Download or read book Neurobiology of the Axon in Health and Disease written by Maren Engelhardt and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-11-04 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ever since Santiago Ramón y Cajal sketched his captivating panels of the microscopic structure of the brain with its vast diversity of neuronal morphology over a century ago, scientists have been drawn to this seemingly chaotic network of neurites and processes to uncover how structure relates to function. During the course of a century, we have moved from merely describing neuronal and glial morphology to furthering our understanding of such intricate processes as organelle and factor transport, cellular compartmentalization, neuronal polarity, cytoskeleton dynamics, neurite pathfinding, and the impact of pathophysiological insult on these structures and events. Yet to this day, and likely for the foreseeable future, much work remains to be done to fully grasp the exceptional role of neurites for the function of larger neuronal ensembles and networks. While the somatodendritic domain of neurons has been in the focus of attention for many years, mostly because of its great dynamic remodeling capacity during events of plasticity (e.g. learning), the axonal domain has somehow remained in the background despite the fact that especially recent comprehensive studies from various fields of research underline the axon’s contribution to dynamic plasticity processes. Consequently, this Research Topic focuses on the many exciting aspects of axonal neurobiology – ranging from membrane composition and molecular determination during development to axonal domain specialization and physiology in health and disease. In Chapter 1 “Axons in the PNS”, Bombeiro et al. use immunodeficient mice to study the role of lymphocytes during the regeneration of peripheral nerves, showing that the modulation of immune responses after injury can be an efficient approach to enhance nerve regeneration in the PNS. Using a DRG model, Berbusse et al. identify the onset of damage to mitochondrial structure and dynamics as a key event during early axon degeneration and provide evidence that Nmnat1, a member of the family of nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferases, can have protective effects by preserving normal mitochondrial integrity and dynamics. In another study of PNS nerve regeneration, Law et al. use proteomics approaches via Mass Spectrometry to provide evidence that rosovitine, a synthetic purine nucleoside analog, can successfully promote PNS axon regeneration. In Chapter 2 “Axonal development in the central nervous system”, Yoshimura et al. analyze specialized axonal domains, namely the axon initial segment and nodes of Ranvier, with regards to their expression profiles of the major scaffolding protein ßIV-spectrin. Super resolution microscopy reveals a potential developmental switch of spectrin isoforms at both axonal domains. In a related study, also using super resolution microscopy, Leterrier et al. examine a potential reciprocal role of membrane partners in ankyrin-G targeting and stabilization at the axonal membrane during development. The authors demonstrate a tight and precocious association of ankyrin-G with its membrane partners. Höfflin et al. address the question of axon initial segment morphology across different cell classes in cortical organotypic slice cultures and find a surprising heterogeneity especially between pyramidal cells and interneurons in primary visual cortex. In a major step towards establishing a successful live label of the axon initial segment, Dumitrescu et al. report the development of a genetically-encoded construct consisting of a voltage-gated sodium channel intracellular domain fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP-NaVII-III). Nelson and Jenkins then provide a comprehensive Review article on the axon initial segment and nodes of Ranvier with a special focus on the various scaffolding protein isoforms and their role in human disease. In Chapter 3 “Axonal physiology and plasticity”, Nikitin et al. investigate fast onset dynamics of action potentials during neuronal development in vitro, showing that encoding of high frequencies improves upon culture maturation, accompanied by the development of passive electrophysiological properties and action potential generation. Using pharmacological and RNA interference approaches, Tapia et al. provide evidence that cannabinoid receptors and their ligands can modulate dendritic morphology and thus, indirectly, also affect ankyrin-G accumulation at the axon initial segment. A Mini Review by Zbili et al. discusses the potential impact of subthreshold changes in presynaptic membrane potential before action potential initiation on neurotransmitter release, and which significant impact such mechanisms could have on information processing in neuronal circuits. Yamada and Kuba close this chapter with a Mini Review on axon initial segment plasticity with a particular focus on ion channels and the biophysics of excitability. In Chapter 4 “Axon degeneration and regeneration”, Hamada et al. investigate the often overlooked question to which extent myelin loss affects action potential propagation along distal branch points and axon collaterals. Using the cuprizone demyelination model and optical voltage-sensitive dye imaging, the authors uncover functional consequences of demyelination that reach well beyond the main axon. In a model of mild traumatic brain injury, Vascak et al. demonstrate complex aspects of this injury type on neocortical circuit function, including changes in inhibitory perisomatic input and axon initial segment-driven output in affected layer V neurons. In a Mini Review, Grosch et al. discuss recent advances in the field of Parkinson’s disease with a focus on early degeneration in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons of the basal ganglia. The last two articles cover the topic of axonal regeneration. Li et al. investigate the role of activated astrocytes in spinal cord lesion and how their functional downregulation via an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission, Mdivi-1, could potentially have positive impact on lesion scar formation and axonal regeneration. In a final Review, Liu et al. highlight recent advances in the development of biomaterial scaffolds and cell transplantation strategies to combine two promising therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury.
Download or read book Glial Cells in Health and Disease of the CNS written by Rommy von Bernhardi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-06 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timely overview covering the three major types of glial cells in the central nervous system - astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. New findings on glia biology are overturning a century of conventional thinking about how the brain operates and are expanding our knowledge about information processing in the brain. The book will present recent research findings on the role of glial cells in both healthy function and disease. It will comprehensively cover a broad spectrum of topics while remaining compact in size.
Download or read book Environmental Neurotoxicology written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-02-01 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientists agree that exposure to toxic agents in the environment can cause neurological and psychiatric illnesses ranging from headaches and depression to syndromes resembling parkinsonism. It can even result in death at high exposure levels. The emergence of subclinical neurotoxicity-the concept that long-term impairments can escape clinical detection-makes the need for risk assessment even more critical. This volume paves the way toward definitive solutions, presenting the current consensus on risk assessment and environmental toxicants and offering specific recommendations. The book covers: The biologic basis of neurotoxicity. Progress in the application of biologic markers. Reviews of a wide range of in vitro and in vivo testing techniques. The use of surveillance and epidemiology to identify neurotoxic hazards that escape premarket screening. Research needs. This volume will be an important resource for policymakers, health specialists, researchers, and students.
Download or read book The Neuronal Environment written by Wolfgang Walz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the function of all involved components in the complex environment of the neuronal microenvironment, related them to neuronal demands, and includes their distributions during major disease states.
Download or read book The Nervous System written by Edward Edelson and published by Facts On File. This book was released on 1991 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the nervous system and its components and how they function.
Download or read book Principles of Neurobiology written by Liqun Luo and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2020-09-05 with total page 761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Neurobiology, Second Edition presents the major concepts of neuroscience with an emphasis on how we know what we know. The text is organized around a series of key experiments to illustrate how scientific progress is made and helps upper-level undergraduate and graduate students discover the relevant primary literature. Written by a single author in a clear and consistent writing style, each topic builds in complexity from electrophysiology to molecular genetics to systems level in a highly integrative approach. Students can fully engage with the content via thematically linked chapters and will be able to read the book in its entirety in a semester-long course. Principles of Neurobiology is accompanied by a rich package of online student and instructor resources including animations, figures in PowerPoint, and a Question Bank for adopting instructors.
Download or read book Micro Meso and Macro Connectomics of the Brain written by Henry Kennedy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-10 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has brought together leading investigators who work in the new arena of brain connectomics. This includes ‘macro-connectome’ efforts to comprehensively chart long-distance pathways and functional networks; ‘micro-connectome’ efforts to identify every neuron, axon, dendrite, synapse, and glial process within restricted brain regions; and ‘meso-connectome’ efforts to systematically map both local and long-distance connections using anatomical tracers. This book highlights cutting-edge methods that can accelerate progress in elucidating static ‘hard-wired’ circuits of the brain as well as dynamic interactions that are vital for brain function. The power of connectomic approaches in characterizing abnormal circuits in the many brain disorders that afflict humankind is considered. Experts in computational neuroscience and network theory provide perspectives needed for synthesizing across different scales in space and time. Altogether, this book provides an integrated view of the challenges and opportunities in deciphering brain circuits in health and disease.
Download or read book Multiple Sclerosis written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-08-10 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and often disabling disease of the nervous system, affecting about 1 million people worldwide. Even though it has been known for over a hundred years, no cause or cure has yet been discovered-but now there is hope. New therapies have been shown to slow the disease progress in some patients, and the pace of discoveries about the cellular machinery of the brain and spinal cord has accelerated. This book presents a comprehensive overview of multiple sclerosis today, as researchers seek to understand its processes, develop therapies that will slow or halt the disease and perhaps repair damage, offer relief for specific symptoms, and improve the abilities of MS patients to function in their daily lives. The panel reviews existing knowledge and identifies key research questions, focusing on: Research strategies that have the greatest potential to understand the biological mechanisms of recovery and to translate findings into specific strategies for therapy. How people adapt to MS and the research needed to improve the lives of people with MS. Management of disease symptoms (cognitive impairment, depression, spasticity, vision problems, and others). The committee also discusses ways to build and financially support the MS research enterprise, including a look at challenges inherent in designing clinical trials. This book will be important to MS researchers, research funders, health care advocates for MS research and treatment, and interested patients and their families.
Download or read book Mayo Clinic Medical Neurosciences written by Eduardo E. Benarroch and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully updated and revised according to student feedback, the sixth edition of Mayo Clinic Medical Neurosciences: Organized by Neurologic System and Level provides a systematic approach to anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system inspired by the neurologist's approach to solving clinical problems. This volume has 4 sections: 1) an overview of the neurosciences necessary for understanding anatomical localization and pathophysiologic characterization of neurologic disorders; 2) an approach to localizing lesions in the 7 longitudinal systems of the nervous system; 3) an approach to localizing lesions in the 4 horizontal levels of the nervous system; and 4) a collection of clinical problems. This book provides the neuroscience framework to support the neurologist in a clinical setting and is also a great resource for neurology and psychiatry board certifications. This is the perfect guide for all medical students and neurology, psychiatry, and physical medicine residents at early stages of training. New to This Edition - A chapter devoted to multiple-choice questions for self-assessment - Discussion of emerging concepts in molecular, cellular, and system neurosciences - New chapters on emotion and consciousness systems - Incorporation of new discoveries in neuroimaging and an appendix for tables of medications commonly used to treat neurologic disorders
Download or read book Neuroscience for Clinicians written by Eduardo E. Benarroch and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 833 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The aim of this book is to provide the clinician with a comprehensive and clinical relevant survey of emerging concepts on the organization and function of the nervous system and neurologic disease mechanisms, at the molecular, cellular and system levels. The content of is based on the review of information obtained from recent advances in genetic, molecular and cell biology techniques, electrophysiological recordings, brain mapping, and mouse models, emphasizing the clinical and possible therapeutic implications. Many chapters of this book contain information that will be relevant not only clinical neurologists but also to psychiatrists and physical therapists. The scope includes the mechanisms and abnormalities of DNA/RNA metabolism, proteostasis, vesicular biogenesis, and axonal transport and mechanisms of neurodegeneration; the role of the mitochondria in cell function and death mechanisms; ion channels, neurotransmission and mechanisms of channelopathies and synaptopathies; the functions of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia and their involvement in disease; the local circuits and synaptic interactions at the level of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord transmission regulating sensory processing, behavioral state and motor functions; the peripheral and central mechanisms of pain and homeostasis; and networks involved in emotion, memory, language, and executive function"--
Download or read book Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health written by Edilma L. Yearwood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research has shown that a range of adult psychiatric disorders and mental health problems originate at an early age, yet the psychiatric symptoms of an increasing number of children and adolescents are going unrecognized and untreated—there are simply not enough child psychiatric providers to meet this steadily rising demand. It is vital that advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) and primary care practitioners take active roles in assessing behavioral health presentations and work collaboratively with families and other healthcare professionals to ensure that all children and adolescents receive appropriate treatment. Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health helps APRNs address the mental health needs of this vulnerable population, providing practical guidance on assessment guidelines, intervention and treatment strategies, indications for consultation, collaboration, referral, and more. Now in its second edition, this comprehensive and timely resource has been fully updated to include DSM-5 criteria and the latest guidance on assessing, diagnosing, and treating the most common behavioral health issues facing young people. New and expanded chapters cover topics including eating disorders, bullying and victimization, LGBTQ identity issues, and conducting research with high-risk children and adolescents. Edited and written by a team of accomplished child psychiatric and primary care practitioners, this authoritative volume: Provides state-of-the-art knowledge about specific psychiatric and behavioral health issues in multiple care settings Reviews the clinical manifestation and etiology of behavioral disorders, risk and management issues, and implications for practice, research, and education Offers approaches for interviewing children and adolescents, and strategies for integrating physical and psychiatric screening Discusses special topics such as legal and ethical issues, cultural influences, the needs of immigrant children, and child and adolescent mental health policy Features a new companion website containing clinical case studies to apply concepts from the chapters Designed to specifically address the issues faced by APRNs, Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health is essential reading for nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists, particularly those working in family, pediatric, community health, psychiatric, and mental health settings. *Second Place in the Child Health Category, 2021 American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Awards*
Download or read book Anatomy and Physiology written by J. Gordon Betts and published by . This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Brain Neurotrauma written by Firas H. Kobeissy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma including biomarker studies, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and neurotherapeutic intervention strategies in brain injury research. It discusses neurotrauma mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Also included are medical interventions and recent neurotherapeutics used in the area of brain injury that have been translated to the area of rehabilitation research. In addition, a section is devoted to models of milder CNS injury, including sports injuries.
Download or read book Neuroscience for Rehabilitation written by Helen Sue Cohen and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1999 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this introductory text uses clinical examples to bridge the gap between basic neuroscience and the practice of neurologic rehabilitation. Each chapter illustrates the relationship between the nervous system and behavior. Current, portable, and clearly written, the text covers discrete systems for acquiring information, the neural mechanisms that control specific kinds of human function, and how the nervous system responds to insult and injury. New in this edition: Neurotransmitters, support structures and blood supply, sensorimotor interaction, and aging of the nervous system.
Download or read book The Enteric Nervous System written by John Barton Furness and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Axon written by Stephen G. Waxman and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The axon, interposed between the cell body and the synaptic terminals in most neurons, plays a crucial role in connecting neurons and acting as a conduit for the transmission of information between them. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date compendium that brings together chapterson the structure, function, and pathophysiology of axons in both the PNS and CNS. Carefully written, well-illustrated with superb illustrations, and generously referenced, the 33 chapters and introduction have been authored by 49 world-renowned authorities. Recent advances in the molecularneurobiology of axons are carefully reviewed, and new areas, such as the molecular biology of ion channels and myelination, the role of calcium in pathophysiology and regeneration, cell adhesion molecules and their roles in axo-glial interactions and axonal guidance, and optical recording methods,are highlighted. This book will provide an essential reference for neuroscientists as well as clinicians such as neurologists, neurosurgeons, and clinical electrophysiologists interested in axons.
Download or read book Brain Facts written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
