Download or read book Paper Machines written by Markus Krajewski and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2011-08-19 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why the card catalog—a “paper machine” with rearrangeable elements—can be regarded as a precursor of the computer. Today on almost every desk in every office sits a computer. Eighty years ago, desktops were equipped with a nonelectronic data processing machine: a card file. In Paper Machines, Markus Krajewski traces the evolution of this proto-computer of rearrangeable parts (file cards) that became ubiquitous in offices between the world wars. The story begins with Konrad Gessner, a sixteenth-century Swiss polymath who described a new method of processing data: to cut up a sheet of handwritten notes into slips of paper, with one fact or topic per slip, and arrange as desired. In the late eighteenth century, the card catalog became the librarian's answer to the threat of information overload. Then, at the turn of the twentieth century, business adopted the technology of the card catalog as a bookkeeping tool. Krajewski explores this conceptual development and casts the card file as a “universal paper machine” that accomplishes the basic operations of Turing's universal discrete machine: storing, processing, and transferring data. In telling his story, Krajewski takes the reader on a number of illuminating detours, telling us, for example, that the card catalog and the numbered street address emerged at the same time in the same city (Vienna), and that Harvard University's home-grown cataloging system grew out of a librarian's laziness; and that Melvil Dewey (originator of the Dewey Decimal System) helped bring about the technology transfer of card files to business.

Download or read book Nachrichten Von Der K nigl Gesellschaft Der Wissenschaften Und Der G a Universit t Zu G ttingen written by Königliche Gesellschaft Der Wissenschaf and published by Wentworth Press. This book was released on 2018-07-29 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Download or read book Nachrichten von der K nigl Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg Augusts Universit t zu G ttingen written by Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen and published by . This book was released on 1874 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book New Mozart Documents written by Cliff Eisen and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Stanford University Press classic.

Download or read book Did the Early Church Baptize Infants written by Kurt Aland and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2004-02-09 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though Joachim Jeremias' 'Infant Baptism in the First Four Centuries' was originally published in 1938, an English translation did not appear until 1960 (based on the revised German edition of 1958). In 1961, Kurt Aland published his response to Jeremias' assertions. This English translation of 'Die Sauglingstaufe im Neuen Testament und in der alten Kirche' originally appeared in 1963. In this point by point refutation of Jeremias' main contentions, Aland insists that there is no direct evidence of infant baptism prior to the third century.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming written by Carole Hough and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-03 with total page 801 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this handbook, scholars from around the world offer an up-to-date account of the state of the art in different areas of onomastics, in a format that is both useful to specialists in related fields and accessible to the general reader. Since Ancient Greece, names have been regarded as central to the study of language, and this has continued to be a major theme of both philosophical and linguistic enquiry throughout the history of Western thought. The investigation of name origins is more recent, as is the study of names in literature. Relatively new is the study of names in society, which draws on techniques from sociolinguistics and has gradually been gathering momentum over the last few decades. The structure of this volume reflects the emergence of the main branches of name studies, in roughly chronological order. The first Part focuses on name theory and outlines key issues about the role of names in language, focusing on grammar, meaning, and discourse. Parts II and III deal with the study of place-names and personal names respectively, while Part IV outlines contrasting approaches to the study of names in literature, with case studies from different languages and time periods. Part V explores the field of socio-onomastics, with chapters relating to the names of people, places, and commercial products. Part VI then examines the interdisciplinary nature of name studies, before the concluding Part presents a selection of animate and inanimate referents ranging from aircraft to animals, and explains the naming strategies adopted for them.

Download or read book Studies in the Grammar of Early Arabic written by Simon Hopkins and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nachrichten von der K nigl Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg Augusts Universit t zu G ttingen written by Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (Göttingen) and published by . This book was released on 1872 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nachrichten von der K nigl Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg Augusts Universit t zu G ttingen written by Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen and published by . This book was released on 1862 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nachrichten von der K nigl Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der G A Universit t zu G ttingen written by and published by . This book was released on 1845 with total page 830 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Snakes of the World written by Van Wallach and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-04-22 with total page 1237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species-the first catalogue of its kind-covers all living and fossil snakes described between 1758 and 2012, comprising 3,509 living and 274 extinct species allocated to 539 living and 112 extinct genera. Also included are 54 genera and 302 species that are dubious or invalid, resulting in reco

Download or read book Nachrichten von der K nigl Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg Augusts Universit t zu G ttingen written by Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (Göttingen) and published by . This book was released on 1865 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nachrichten von der K nigl Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der G A Universit t zu G ttingen written by GESELLSCHAFT DER WISSENSCHAFTEN, GOTTINGEN and published by . This book was released on 1860 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nachrichten von der K nigl Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg Augusts Universit t zu G ttingen written by Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen and published by . This book was released on 1857 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nachrichten von der K nigl Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg Augusts Universit t zu G ttingen written by Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (Göttingen) and published by . This book was released on 1873 with total page 908 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Zoological Collections of Germany written by Lothar A. Beck and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-05 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to the knowledge of up to 250 years of collecting, organizing and preserving animals by generations of scientists. Zoological Collections are a huge resource for modern animal research and should be available for national and international scientists and institutions, as well as prospective public and private customers. Moreover, these collections are an important part of the scientific enterprise, supporting scientific research, human health, public education, and the conservation of biodiversity. Much of what we are beginning to understand about our world, we owe to the collection, preservation, and ongoing study of natural specimens. Properly preserved collections of marine or terrestrial animals are libraries of Earth's history and vital to our ability to learn about our place in its future. The approach employed by the editor involves not only an introduction to the topic, but also an external view on German collections including an assessment of their value in the international and national context, and information on the international and national collection networks. Particular attention is given to new approaches of sorting, preserving and researching in Zoological Collections as well as their neglect and/or threat. In addition, the book provides information on all big Public Research Museums, on important Collections in regional Country and local District Museums, and also on University collections. This is a highly informative and carefully presented book, providing scientific insight for readers with an interest in biodiversity, taxonomy, or evolution, as well as natural history collections at large.

Download or read book Thinking in Boxes digital original edition written by Markus Krajewski and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This BIT chronicles the history of the predigital “scholar's machine”: a box of paper slips that acted both as memory aid and text generator. In it, Markus Krajewski describes the scholar's box as a form of data protection, tracing its genealogy beginning with peculiar excerption techniques of early nineteenth century scholars.