Download or read book Neuronal and Vascular Plasticity written by Kenneth Maiese and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Galen in the 2nd century AD could be considered one of the earliest researchers who attempted to bridge the gap between basic science and clinical medicine. Galen is given initial credit for the recognition that vital organs of the body are exquisitely dependent upon the intact function of the circulatory system. The doctrines of Galenic physiology stated that blood was produced in the liver, flowed to the heart to obtain "vital spirits", and subsequently bathed the brain to gain "animal spirits". The "vital spirits" described by Galen were later disclosed to consist of oxygen. Oxygen was discovered independently by Schiele in Sweden and by Priestly in England. It was named oxygen (acid-former) by Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) of France. Lavoisier made significant medical discoveries concerning oxygen's role in respiration. In animal experiments, Lavoisier and others discovered that anoxia could rapidly lead to death. The initial work by these investigators helped provide direction for modern clinical science and the treatment of disease, especially concerning disorders of the nervous system. Remarkably, our understanding of human disease continues to grow at an exponential rate. At times, the accumulation of knowledge of the cellular components of clinical disease exceeds all prior expectations held just a few years ago, such as evidenced by the recent cloning of the human and mouse genomes. Despite theses advances, both biomedical scientists and clinicians sometimes are at a loss to recognize the crucial link between basic science discovery and the development of therapeutic regiments for clinical disease.
Download or read book Brain Aging written by David R. Riddle and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-19 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognition that aging is not the accumulation of disease, but rather comprises fundamental biological processes that are amenable to experimental study, is the basis for the recent growth of experimental biogerontology. As increasingly sophisticated studies provide greater understanding of what occurs in the aging brain and how these changes occur
Download or read book Learning induced Plasticity in Vascular Properties in the Human Brain written by Avner Fitterman and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is a plastic organ, able to undergo structural and functional changes following changing physiological contingencies, such as diseases and exercise training. However, the nature of the biological changes that underlie plasticity in the adult human brain is not fully understood. In light of this lack of knowledge of the biological mechanism behind brain plasticity, non-invasive imaging can be used to track plasticity changes in the living human brain. Quantitative and physiologically-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are an ideal tool to study these mechanisms. Plasticity is believed to involve a variety of physiological mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms are neuronal in nature, such as synaptogenesis and changes in neuronal morphology, but changes in non-neuronal tissue components are also thought to contribute, including angiogenesis. The latter may result in increased cerebral blood flow (CBF). CBF estimation can be obtained using arterial spin labeling (ASL). In this technique, water protons in blood are magnetically labelled and this labelling is used to measure the amount of blood that perfuses brain regions. The detection of blood perfusion changes during and following learning intervention would be indicative of a contribution of vascular plasticity to learning-induced changes. In this project, we will use ASL to measure plasticity-induced changes in CBF in motor areas during and following five days of motor task learning.
Download or read book New Horizons in Neurovascular Coupling A Bridge Between Brain Circulation and Neural Plasticity written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-04-26 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Horizons in Neurovascular Coupling: A Bridge Between Brain Circulation and Neural Plasticity is the latest volume in the Progress in Brain Research series that focuses on new trends and developments in neurovascular coupling. This established international series examines major areas of basic and clinical research within the neurosciences, as well as popular and emerging subfields. This volume takes an integrated approach to review and summarize some of the most recent progress reported on the connection between brain circulation and neural plasticity. Explores new trends and developments in basic and clinical research in the neurovascular coupling subfield of neuroscience Uses an integrated approach to review and summarize recent progress Emphasizes potential applications in a clinical setting Enhances the literature of neuroscience by further expanding the established, ongoing international series Progress in Brain Research
Download or read book Microvascular Plasticity in the Healthy and Diseased Mouse Cortex written by Patrick Reeson and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain relies on a properly functioning vasculature system to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove metabolic waste. However as in all biological systems, the brain is sometimes challenged by small or large-scale failures in the vascular system, which threaten the neuronal networks they support. Cerebral capillaries are uniquely prone to spontaneous obstructions, randomly stopping flow on a moment to moment basis. While not surprising given that capillaries are narrow, low pressure tubes that pass relatively large and adherent cells and debris, the ultimate outcomes of these obstructions are unknown. The vascular response to these events could have profound effects on brain health, as these random events accumulate over time. Similarly, while much research has studied the neural and vascular responses to large vessel obstructions (ischemic stroke), how common comorbidities which also afflict the vasculature, like diabetes, alters vascular plasticity and in turn neuronal rewiring and functional recovery, is not understood. This dissertation furthers our understanding of how microvascular plasticity, in response to either small or larger interruptions to blood flow, affect brain health. In the first aim I examined the fates of cortical capillaries in the mouse somatosensory cortex to either spontaneous or experimentally induced obstructions. Using in vivo 2 photon imaging of cortical blood flow, I found that ~0.12% of cortical capillaries become obstructed each day. Tracking natural or microsphere induced obstructions in anesthetized or awake mice revealed that most capillaries recanalize. Remarkably, 30% of all obstructed capillaries failed to recanalize and were pruned by 21 days. This loss was not compensated for by any angiogenic sprouting in any imaging area. Using this information, I was able to predict capillary loss over time that closely matched experimental estimates. From a mechanistic perspective, endothelium specific genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of VEGF-R2 signaling was a critical factor in promoting capillary re-canalization and mitigating subsequent pruning. Thus, this work reveals the incidence, mechanism and long-term outcome of capillary obstructions and contributes to our understanding of age related capillary rarefaction. In the second aim, I examined the vascular adaptions that accompany large scale disruptions to the cerebral blood flow in the form of ischemic stroke. Using a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, I revealed that ischemic stroke leads to an abnormal and persistent increase in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) expression in peri-infarct vascular networks. Correlating with this, BBB permeability was markedly increased in diabetic mice which could not be prevented with insulin treatment after stroke. Imaging of capillary ultrastructure revealed that BBB permeability was associated with an increase in endothelial transcytosis rather than a loss of tight junctions. Pharmacological inhibition or endothelial-specific knockdown of VEGF-R2 after stroke attenuated BBB permeability, loss of synaptic structure in peri-infarct regions, and improved recovery of forepaw function. However, the beneficial effects of VEGF-R2 inhibition on stroke recovery were restricted to diabetic mice and appeared to worsen BBB permeability in non-diabetic mice. These results showed that aberrant VEGF signaling and BBB dysfunction after stroke plays a crucial role in limiting functional recovery in an experimental model of diabetes. Overall this dissertation demonstrates that the structure, integrity, and function of mature cerebrovascular networks undergoes substantial changes in the face of both small and large scale vascular insults. Furthermore, I have revealed a critical role for endothelial VEGF-R2 signalling in mediating many of these vascular changes, which in turn, had important consequences for brain aging and the recovery of function after stroke.
Download or read book Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
Download or read book The Effects of Acute Running Induced Neuronal Activation on Cerebral GLUT1 and Vascular Plasticity written by Jacky Liang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Factors Affecting Neurological Aging written by Colin R Martin and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-06-01 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors Affecting Neurological Aging: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet is a comprehensive reference on the genetic and behavioral features associated with neurological aging and associated disorders. This book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological aging and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the aging of neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the physiological, behavioral, molecular, and cellular features of neurological aging. Finally, this comprehensive resource examines the use of animal modeling of aging and neurological disease. Provides the most comprehensive coverage on a broad range of topics related to the neuroscience of aging Features sections on the genetic components that influence aging and diseases of aging Focuses on neurological diseases and conditions linked to aging, environmental factors and clinical recommendations Includes more than 500 illustrations and tables
Download or read book Insights Into Ischemia induced Dendritic and Vascular Plasticity Through In Vivo Imaging written by Taylor Ann Clark and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disability in adults, and impairments in the upper extremities are particularly common. Many post-stroke remodeling events are activity dependent and can be influenced by post-ischemic behavioral experience through similar mechanisms as experience-dependent plasticity. The overarching goal of these dissertation studies was to understand how behavioral experience, in the form of rehabilitative training (RT), after ischemia impacts neuronal and vascular structural remodeling. This was tested using a mouse model of ischemia-induced upper-limb impairments in adult transgenic mice containing yellow or green fluorescent protein (YFP/GFP) in a subset of layer V cortical pyramidal neurons. First, I examined the impact of manual skill learning on dendritic spine dynamics in vivo in the trained motor cortex (MC) of intact mice (Chapter 2). We found that spine formation was significantly enhanced after 3 days of training, which was followed by an equal and opposite increase in spine elimination by day 6 and then a return to baseline levels for the remainder of the training duration. New spines formed on day 3 were preferentially stabilized and were correlated with performance gains. Next, I tested whether a variation of the photothrombotic stroke model that confines laser illumination to individual arteries on the cortical surface, could better reproduce aspects of the vascular penumbra, such that it would be better suited for examining how structural remodeling events are influenced by the penumbra. We monitored post-ischemic cerebral blood flow (CBF) at 6, 48, and 120 h following MC infarcts and found that artery-targeted photothrombosis created a wider, more graded penumbra. In addition, it instigated vascular structural remodeling, and caused impairments in skilled-reaching performance in mice. Lastly, I examined the impact of RT on spine dynamics and recovery of skilled reaching performance following photothrombotic infarcts to MC. We found that ischemia instigated widespread increases in spine turnover that persisted for up to 5 weeks. RT increased the stabilization of new spines formed in weeks 2 and 3 after ischemia, which was correlated with improvements in skilled reaching, indicating that new spine maintenance could represent a structural mechanism for the recovery of reaching performance.
Download or read book Vascular Development written by Derek J. Chadwick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-08-20 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation of blood vessels is an essential aspect of embryogenesis in vertebrates. It is a central feature of numerous post-embryonic processes, including tissue and organ growth and regeneration. It is also part of the pathology of tumour formation and certain inflammatory conditions. In recent years, comprehension of the molecular genetics of blood vessel formation has progressed enormously and studies in vertebrate model systems, especially the mouse and the zebrafish, have identified a common set of molecules and processes that are conserved throughout vertebrate embryogenesis while, in addition, highlighting aspects that may differ between different animal groups. The discovery in the past decade of the crucial role of new blood vessel formation for the development of cancers has generated great interest in angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones), with its major implications for potential cancer-control strategies. In addition, there are numerous situations where therapeutic treatments either require or would be assisted by vasculogenesis (the de novo formation of blood vessels). In particular, post-stroke therapies could include treatments that stimulate neovascularization of the affected tissues. The development of such treatments, however, requires thoroughly understanding the developmental properties of endothelial cells and the basic biology of blood vessel formation. While there are many books on angiogenesis, this unique book focuses on exactly this basic biology and explores blood vessel formation in connection with tissue development in a range of animal models. It includes detailed discussions of relevant cell biology, genetics and embryogenesis of blood vessel formation and presents insights into the cross-talk between developing blood vessels and other tissues. With contributions from vascular biologists, cell biologists and developmental biologists, a comprehensive and highly interdisciplinary volume is the outcome.
Download or read book Neurogenesis and Neural Plasticity written by Catherine Belzung and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together authors working on a wide range of topics to provide an up to date account of the underlying mechanisms and functions of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the adult brain. With an increasing understanding of the role of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis it is possible to envisage improvements or novel treatments for a number of diseases and the possibility of harnessing these phenomena to reduce the impact of ageing and to provide mechanisms to repair the brain.
Download or read book Cognitive Plasticity in Neurologic Disorders written by Joseph I. Tracy and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014-12-02 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume makes clear that the cognitive and behavioural symptoms of neurologic disorders and syndromes are dynamic and changing. Each chapter describes the neuroplastic processes at work in a particular condition, giving rise to these ongoing cognitive changes.
Download or read book The Blood Brain Barrier BBB written by Gert Fricker and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-24 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medicinal chemistry is both science and art. The science of medicinal chemistry offers mankind one of its best hopes for improving the quality of life. The art of medicinal chemistry continues to challenge its practitioners with the need for both intuition and experience to discover new drugs. Hence sharing the experience of drug research is uniquely beneficial to the field of medicinal chemistry. Drug research requires interdisciplinary team-work at the interface between chemistry, biology and medicine. Therefore, the topic-related series Topics in Medicinal Chemistry covers all relevant aspects of drug research, e.g. pathobiochemistry of diseases, identification and validation of (emerging) drug targets, structural biology, drugability of targets, drug design approaches, chemogenomics, synthetic chemistry including combinatorial methods, bioorganic chemistry, natural compounds, high-throughput screening, pharmacological in vitro and in vivo investigations, drug-receptor interactions on the molecular level, structure-activity relationships, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, toxicology and pharmacogenomics. In general, special volumes are edited by well known guest editors.
Download or read book The Cerebral Circulation written by Marilyn J. Cipolla and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.
Download or read book Using QPCR to Screen for the Onset of Morphological Plasticity in the Rat Model of Brain Information Storage written by Eric Nesbit and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hands on Morphological Image Processing written by Edward R. Dougherty and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Morphological image processing, a standard part of the imaging scientist's toolbox, can be applied to a wide range of industrial applications. Concentrating on applications, this text shows how to analyse the problems and then develop successful algorithms to solve them.
Download or read book Endothelial Cell Plasticity in the Normal and Injured Central Nervous System written by Esperanza Melendez Herrera and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-01-28 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the importance of endothelial cells as key players in the functioning of the nervous system under both normal and pathological conditions. The book demonstrates that endothelial cells are an essential and dynamic cell population in the central nervous system, with multiple and complex roles, not only in the maintenance of homeo
