rabounski, Ackbar Rezaei, Constantin Sandu, A. Saraswathi, Usman Shahzad, Gocho V. Sharlanov, Stefan Spaarmann, Michael Voskoglou, Vinay Kumar Yadav, Tomasz Witczak, William H. Woodall, Mircea Zărnescu, Mohamed Bisher Zeina (in order of reference in the book).

Book Nidus Idearum  Scilogs  XII  seed   heed

Download or read book Nidus Idearum Scilogs XII seed heed written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2023-06-01 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this twelfth book of scilogs – called seed & heed –, one may find topics on Neutrosophy, Superluminal Physics, Mathematics, Information Fusion, Philosophy, or Sociology – email messages to research colleagues, or replies, notes, comments, remarks about authors, articles, or books, spontaneous ideas, and so on. Exchanging ideas with Pritpal Singh, Mohamed Abobala, Muhammad Aslam, Ervin Goldfain, Dmitri Rabounski, Victor Christianto, Steven Crothers, Jean Dezert, Tomasz Witczak (in order of reference in the book).

Book Nidus Idearum  Scilogs  XI  in turns and out turns

Download or read book Nidus Idearum Scilogs XI in turns and out turns written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2023-05-31 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this eleventh book of scilogs – called in-turns and out-turns –, one may find new and old questions and solutions, referring mostly to topics on Neutrosophy, but also Multispace, with miscellaneous addition of topics on Physics, Mathematics, or Sociology – email messages to research colleagues, or replies, notes about authors, articles, or books, spontaneous ideas, and so on. Exchanging ideas with Prem Kumar Singh, Feng Liu, Nicolae Bălașa, Jimmy Quellet, Minodora Rușchița, Frank Gelli, A. R. Vătuiu, Victor Christianto, Vladimir I. Rogozhin, Robert Neil Boyd, Akira Kanda, Stefan Spaarmann, Oliver Consa, Yabin Shao, Junle Zhuo, Nivetha Martin, Said Broumi, Jean Dezert, Erick González, Tomasz Witczak, B. De Baets, I. Couso, D. Dubois, L. Good, Mihaela Colhon, Atiqe Ur Rahman, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Ihsan, Edeline Nancy, Shawkat Alkhazaleh, Shazia Rana, Vasantha Kandasamy, Santanu Acharjee, Mohamed Al-Shmrani, Parimala Manie, Mehmet Unver, Murat Olgun, Adel Aleidhri, Akira Kanda, Ilanthenral Kandasamy, Mircea Zărnescu, R. Tayebi Khorami, Arsham Borumand Saeid, Maisam Jdid, M. Abobala, Riad Hamido, Rafael Rojas, Esmaeil Zarei, Faisal Khan, Rouzbeh Abbassi, Adel Al-Odhari, Henry Garrett, Ackbar Rezaei, Saeid Jafari, Karthika Muthusamy, Harish Garg, Huda E. Khalid, Gonca D. Güngör, Muslim A. Noah Zainal, Fakhry Asad Agusfrianto, Madeleine Al-Tahan, Mariam Hariri, Yudi Mahatma, Masoud Ghods, Marco Brigliadori, Luis Enrique Aponte Pérez, Amr Mohammed, M. Aslam (in order of reference in the book).

Book Neutrosophic Sets and Systems  vol  49 2022

Download or read book Neutrosophic Sets and Systems vol 49 2022 written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2022-04-01 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Neutrosophic Sets and Systems” has been created for publications on advanced studies in neutrosophy, neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic probability, neutrosophic statistics that started in 1995 and their applications in any field, such as the neutrosophic structures developed in algebra, geometry, topology, etc. Neutrosophy is a new branch of philosophy that studies the origin, nature, and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. This theory considers every notion or idea together with its opposite or negation and with their spectrum of neutralities in between them (i.e. notions or ideas supporting neither nor ). The and ideas together are referred to as . Neutrosophy is a generalization of Hegel's dialectics (the last one is based on and only). According to this theory every idea tends to be neutralized and balanced by and ideas - as a state of equilibrium. In a classical way , , are disjoint two by two. But, since in many cases the borders between notions are vague, imprecise, Sorites, it is possible that , , (and of course) have common parts two by two, or even all three of them as well. Neutrosophic Set and Neutrosophic Logic are generalizations of the fuzzy set and respectively fuzzy logic (especially of intuitionistic fuzzy set and respectively intuitionistic fuzzy logic).

Download or read book Collected Papers Volume X written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 1006 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This tenth volume of Collected Papers includes 86 papers in English and Spanish languages comprising 972 pages, written between 2014-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with the following 105 co-authors (alphabetically ordered) from 26 countries: Abu Sufian, Ali Hassan, Ali Safaa Sadiq, Anirudha Ghosh, Assia Bakali, Atiqe Ur Rahman, Laura Bogdan, Willem K.M. Brauers, Erick González Caballero, Fausto Cavallaro, Gavrilă Calefariu, T. Chalapathi, Victor Christianto, Mihaela Colhon, Sergiu Boris Cononovici, Mamoni Dhar, Irfan Deli, Rebeca Escobar-Jara, Alexandru Gal, N. Gandotra, Sudipta Gayen, Vassilis C. Gerogiannis, Noel Batista Hernández, Hongnian Yu, Hongbo Wang, Mihaiela Iliescu, F. Nirmala Irudayam, Sripati Jha, Darjan Karabašević, T. Katican, Bakhtawar Ali Khan, Hina Khan, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets, R. Kiran Kumar, Manoranjan Kumar Singh, Ranjan Kumar, M. Lathamaheswari, Yasar Mahmood, Nivetha Martin, Adrian Mărgean, Octavian Melinte, Mingcong Deng, Marcel Migdalovici, Monika Moga, Sana Moin, Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Mohamed Elhoseny, Rehab Mohamed, Mohamed Talea, Kalyan Mondal, Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Aslam Malik, Muhammad Ihsan, Muhammad Naveed Jafar, Muhammad Rayees Ahmad, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Saqlain, Muhammad Shabir, Mujahid Abbas, Mumtaz Ali, Radu I. Munteanu, Ghulam Murtaza, Munazza Naz, Tahsin Oner, ‪Gabrijela Popović, Surapati Pramanik, R. Priya, S.P. Priyadharshini, Midha Qayyum, Quang-Thinh Bui, Shazia Rana, Akbara Rezaei, Jesús Estupiñán Ricardo, Rıdvan Sahin, Saeeda Mirvakili, Said Broumi, A. A. Salama, Flavius Aurelian Sârbu, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Javid Shabbir, Shio Gai Quek, Son Hoang Le, Florentin Smarandache, Dragiša Stanujkić, S. Sudha, Taha Yasin Ozturk, Zaigham Tahir, The Houw Iong, Ayse Topal, Alptekin Ulutaș, Maikel Yelandi Leyva Vázquez, Rizha Vitania, Luige Vlădăreanu, Victor Vlădăreanu, Ștefan Vlăduțescu, J. Vimala, Dan Valeriu Voinea, Adem Yolcu, Yongfei Feng, Abd El-Nasser H. Zaied, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas.

Book Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures and Their Applications

Download or read book Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures and Their Applications written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2022-08-01 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neutrosophic theory and its applications have been expanding in all directions at an astonishing rate especially after of the introduction the journal entitled “Neutrosophic Sets and Systems”. New theories, techniques, algorithms have been rapidly developed. One of the most striking trends in the neutrosophic theory is the hybridization of neutrosophic set with other potential sets such as rough set, bipolar set, soft set, hesitant fuzzy set, etc. The different hybrid structures such as rough neutrosophic set, single valued neutrosophic rough set, bipolar neutrosophic set, single valued neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set, etc. are proposed in the literature in a short period of time. Neutrosophic set has been an important tool in the application of various areas such as data mining, decision making, e-learning, engineering, medicine, social science, and some more.

Book Intelligent Methods Systems and Applications in Computing  Communications and Control

Download or read book Intelligent Methods Systems and Applications in Computing Communications and Control written by Simona Dzitac and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-24 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book contains 37 papers presented at the ninth edition of the International Conference of Computers, Communications and Control—ICCCC-2022 held in Oradea and Băile Felix, Romania. A balanced selection of both methodological and application-oriented papers has been made to reflect several recent worldwide trends and results. The book is organized into five sections: a) integrated solutions in computer-based control, b) advanced control systems integrating computers and communications, c) soft computing including fuzzy system approach, d) decision making and support systems, and e) trustworthy and green design. The study of the papers contained in the book is useful for researchers, consultants, and postgraduate students in computer science and design, applied informatics, control systems, and industrial engineering. The book is also used as auxiliary material for student-level courses such as artificial intelligence, computational intelligence, and decision support systems.

Book Neutrosophic Sets and Systems  vol  51 2022

Download or read book Neutrosophic Sets and Systems vol 51 2022 written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 970 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Neutrosophic Sets and Systems” has been created for publications on advanced studies in neutrosophy, neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic probability, neutrosophic statistics that started in 1995 and their applications in any field, such as the neutrosophic structures developed in algebra, geometry, topology, etc. Neutrosophy is a new branch of philosophy that studies the origin, nature, and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. This theory considers every notion or idea together with its opposite or negation and with their spectrum of neutralities in between them (i.e. notions or ideas supporting neither nor ). The and ideas together are referred to as . Neutrosophy is a generalization of Hegel's dialectics (the last one is based on and only). According to this theory every idea tends to be neutralized and balanced by and ideas - as a state of equilibrium. In a classical way , , are disjoint two by two. But, since in many cases the borders between notions are vague, imprecise, Sorites, it is possible that , , (and of course) have common parts two by two, or even all three of them as well. Neutrosophic Set and Neutrosophic Logic are generalizations of the fuzzy set and respectively fuzzy logic (especially of intuitionistic fuzzy set and respectively intuitionistic fuzzy logic).

Download or read book Collected Papers Volume XIV written by Florentin Smarandache and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2022-11-01 with total page 970 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fourteenth volume of Collected Papers is an eclectic tome of 87 papers in Neutrosophics and other fields, such as mathematics, fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, picture fuzzy sets, information fusion, robotics, statistics, or extenics, comprising 936 pages, published between 2008-2022 in different scientific journals or currently in press, by the author alone or in collaboration with the following 99 co-authors (alphabetically ordered) from 26 countries: Ahmed B. Al-Nafee, Adesina Abdul Akeem Agboola, Akbar Rezaei, Shariful Alam, Marina Alonso, Fran Andujar, Toshinori Asai, Assia Bakali, Azmat Hussain, Daniela Baran, Bijan Davvaz, Bilal Hadjadji, Carlos Díaz Bohorquez, Robert N. Boyd, M. Caldas, Cenap Özel, Pankaj Chauhan, Victor Christianto, Salvador Coll, Shyamal Dalapati, Irfan Deli, Balasubramanian Elavarasan, Fahad Alsharari, Yonfei Feng, Daniela Gîfu, Rafael Rojas Gualdrón, Haipeng Wang, Hemant Kumar Gianey, Noel Batista Hernández, Abdel-Nasser Hussein, Ibrahim M. Hezam, Ilanthenral Kandasamy, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Muthusamy Karthika, Nour Eldeen M. Khalifa, Madad Khan, Kifayat Ullah, Valeri Kroumov, Tapan Kumar Roy, Deepesh Kunwar, Le Thi Nhung, Pedro López, Mai Mohamed, Manh Van Vu, Miguel A. Quiroz-Martínez, Marcel Migdalovici, Kritika Mishra, Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Mohamed Talea, Mohammad Hamidi, Mohammed Alshumrani, Mohamed Loey, Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Shabir, Mumtaz Ali, Nassim Abbas, Munazza Naz, Ngan Thi Roan, Nguyen Xuan Thao, Rishwanth Mani Parimala, Ion Pătrașcu, Surapati Pramanik, Quek Shio Gai, Qiang Guo, Rajab Ali Borzooei, Nimitha Rajesh, Jesús Estupiñan Ricardo, Juan Miguel Martínez Rubio, Saeed Mirvakili, Arsham Borumand Saeid, Saeid Jafari, Said Broumi, Ahmed A. Salama, Nirmala Sawan, Gheorghe Săvoiu, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Seok-Zun Song, Shahzaib Ashraf, Jayant Singh, Rajesh Singh, Son Hoang Le, Tahir Mahmood, Kenta Takaya, Mirela Teodorescu, Ramalingam Udhayakumar, Maikel Y. Leyva Vázquez, V. Venkateswara Rao, Luige Vlădăreanu, Victor Vlădăreanu, Gabriela Vlădeanu, Michael Voskoglou, Yaser Saber, Yong Deng, You He, Youcef Chibani, Young Bae Jun, Wadei F. Al-Omeri, Hongbo Wang, Zayen Azzouz Omar.

Book Neutrosophic SuperHyper Bi Topological Spaces  Extra Topics

Download or read book Neutrosophic SuperHyper Bi Topological Spaces Extra Topics written by Huda E. Khalid and published by Infinite Study. This book was released on 2024-01-01 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manuscript holds the integral concepts presented by the previously published article called (Neutrosophic SuperHyper Bi-Topological Spaces). This essay contains new definitions related to the notion of SuperHyper Bi-Topological Spaces, such as SuperHyper Supra closure operator, the pairwise neutrosophic interior of the power set 𝑃𝑛1(𝑋), three cascade numerical examples demonstrate the NSHBI-TS, pairwise neutrosophic 𝑛𝑡ℎ-power sets as well as extra definitions, theorems, corollaries, and propositions.

Book The Sorites Paradox

    Book Details:
  • Author : Sergi Oms
  • Publisher : Cambridge University Press
  • Release : 2019-10-10
  • ISBN : 1107163994
  • Pages : 345 pages

Download or read book The Sorites Paradox written by Sergi Oms and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-10 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a systematic introduction and discussion of all the main solutions to the sorites paradox and its areas of influence.

Book An Introduction to Non Classical Logic

Download or read book An Introduction to Non Classical Logic written by Graham Priest and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-04-10 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised and considerably expanded 2nd edition brings together a wide range of topics, including modal, tense, conditional, intuitionist, many-valued, paraconsistent, relevant, and fuzzy logics. Part 1, on propositional logic, is the old Introduction, but contains much new material. Part 2 is entirely new, and covers quantification and identity for all the logics in Part 1. The material is unified by the underlying theme of world semantics. All of the topics are explained clearly using devices such as tableau proofs, and their relation to current philosophical issues and debates are discussed. Students with a basic understanding of classical logic will find this book an invaluable introduction to an area that has become of central importance in both logic and philosophy. It will also interest people working in mathematics and computer science who wish to know about the area.

Book Logic Works

    Book Details:
  • Author : Lorne Falkenstein
  • Publisher : Routledge
  • Release : 2021-11-30
  • ISBN : 1000451275
  • Pages : 666 pages

Download or read book Logic Works written by Lorne Falkenstein and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Logic Works is a critical and extensive introduction to logic. It asks questions about why systems of logic are as they are, how they relate to ordinary language and ordinary reasoning, and what alternatives there might be to classical logical doctrines. The book covers classical first-order logic and alternatives, including intuitionistic, free, and many-valued logic. It also considers how logical analysis can be applied to carefully represent the reasoning employed in academic and scientific work, better understand that reasoning, and identify its hidden premises. Aiming to be as much a reference work and handbook for further, independent study as a course text, it covers more material than is typically covered in an introductory course. It also covers this material at greater length and in more depth with the purpose of making it accessible to those with no prior training in logic or formal systems. Online support material includes a detailed student solutions manual with a running commentary on all starred exercises, and a set of editable slide presentations for course lectures. Key Features Introduces an unusually broad range of topics, allowing instructors to craft courses to meet a range of various objectives Adopts a critical attitude to certain classical doctrines, exposing students to alternative ways to answer philosophical questions about logic Carefully considers the ways natural language both resists and lends itself to formalization Makes objectual semantics for quantified logic easy, with an incremental, rule-governed approach assisted by numerous simple exercises Makes important metatheoretical results accessible to introductory students through a discursive presentation of those results and by using simple case studies

Book Deontic Logic and Normative Systems

Download or read book Deontic Logic and Normative Systems written by Fabrizio Cariani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-30 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Deontic Logic and Normative Systems, DEON 2014, held in Ghent, Belgium, in July 2014. The 17 revised papers and the 2 invited papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 31 submissions. Topics covered include challenges from natural language for deontic logic; the relationship between deontic and other types of modality: epistemic modality, imperatives, supererogatory, etc.; the deontic paradoxes; the modeling of normative concepts other than obligation and permission, e.g., values; the game-theoretical aspects of deontic reasoning; the emergence of norms; norms from a conversational and pragmatic point of view; and norms and argumentation.

Book Formal Philosophy

    Book Details:
  • Author : Vincent F. Hendricks
  • Publisher : Vince Incorporated Press
  • Release : 2005
  • ISBN : 9788799101313
  • Pages : 246 pages

Download or read book Formal Philosophy written by Vincent F. Hendricks and published by Vince Incorporated Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formal Philosophy is a collection of short interviews based on 5 questions presented to some of the most influential and prominent scholars in formal philosophy.