Download or read book Motoneuron Dendrite Morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis Elegans written by Hannah Margareta Teichmann and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nervous system function, from sensory perception to motor control and cognition, requires the correct wiring of neural circuits during development. The establishment of these circuits consists of the growth and guidance of signal-sending axons and signal-receiving dendrites to their correct targets. Despite being exposed to the same molecular environment, a neuron's axon and dendrites have different morphologies and targets. Using the C. elegans DA9 motoneuron we explore mechanisms of dendrite growth and how a dendrite-specific response is achieved to a cue regulating axons and dendrites. We found that DA9 dendrite development is spatially and temporally distinct from the axon. While the axon grows embryonically, the dendrite develops postembryonically. Characterizing DA9 dendrite growth in larvae, adults and body size mutants suggests that it is not driven by size, but rather by a local cue. A candidate approach to identify this cue taught us that the guidance cue UNC-6/Netrin is required for both axon and dendrite development in DA9. The UNC-6 repulsive receptor UNC-5 repels the axon from the ventral nerve cord, while the attractive receptor UNC-40 is dendritically enriched and promotes antero-posterior dendrite growth. While ventrally secreted UNC-6 instructs axon guidance, dorsal or even membrane-tethered UNC-6 can support dendrite development. Surprisingly, the kinase PAR-4/LKB1 is selectively required for UNC-40 signaling in dendrite outgrowth. Finally, we found that the C-terminal motor kinesin KLP-16 also promotes DA9 dendrite growth and that its enrichment at the DA9 dendrite distal tip may be partially regulated by PAR-4/LKB1. These data suggest that axon and dendrite of one neuron interpret common environmental cues with different receptors and downstream signaling pathways.

Download or read book Motoneuron Dendrite Morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis Elegans written by Hannah Margareta Teichmann and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nervous system function, from sensory perception to motor control and cognition, requires the correct wiring of neural circuits during development. The establishment of these circuits consists of the growth and guidance of signal-sending axons and signal-receiving dendrites to their correct targets. Despite being exposed to the same molecular environment, a neuron's axon and dendrites have different morphologies and targets. Using the C. elegans DA9 motoneuron we explore mechanisms of dendrite growth and how a dendrite-specific response is achieved to a cue regulating axons and dendrites. We found that DA9 dendrite development is spatially and temporally distinct from the axon. While the axon grows embryonically, the dendrite develops postembryonically. Characterizing DA9 dendrite growth in larvae, adults and body size mutants suggests that it is not driven by size, but rather by a local cue. A candidate approach to identify this cue taught us that the guidance cue UNC-6/Netrin is required for both axon and dendrite development in DA9. The UNC-6 repulsive receptor UNC-5 repels the axon from the ventral nerve cord, while the attractive receptor UNC-40 is dendritically enriched and promotes antero-posterior dendrite growth. While ventrally secreted UNC-6 instructs axon guidance, dorsal or even membrane-tethered UNC-6 can support dendrite development. Surprisingly, the kinase PAR-4/LKB1 is selectively required for UNC-40 signaling in dendrite outgrowth. Finally, we found that the C-terminal motor kinesin KLP-16 also promotes DA9 dendrite growth and that its enrichment at the DA9 dendrite distal tip may be partially regulated by PAR-4/LKB1. These data suggest that axon and dendrite of one neuron interpret common environmental cues with different receptors and downstream signaling pathways.

Download or read book Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience Cellular Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections written by W.B. Grueber and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-05-06 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Precisely Localized Guidance Signals Instruct Dendrite Branching and Morphogenesis written by Xintong Dong and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The establishment of a complex, cell type-specific dendritic arbor is crucial for many neurons to receive the appropriate inputs from their receptive fields and to properly function within a neural circuit. However, the immense complexity of dendrite morphology has made it far more challenging to study than the pathfinding of a single axon. In the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the sensory neuron PVD establishes stereotypical, highly-branched dendrite morphology. Using genetic approaches, we identified a novel ligand-receptor complex of membrane adhesion molecules that is both necessary and sufficient to instruct spatially restricted growth and branching of PVD dendrites. The ligand complex SAX-7/L1CAM and MNR-1 function at defined locations in the surrounding hypodermal tissue, while DMA-1 and HPO-30/Claudin act as cognate co-receptors in PVD. Mutations in this complex lead to dramatic defects in the formation, stabilization, and organization of the dendritic arbor. Ectopic expression of SAX-7 and MNR-1 generates a predictable, unnaturally patterned dendritic tree in a DMA-1 and HPO-30 dependent manner. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate that these molecules function as a ligand-receptor complex to instruct dendrite morphogenesis. Similar to developing axons, growing dendrites also encounter intermediate targets marked by guidance signals but must switch their response upon arrival so that they can move away and complete the next stage of development. During the development of wild-type PVD neurons, dendrites bypass a zone of high level SAX-7 without responding to the signal. We found that in mutants lacking KPC-1, a C. elegans Furin homolog, dendrites fail to escape from this intermediate target but are trapped in the area. Further analysis revealed that KPC-1 down-regulates the level of the branching receptor DMA-1 on dendrites by targeting it to late endosomes. In a kpc-1 mutant, the level of DMA-1 is abnormally high on dendrites, resulting in trapping of dendrites at locations where a high level of SAX-7 is present. Thus, precise regulation of guidance receptors creates flexibility of responses to guidance signals and is critical for neuronal morphogenesis. In summary, we identified a pair of skin-derived, precisely localized guidance molecules that instruct dendrite morphogenesis and their cognate neuronal receptors, as well as an intracellular mechanism that regulates membrane targeting of the dendritic receptor to ensure that signalling happens at the right place and right time.

Download or read book Connecting Form and Function Recent Advances in Understanding Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity written by Quan Yuan and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-03 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Genetic Control of Dendrite Morphogenesis in C Elegans written by Ian Gordon McLachlan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Finally, we identified several other mutants with URX dendrite morphogenesis defects, including overgrowth of the URX dendrite; some have been mapped to genes associated with the cytoskeleton. Together, these studies define genetic mechanisms that control morphogenesis of distinct classes of sensory dendrites through specific adhesive interactions with their glial neighbors.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Dendrite Morphogenesis written by Rebecca Doris Shi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dendrite morphogenesis is a critical developmental process that establishes the architecture and function of neural circuits. Outgrowing neurites are guided by a variety of extracellular cues that are recognized by guidance receptors on the surface of the cell, which in turn modulate intracellular signaling pathways and cytoskeletal regulators to mediate changes in cell morphology. The regulation of these guidance receptors allows for correct pathfinding and efficient outgrowth. However, the precise mechanisms linking guidance receptor-ligand interactions to changes in the cytoskeleton, and their regulation, are not fully understood. Using the highly branched dendritic arbor of the PVD neuron in C. elegans as a model system, we identified a proteolytic cleavage event that regulates guidance receptor localization to promote dendrite outgrowth. We showed that the Furin homolog KPC-1 cleaves the co-receptor HPO-30, previously shown to form a complex with the guidance receptor DMA-1. This cleavage event is necessary for formation of higher order dendrites in PVD. Furthermore, we show that this cleavage event promotes the internalization of DMA-1 from the plasma membrane into RAB-10-positive recycling endosomes, and that excess DMA-1 on the membrane is associated with overstabilization of dendrites and reduced outgrowth. Our work reveals a mechanism by which guidance receptor localization is controlled in order to promote dendrite outgrowth. In addition, during development, neurons must coordinate various cytoskeletal regulators that work together to create structured actin networks during dendrite morphogenesis. Here, we showed that outgrowth of the PVD neuron occurs through localized expansions in the dendrite (termed "swellings") at branch initiation sites, followed by the rapid extension of thin filopodia from these swelling sites. The formation of filopodia required UNC-115/abLIM, an actin-binding LIM protein, and UNC-34/Ena/VASP, which promotes the extension of linear actin bundles. On the other hand, the formation of both swellings and filopodia depends on the WAVE Regulatory Complex (WRC), which promotes the formation of branched actin networks. We therefore propose that, following guidance receptor activation, WRC creates local branched actin networks at swellings that stochastically specify sites of new dendritic branches. UNC-34 and UNC-115 are then recruited to bundle actin filaments and create filopodia that initiate these new dendritic branches. In summary, dendrite morphogenesis requires regulation of guidance receptors and their down-stream signaling pathways. We have identified a co-receptor cleavage event that regulates guidance receptor localization to allow both dendrite outgrowth and stabilization, as well as a mechanism that coordinates cytoskeletal changes downstream of guidance receptor signaling.

Download or read book Cellular Migration and Formation of Axons and Dendrites written by Bin Chen and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-29 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellular Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections, Second Edition, the latest release in the Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience series, presents the latest information on the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of neural development. This book provides a much-needed update that underscores the latest research in this rapidly evolving field, with new section editors discussing the technological advances that are enabling the pursuit of new research on brain development. This volume focuses on the formation of axons and dendrites and cellular migration. Features leading experts in various subfields as section editors and article authors Presents articles that have been peer reviewed to ensure accuracy, thoroughness and scholarship Includes coverage of mechanisms which regulate the formation of axons and dendrites and cellular migration Covers neural activity, from cell-intrinsic maturation, to early correlated patterns of activity

Download or read book Cellular Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-05-06 with total page 1081 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of neural development are essential for understanding evolution and disorders of neural systems. Recent advances in genetic, molecular, and cell biological methods have generated a massive increase in new information, but there is a paucity of comprehensive and up-to-date syntheses, references, and historical perspectives on this important subject. The Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience series is designed to fill this gap, offering the most thorough coverage of this field on the market today and addressing all aspects of how the nervous system and its components develop. Particular attention is paid to the effects of abnormal development and on new psychiatric/neurological treatments being developed based on our increased understanding of developmental mechanisms. Each volume in the series consists of review style articles that average 15-20pp and feature numerous illustrations and full references. Volume 2 offers 56 high level articles devoted mainly to Formation of Axons and Dendrites, Migration, Synaptogenesis, Developmental Sequences in the Maturation of Intrinsic and Synapse Driven Patterns. Series offers 144 articles for 2904 full color pages addressing ways in which the nervous system and its components develop Features leading experts in various subfields as Section Editors and article Authors All articles peer reviewed by Section Editors to ensure accuracy, thoroughness, and scholarship Volume 2 sections include coverage of mechanisms which regulate: the formation of axons and dendrites, cell migration, synapse formation and maintenance during development, and neural activity, from cell-intrinsic maturation to early correlated patterns of activity

Download or read book The Algorithmic Beauty of Sea Shells written by Hans Meinhardt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-01-03 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fascinating patterns on the shells of tropical sea snails are not only compellingly beautiful but also tell a tale of biological development. The decorative patterns are records of their own genesis, which follows laws such as those of dune formation or the spread of a flu epidemic. Hans Meinhardt has analyzed the dynamical processes that form these patterns and has retraced them in computer simulations. His book is exciting not only for the astonishing scientific knowledge it reveals but also for its fascinating pictures. An accompanying CD-ROM with the corresponding algorithms allows the reader to simulate the natural pattern formation and growth processes.

Download or read book Microtubule Dynamics written by Anne Straube and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2017-04-30 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microtubules are at the heart of cellular self-organization, and their dynamic nature allows them to explore the intracellular space and mediate the transport of cargoes from the nucleus to the outer edges of the cell and back. In Microtubule Dynamics: Methods and Protocols, experts in the field provide an up-to-date collection of methods and approaches that are used to investigate microtubule dynamics in vitro and in cells. Beginning with the question of how to analyze microtubule dynamics, the volume continues with detailed descriptions of how to isolate tubulin from different sources and with different posttranslational modifications, methods used to study microtubule dynamics and microtubule interactions in vitro, techniques to investigate the ultrastructure of microtubules and associated proteins, assays to study microtubule nucleation, turnover, and force production in cells, as well as approaches to isolate novel microtubule-associated proteins and their interacting proteins. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Definitive and practical, Microtubule Dynamics: Methods and Protocols provides the key protocols needed by novices and experts on how to perform a broad range of well-established and newly-emerging techniques in this vital field.

Download or read book Branching Morphogenesis written by Jamie Davies and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-03-20 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Branching morphogenesis, the creation of branched structures in the body, is a key feature of animal and plant development. This book brings together, for the first time, expert researchers working on a variety of branching systems to present a state-of-the-art view of the mechanisms that control branching morphogenesis. Systems considered range from single cells, to blood vessel and drainage duct systems to entire body plans, and approaches range from observation through experiment to detailed biophysical modelling. The result is an integrated overview of branching.

Download or read book Establishing and Maintaining Cell Polarity written by Benjamin Lin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-12-22 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book E coli in Motion written by Howard C. Berg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-11 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as E. coli, has been the organism of choice for molecular genetics for decades. Its machinery and mobile behavior is one of the most fascinating topics for cell scientists. Scientists and engineers, not trained in microbiology, and who would like to learn more about living machines, can see it as a unique example. This cross-disciplinary monograph covers more than thirty years of research and is accessible to graduate students and scientists alike.

Download or read book Nematode Models of Development and Disease written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-05-13 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nematode Models of Development and Disease, Volume 144 in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters surrounding Transgenerational inheritance, Oscillatory expression and function, Concepts and functions of small RNA pathways in C. elegans, Exploring the nuclear lamina in health and pathology using C. elegans, Cellular Plasticity, Morphogenesis, Tubulogenesis, Organogenesis forces, Programmed cell fusion in development and homeostasis, One template, two outcomes: how does the sex-shared nervous system generate sex-specific behaviors?, Metabolic Cellular Coordination of Gene-Environment Interactions, and much more. Other chapters cover Chemical and physical cues and micro-evolution in early embryogenesis, Innate immunity, Sex and Death, Dendrites maturation, axonal growth and extracellular glycoproteins, Autophagocytosis, Spermatogenesis, and the developmental and physiological roles of phagocytosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology

Download or read book Neuronal Cytoskeleton written by Hirokawa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1994-01-12 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the primary functions of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) such as MAP2 and tau in neuronal morphogenesis, as well as relationships between neuronal differentiation and the expression of neuronal intermediate filaments (nestin, alpha internexin, and neurofilament triplet proteins). It emphasizes the importance of several cytoskeletal proteins for neuronal differentiation and morphogenesis, organelle transport, and synaptic functions. The book considers the involvement of tau MAPs in the formation of paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease, and it examines the mechanisms of organelle transports and molecular motors such as kinesin, braindynein, and kinesin superfamily proteins. Cytoskeletal proteins involved in synaptic formation and transmitter release and new synaptic junctional-associated proteins are explored as well.

Download or read book Primary Cilia written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-11-30 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the role of cilia in the study of health, development and disease has been increasingly clear, and new discoveries have made this an exciting and important field of research. This comprehensive volume, a complement to the new three-volume treatment of cilia and flagella by King and Pazour, presents easy-to-follow protocols and detailed background information for researchers working with cilia and flagella. Covers protocols for primary cilia across several systems and species Both classic and state-of-the-art methods readily adaptable across model systems, and designed to last the test of time Relevant to clinicians and scientists working in a wide range of fields