Download or read book Models and Methods for the Quantification of Atmospheric Input to Ecosystems written by and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 1993 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Models and methods for the quantification of atmospheric input to ecosystems Nordiske Seminar og Arbejdsrapporter 1993 written by G. Lovblad and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Forest Monitoring written by Karin Hansen and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-03-16 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric deposition is an important source of macro- and micronutrients to the forest and also the most important channel for input of long-range air pollutants. This chapter describes the methods used for the determination of atmospheric deposition, especially in rain and snow, in forest ecosystems, including samplers for open-field bulk precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow. These measurements can be used to quantify deposition to forests, to evaluate trends in pollutant inputs, and as inputs to modeling of canopy exchange processes, acidification and eutrophication. A major difficulty in throughfall measurement is high spatial and temporal variations, so that great care must be taken to ensure that samples are representative for the forest stand. Care must also be taken to minimize chemical and biological transformations in the samples. Deposition measurements have contributed to policy development and will continue to do so.
Download or read book Detection and Quantification of Reactive Atmospheric Nitrogen Species in Remote Ecosystems written by Bryan K. Place and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen to the environment have increased by over 150 % in the last 150 years causing concern for vital biophysical processes on Earth. Thus being able to measure these increased inputs in terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric environments is essential to understanding how the global nitrogen cycle has been impacted since the industrial revolution. With respect to the atmosphere, emissions of reduced and oxidized forms of nitrogen have increased largely due to the anthropogenic activities of agriculture and combustion, respectively. Emissions of these nitrogenous species not only impact regions adjacent to their point sources, but also have the ability to influence ecosystems hundreds of kilometers away due to the long-range transport of some of these compounds. This can impact sensitive remote ecosystems positively or negatively by either stimulating growth or causing acidification, eutrophication and biodiversity shifts. Therefore developing analytical techniques that are capable of measuring oxidized and reduced atmospheric inputs to remote ecosystems is of great importance. In part I of this work a method employing custom-built physisorption-based passive samplers coupled with ion chromatography analysis was developed to sample atmospheric nitric acid (HNO3(g)) in remote ecosystems. The developed HNO3(g) sampling method was able to detect HNO3(g) mixing ratios as low as 2 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) over a monthly sampling period, following a rigorous quality assurance and quality control procedure. The passive samplers were installed across the Newfoundland and Labrador - Boreal Ecosystem Latitudinal Transect (NL-BELT) in the summer of 2015, and average mixing ratios of HNO3(g) at the NL-BELT field sites from 2015-16 were determined to be in the tens of parts per trillion by volume (pptv) range. The dry deposition flux of HNO3(g) as nitrogen (N) to the field sites ranged from 3 - 16 mg N yr-1. Through an air mass back trajectory analysis, coupled with a steady-state chemical box model approximation, it was determined that the HNO3(g) quantities observed at a single NL-BELT site likely originated from local production and regional transport from central and eastern Newfoundland, with an additional contribution from the down welling of peroxyacetyl nitrates from the upper troposphere, possibly occurring during the spring and early summer. In part II of this work, an ion chromatography method was developed to speciate and quantify alkylamines (NR3(g)). NR3(g) have been shown to influence Earth's climate and may be an important source of new nitrogen to remote ecosystems. The developed method was shown to be sensitive, accurate, and robust in separating and quantifying 11 atmospheric alkylamines, including 3 sets of alkylamine isomers, from 5 common atmospheric inorganic cations. The method was able to detect NR3(g) at a picogram per injection level, and the method performed robustly in the presence of a complex biomassburning matrix containing amounts of inorganic cations up to 3 orders of magnitude larger than the NR3(g) quantified in the samples. Thus the ion chromatography method can be applied to the remote atmosphere where alkylamine concentrations are often detected in quantities 1000 times less than other atmospheric cations. In the biomass-burning particle samples tested using the ion chromatography method unprecedented quantities of dimethylamine and diethylamine were observed, with the summed molar quantity exceeding that of ammonium in the 100 - 560 nm particle diameter fraction. The applicability of these atmospheric measurement techniques to measure and quantify HNO3(g) and NR3(g) has been demonstrated for remote ecosystems and will hopefully allow for a greater understanding of these two species roles' in remote environments.
Download or read book Biosphere Atmosphere Exchange of Pollutants and Trace Substances written by Sjaak Slanina and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The biosphere is the ultimate sink for air pollutants and is also the source of many precursors for the formation of photo-oxidants. In any analysis of air pollution and for determining source-receptor relationships, reliable emission and pollutant concentrations or depositions must be taken into account, together with their interactions between the atmosphere and the biosphere. This book presents a number of authoritative review articles covering topics which include biosphere-atmosphere exchange of ammonia, nitrogen oxides, ozone and sulfur-containing gases, the biological mechanisms involved in the exchange of trace gases, as well as generalizations of deposition over Europe.
Download or read book Acid Atmospheric Deposition and its Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems in The Netherlands written by G.J. Heij and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1997-05-09 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book begins with an overview of the research topics which were addressed in the three different phases of the Dutch Priority Program on Acidification (DPPA), executed between 1985 and 1994. This chapter is followed by a chapter which deals with the emissions of acidifying substances, the concentrations and the deposition to forest and nature conservation areas. Prognoses are given for the acid deposition in 2000 and 2010; the deposition in the countries surrounding the Netherlands is also mentioned. The differences in the results of the DPPA-II are analysed. The third chapter deals with the effects of exposure and load on forests. The chapter moves from small-scale to large-scale: first the effects in laboratory-scale studies are described, then the effects in the field, both at stand level and on a regional scale. In addition, the critical thresholds (critical level of concentration and critical load of deposition) are discussed. The fourth chapter covers terrestrial ecosystems (or parts thereof) as well as weakly buffered surface waters, springs and other streams. Critical levels and loads are also discussed. The most important results are given in chapter 5. In the appendices of the book, so-called umbrella theme reports on deposition, stand modelling and effects on forests are presented which describe in more detail the scientific work performed in the third phase of the DPPA. This book will be of interest to anyone involved in research related to acidification and eutrophication; i.e., not only those who perform the research in the causal chain from emissions to effects, but also policy-makers and students.
Download or read book Photo oxidants Acidification and Tools Policy Applications of EUROTRAC Results written by Peter Borrell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1997-01-16 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EUROTRAC is the EUREKA environmental project studying the transport and chemical transformation of pollutants in the troposphere over Europe. At its inception in 1988 it had three aims: * to increase the basic understanding of atmospheric science; * to promote the technological development of sensitive, specific, fast-response instrumentation for environmental research and monitoring; and * to improve the scientific basis for taking future political decisions on environmental management within Europe. It was clear at an early stage, as the fourteen subprojects were formed and more than two hundred research groups in twenty-four countries were incorporated, that the first aim would readily be achieved. An ample demonstration that the early indications were correct is provided in the other volumes in this series which describe the scientific progress made. Substantial progress was also made towards achieving the second aim although some problems were encountered, mainly due to the high cost of the technological development required.
Download or read book Atmospheric Computations to Assess Acidification in Europe written by J. Alcamo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE WARSAW II MEETING ON ATMOSPHERIC COMPUTATIONS TO ASSESS ACIDIFICATION IN EUROPE JOSEPH ALCAMO and JERZY BARTNICKI International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria (Received June 1, 1988; revised June 20, 1988) Abstract. Three topics are discussed in this report: sensitivity/uncertainty analysis of long range transport models, the interface between atmospheric models of different scales, and linkage between atmospheric and ecological models. In separate analyses oflong range transport models, it was found that uncertainty of annual S deposition was mostly affected by uncertainty of wind velocity, mixing height and wet deposition parameterization. Uncertain parameters collectively caused S deposition errors of around 10-25% (coefficient of variation) in the models examined. The effect of interannual meteorological variability on computed annual S deposition was relatively small. Different methods were presented for combining models of regional and interregional scale. It was found to be more important to include interregional information in regional-scale models for annual computations compared to episodic computations. A variety of linkage problems were noted between atmospheric and ecological models. The vertical distribution of pollutants and 'forest fittering' of pollutant deposition were found to be important in ecological impact calculations but lacking in the output of most interregional atmospheric models.
Download or read book Understanding Multiple Environmental Stresses written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-04-25 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research of the last decade has demonstrated that ecosystems and human systems are influenced by multiple factors, including climate, land use, and the by-products of resource use. Understanding the net impact of a suite of simultaneously occurring environmental changes is essential for developing effective response strategies. Using case studies on drought and a wide range of atmosphere-ecosystem interactions, a workshop was held in September 2005 to gather different perspectives on multiple stress scenarios. The overarching lesson of the workshop is that society will require new and improved strategies for coping with multiple stresses and their impacts on natural socioeconomic systems. Improved communication among stakeholders; increased observations (especially at regional scales); improved model and information systems; and increased infrastructure to provide better environmental monitoring, vulnerability assessment, and response analysis are all important parts of moving toward better understanding of and response to situations involving multiple stresses. During the workshop, seven near-term opportunities for research and infrastructure that could help advance understanding of multiple stresses were also identified.
Download or read book Methods in Ecosystem Science written by Osvaldo E. Sala and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-08-11 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecology at the ecosystem level has both necessitated and benefited from new methods and technologies as well as those adapted from other disciplines. With the ascendancy of ecosystem science and management, the need has arisen for a comprehensive treatment of techniques used in this rapidly-growing field. Methods in Ecosystem Science answers that need by synthesizing the advantages, disadvantages and tradeoffs associated with the most commonly used techniques in both aquatic and terrestrial research. The book is divided into sections addressing carbon and energy dynamics, nutrient and water dynamics, manipulative ecosystem experiements and tools to synthesize our understanding of ecosystems. Detailed information about various methods will help researchers choose the most appropriate methods for their particular studies. Prominent scientists discuss how tools from a variety of disciplines can be used in ecosystem science at different scales.
Download or read book Atmospheric Deposition written by J.W. Erisman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1995-06-09 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book the research on atmospheric deposition of the Dutch Priority Programme on Acidification Research is summarised. Although most research described is of Dutch origin, it has been put into a broader perspective by outlining the state of knowledge on the process affecting atmospheric deposition in Europe. This has resulted in detailed deposition maps for the Netherlands and Europe. The volume is intended for those who measure or model atmospheric deposition and ecologists interested in exposure from atmospheric deposition, as well as policy-makers and students.
Download or read book Environmental Information Management And Analysis written by W K Michener and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1994-08-08 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most environmental studies are based upon data collected at fine spatial scales plots, sediments, cores, etc.. Furthermore, temporal scales of these studies have been relatively short days, weeks, months and few studies have exceeded three years duration the typical funding cycle.; Despite this history, environmental scientists are now being called
Download or read book Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling written by Gordon Bonan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-21 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an essential introduction to modeling terrestrial ecosystems in Earth system models for graduate students and researchers.
Download or read book Acid Rain Research Do We Have Enough Answers written by J.W. Erisman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1995-06-28 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Representing the Proceedings of the International Speciality Conference "Acid Rain Research; Do we have enough answers?", this book provides a valuable conclusion to the coordinated research on acidification in the Netherlands from 1985 to 1994. The book focuses on atmospheric deposition, effects of acid deposition on forest ecosystems in the Netherlands, and future acidification research. Special attention is given to: trace gases; ammonia; and particle deposition; and the overall assessment of deposition loads to ecosystems and soils is also discussed. This volume will be invaluable to environmental scientists, ecologists, and those involved in atmospheric science/pollution.
Download or read book Exchange of Trace Gases Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere written by M. O. Andreae and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbiological basic of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil; Factors controlling NOx emissions from soils; Control of methane production in terrestrial ecosystems; Biological sinks of methane; What regulates production and consumption of trace gases in ecosystems: biology or physicochemistry?; Regional extrapolation of trace gas flux based on soil and ecosystems; Regional extrapolation: Vegetation-atmosphere approach; Global-scale extrapolation: a critical assessment; Aircraft-based measurements of trace gas fluxes; Extrapolation of flux measurements to regional and global scales; Chamber and isotop techniques; Micrometeorological techniques for the measurement of trace gas exchange; Methane flux measurements: methods and results; Fluxes of NOx abovesoil and vegetation; What are the relative roles of biological production, micrometeorology, and photochemistry in controlling the flux of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere?; Atmospheric deposition and nutrient cycling; Global climate and trace gas composition: from atmospheric history to the century; Experimental design for studying atmosphere interactions; Trace gas exchange and phsical climate: Critical interactions; Research priorities for studies on trace gas exchange.
Download or read book Biophysical Models and Applications in Ecosystem Analysis written by Jiquan Chen and published by . This book was released on 2021-04 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The past five decades have witnessed a rapid growth of computer models for simulating ecosystem functions and dynamics. This has been fueled by the availability of remote sensing data, computation capability, and cross-disciplinary sciences. These models contain many sub-modules for simulating different processes and forcing mechanisms, albeit it has become challenging to truly understand the details due to their complexity. Most ecosystem models, fortunately, are rooted in a few core biophysical foundations, such as widely recognized Farquhar's model, Ball-Berry-Leuning-Medlyn family models, Penman-Monteith model, Priestley-Taylor Model, Machaelis-Menten kinetics, and others. After an introduction of biophysical essentials, four chapters present the core algorithms and their behaviors in modeling ecosystem production, respiration, evapotranspiration, and global warming potentials"--
Download or read book Environmental Modelling written by Piero Melli and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1992 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
