Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Neurotoxicity Mediated by HIV Proteins and Drug Abuse written by Yu Cai and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the advancement of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed the course of HIV/AIDS from a death sentence to a manageable chronic condition, the prevalence of a constellation of neurological disorders collectively termed as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continues to persist in these patients. HAND is characterized by cognitive dysfunction, depression, impaired memory and/or deficits in motor skills. The underlying factors leading to HAND have been the subject of extensive research and are thought to be associated with HIV infection in the CNS combined with robust immune activation of resident cells of the CNS. In addition, there is a strong correlation between chronic substance abuse and the manifestation of HAND, posing a major challenge for health care management in HIV-positive drug abusers. One of the hallmark features of cocaine and opiate abuse is the increased neuronal toxicity in the setting of HIV infection. Among the various commonly abused drugs, cocaine has been extensively studied for its ability to exacerbate the neuropathogenesis of HAND. Ample evidence suggests that cocaine not only facilitates viral replication in astrocytes and microglia, enhances the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbates neuroinflammatory responses, working synergistically with viral proteins such as HIV Tat and virus envelop protein Gp120 to promote neuronal injury. Sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1R) are recognized as a unique class of non-G protein-coupled intracellular protein that binds to their ligands such as cocaine, resulting in dissociation of Sig-1R from mitochondrion-associated ER membrane (MAM) to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plasma membrane, and nuclear membrane, regulating function of various proteins. Sig-1R has diverse roles in both physiological as well as in pathogenic processes. The disruption of Sig-1R pathways has been implicated as causative mechanism(s) in the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington Disease (HD). Additionally, the interaction of cocaine and Sig-1R has more recently been implicated in potentiating the pathogenesis of HAND through impairment of BBB, microglial activation and astrogliosis. Opiates such as morphine are commonly used clinically in palliative care and pain management. Chronic exposure to morphine and other opioids however, can result in significant detrimental effects on cognition. Our findings suggest that morphine dysregulates synaptic balance in the hippocampus, a key center for learning and memory, via a novel signaling pathway involving reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and autophagy. We demonstrate herein that morphine treatment leads to a reduction in excitatory and a concomitant enhancement of inhibitory synapse densities in the hippocampal neurons via activation of the mu opioid receptor. Furthermore, these effects are mediated by the ability of morphine to upregulate intracellular ROS from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase), which in turn, promotes ER stress and the induction of autophagy, leading ultimately to decreased excitatory and increased inhibitory synapse densities. The detrimental effects of morphine on synaptic densities were shown to be reversed by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a pleiotropic growth factor, that has been implicated in neuroprotection, at the level of intracellular ROS. Both abnormal unfolded protein response (UPR) and impaired autophagy have also been implicated as a causative mechanism in the development of various neurodegenerative diseases. The common underlying feature of most neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, prion diseases, PD, and ALS involves accumulation of misfolded proteins leading to initiation of endoplasmic ER stress and stimulation of the UPR. Additionally, ER stress has more recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of HAND. Autophagy plays an essential role in the clearance of aggregated toxic proteins and degradation of the damaged organelles. These results thus identify a novel cellular mechanism involved in morphine-mediated synaptic alterations with implications for impaired cognition as well as neurocognitive disorders. Furthermore, based on our findings, it can be speculated that therapeutic strategies aimed at activating PDGF signaling can be envisioned as possible approaches to block morphine-mediated cognitive decline.
Download or read book Neuro AIDS written by Alireza Minagar and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past two decades, the world scientific community has witnessed major achievements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection of the nervous system and HIV-Associated Dementia (HAD). Despite these giant gains, nervous system involvement during AIDS remains a relentlessly progressive disease with a deadly fate in many cases. This book on NeuroAIDS provides a unique resource for both general neurologists as well as basic neuroscientists with profound interests for research on NeuroAIDS. This book has special emphasis on the mechanisms of disease development and progression of HIV-infected patients with NeuroAIDS. The contributors have provided the readers with comprehensive reviews on clinical manifestations of HAD, mechanisms of HIV entry into the central nervous system, the role of cytokines and chemokines in pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS, drug abuse and NeuroAIDS, virus load in HAD, allostasis in HIV and AIDS, stroke in AIDS patients, and neuroimaging of HIV infection of the central nervous system. In addition, there are chapters on Varicella Zoster virus infection of HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients, as well as the molecular basis for opioids and AIDS virus interactions.
Download or read book HIV and the Brain written by Robert H. Paul and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-20 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by leading experts, this book offers a picture of how HIV impairs the brain, focusing on emerging areas including genetic strains of the virus, interactions between advanced age and HIV, and the impact of HIV on the brain during antiretroviral therapy.
Download or read book The Neurology of AIDS written by Howard E. Gendelman, MD and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-11-29 with total page 1156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From basic science to clinical care, to epidemiological disease patters, The Neurology of AIDS is the only complete textbook available on AIDS neurology and the only one comprehensive enough to stand alone in each segment of study in brain disorders affected by the human immunodeficiency virus. It is an indispensable resource for students, resident physicians, practicing physicians, and for researchers and experts in the HIV/AIDS field. Oxford Clinical Neuroscience is a comprehensive, cross-searchable collection of resources offering quick and easy access to eleven of Oxford University Press's prestigious neuroscience texts. Joining Oxford Medicine Online these resources offer students, specialists and clinical researchers the best quality content in an easy-to-access format.
Download or read book Sigma Receptors Their Role in Disease and as Therapeutic Targets written by Sylvia B. Smith and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally confused with opioid receptors and then orphan receptors with no biological function, Sigma Receptors are now recognized as relevant to many degenerative diseases with remarkable potential as therapeutic targets. In this text, new information about the structure of sigma 1 receptor, its binding sites are provided as well as its expression in many cell types. It’s putative role in degenerative neuronal diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, pain, drug addiction and locomotor activity. Their roles in possible treatments for blinding retinal diseases emphasize the tremendous far-reaching potential for ligands for these receptors. Exciting breakthroughs in this dynamic field in the last decade are reported herein, which will guide future investigators in determining the full potential of this unique, yet abundantly expressed protein.
Download or read book HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders written by Guoku Hu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-03-01 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations is a comprehensive volume on the field of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) as well as its associated comorbidities. Covering clinical manifestations as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms, this book discusses available macaque and rodent animal models of HAND, epigenetic regulation, and signaling pathways underlying symptoms. Chapters also cover prevention and therapeutic strategies, as well as diagnosis and biomarkers associated with disease outcomes. This volume is appropriate for basic research and clinical investigators working in the area of HIV-1 infection. Provides an in-depth exploration of the clinical manifestations of HAND and its comorbidities Includes detailed assessments of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HAND symptoms Examines animal models for studying HAND, including macaque and rodent models Presents insights into epigenetic regulation and signaling pathways implicated in HAND Covers prevention, therapeutic strategies, and diagnostic approaches
Download or read book Biomedical Index to PHS supported Research pt A Subject access A H written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 1064 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pathways of Addiction written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-11-01 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drug abuse persists as one of the most costly and contentious problems on the nation's agenda. Pathways of Addiction meets the need for a clear and thoughtful national research agenda that will yield the greatest benefit from today's limited resources. The committee makes its recommendations within the public health framework and incorporates diverse fields of inquiry and a range of policy positions. It examines both the demand and supply aspects of drug abuse. Pathways of Addiction offers a fact-filled, highly readable examination of drug abuse issues in the United States, describing findings and outlining research needs in the areas of behavioral and neurobiological foundations of drug abuse. The book covers the epidemiology and etiology of drug abuse and discusses several of its most troubling health and social consequences, including HIV, violence, and harm to children. Pathways of Addiction looks at the efficacy of different prevention interventions and the many advances that have been made in treatment research in the past 20 years. The book also examines drug treatment in the criminal justice setting and the effectiveness of drug treatment under managed care. The committee advocates systematic study of the laws by which the nation attempts to control drug use and identifies the research questions most germane to public policy. Pathways of Addiction provides a strategic outline for wise investment of the nation's research resources in drug abuse. This comprehensive and accessible volume will have widespread relevanceâ€"to policymakers, researchers, research administrators, foundation decisionmakers, healthcare professionals, faculty and students, and concerned individuals.
Download or read book Biomedical Index to PHS supported Research written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 1398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Blood Brain Barrier in Health and Disease Volume Two written by Katerina Dorovini-Zis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-10-21 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Located at the interface between blood and the brain, the blood-brain barrier is a dynamic permeability barrier formed by a continuous layer of specialized endothelial cells endowed with important permeability, transport, and regulatory functions that both protect the internal milieu of the brain and allow essential nutrients to be transported into
Download or read book Viral Pathogenesis written by Michael G. Katze and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-12-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viral Pathogenesis: From Basics to Systems Biology, Third Edition, has been thoroughly updated to cover topical advances in the evolving field of viral pathogenesis, while also providing the requisite classic foundational information for which it is recognized. The book provides key coverage of the newfound ability to profile molecular events on a system-wide scale, which has led to a deeper understanding of virus-host interactions, host signaling and molecular-interaction networks, and the role of host genetics in determining disease outcome. In addition, the content has been augmented with short chapters on seminal breakthroughs and profiles of their progenitors, as well as short commentaries on important or controversial issues in the field. Thus, the reader will be given a view of virology research with perspectives on issues such as biomedical ethics, public health policy, and human health. In summary, the third edition will give the student a sense of the exciting new perspectives on viral pathogenesis that have been provided by recent developments in genomics, computation, modeling, and systems biology. Covers all aspects of viral infection, including viral entry, replication, and release, as well as innate and adaptive immunity and viral pathogenesis Provides a fresh perspective on the approaches used to understand how viruses cause disease Features molecular profiling techniques, whole genome sequencing, and innovative computational methods Highlights the use of contemporary approaches and the insights they provide to the field
Download or read book Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Drugs and Environmental Toxicants written by Yvonne Will and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-23 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developed as a one-stop reference source for drug safety and toxicology professionals, this book explains why mitochondrial failure is a crucial step in drug toxicity and how it can be avoided. • Covers both basic science and applied technology / methods • Allows readers to understand the basis of mitochondrial function, the preclinical assessments used, and what they reveal about drug effects • Contains both in vitro and in vivo methods for analysis, including practical screening approaches for drug discovery and development • Adds coverage about mitochondrial toxicity underlying organ injury, clinical reports on drug classes, and discussion of environmental toxicants affecting mitochondria
Download or read book The Prion Protein written by Jorg Tatzelt and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A conformational transition of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an aberrantly folded isoform designated scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) is the hallmark of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders collectively called prion diseases. They include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Gerstmann-Stäussler-Scheinker syndrome in humans, scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in free-ranging deer. In contrast to the deadly properties of misfolded PrP, PrPC seems to possess a neuroprotective activity. More-over, animal models indicated that the stress-protective activity of PrPC and the neurotoxic effects of PrPSc are somehow interconnected. In this timely book, leading scientists in the field have come together to highlight the apparently incongruous activities of different PrP conformers. The articles outline current research on celluar pathways implicated in the formation and signaling of neurotoxic and physiological PrP isoforms and delineate future research direction. Topics covered include the physiologcial activity of PrPC and its possible role as a neurotrophic factor, the finding that aberrant PrP conformers can cause neurodegeneration in the absence of infectious prion propagation, the requirement of the GPI anchor of PrPC for the neurotoxic effects of scrapie prions, the pathways implicated in the formation and neurotoxic properties of cytosolically localized PrP, the impact of metal ions on the processing of PrP, and the role of autophagy in the propagation and clearance of PrPSc. The book is fully illustrated and chapters include comprehensive reference sections. Essential reading for scientists involved in prion research.
Download or read book New Concepts of Psychostimulants Induced Neurotoxicity written by Hari Shanker Sharma and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-11-05 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published since 1959, International Review of Neurobiology is a well-known series appealing to neuroscientists, clinicians, psychologists, physiologists, and pharmacologists. Led by an internationally renowned editorial board, this important serial publishes both eclectic volumes made up of timely reviews and thematic volumes that focus on recent progress in a specific area of neurobiology research. With recent advancements in new knowledge, it has become evident that psychostimulants and related drugs of abuse are influencing our central nervous system (CNS) remarkably and could alter their function for a longtime. This volume is the first to focus on substance abuse induced brain pathology in the widest sense as it covers alterations in neuronal, glial and endothelial cell functions under the influence of acute or chronic usage of substance abuse.
Download or read book Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology written by Naren L. Banik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Therapeutic approaches in spinal cord injury.- Cell death and tissue degeneration in traumatic brain injury.- neurotransmitters and electrophysiology in brain injury.- neurotransmitters and electrophysiology in brain injury.- Parkinsonism in the MPTP model.- EAE Demyelination.- EAE Neurodegeneration.- Cataract.- Uveitis.- Optic neuritis.- GBS/peripherial neuropathy, paraproteinemia.- Brain Tumor(Tumor Mechanisma).- Brain Tumor and angiogenesis.- SCIDS.- Phenylketone urea and mental retardation.- Neurofibromatosis.- BBB.- Muscular dystrophy.- Stracher.- Diabetic neuropathy/retinopathy/cataract.- Peroxisomes and adrenoleukodystrophy ALD.- Neuroprotection.- NFkB (Inflammation and spinal cord injury).- spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury.- free radicals and neuroprotection.- Traumatic brain injury.- white matter degeneration.- Mitochondrial membrane defects.- Encephalomyopathies.- metal induced neurodegenaration.- neurometals in protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases.- hyperammonemia.- kyneurenines in the brain preclinical and clinical studies, therapeutic condiserations.
Download or read book Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 2 written by Victor R Preedy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-03-25 with total page 1184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, Volume 2: Stimulants, Club and Dissociative Drugs, Hallucinogens, Steroids, Inhalants and International Aspects is the second of three volumes in this informative series and offers a comprehensive examination of the adverse consequences of the most common drugs of abuse. Each volume serves to update the reader’s knowledge on the broader field of addiction as well as to deepen understanding of specific addictive substances. Volume 2 addresses stimulants, club and dissociative drugs, hallucinogens, and inhalants and solvents. Each section provides data on the general, molecular and cellular, and structural and functional neurological aspects of a given substance, with a focus on the adverse consequences of addictions. Research shows that the neuropathological features of one addiction are often applicable to those of others, and understanding these commonalties provides a platform for studying specific addictions in more depth and may ultimately lead researchers toward new modes of understanding, causation, prevention, and treatment. However, marshalling data on the complex relationships between addictions is difficult due to the myriad material and substances. Offers a modern approach to understanding the pathology of substances of abuse, offering an evidence-based ethos for understanding the neurology of addictions Fills an existing gap in the literature by serving as a “one-stop-shopping” synopsis of everything to do with the neuropathology of drugs of addiction and substance misuse Includes in each chapter: list of abbreviations, abstract, introduction, applications to other addictions and substance misuse, mini-dictionary of terms, summary points, 6+ figures and tables, and full references Offers coverage of preclinical, clinical, and population studies, from the cell to whole organs, and from the genome to whole body
Download or read book Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants written by Ismail Laher and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of this collection of illustrated reviews is to discuss the systems biology of free radicals and anti-oxidants. Free radical induced cellular damage in a variety of tissues and organs is reviewed, with detailed discussion of molecular and cellular mechanisms. The collection is aimed at those new to the field, as well as clinicians and scientists with long standing interests in free radical biology. A feature of this collection is that the material also brings insights into various diseases where free radicals are thought to play a role. There is extensive discussion of the success and limitations of the use of antioxidants in several clinical settings.
