Download or read book Modeling of Particulate Matter Emissions from Agricultural Operations written by Jnana Bairy and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State Air Pollution Regulation Agencies (SAPRAs) issue and enforce permits that limit particulate matter emissions from all sources including layer and broiler facilities, cattle feedyards, dairies, cotton gins, and grain elevators. In this research, a process was developed to determine distances from emitting sources to where the estimated concentrations were less than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). These distances are a function of emission rates and meteorological conditions. Different protocols were used to develop emission factors for cattle feedyards and layer houses. Dispersion modeling with American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) was conducted to determine the emissions of particulate matter. These data were used to determine the distances from the sources to where the concentrations of particulate matter (PM) would be less than the NAAQS. The current air-permitting process requires that concentrations from a source do not exceed the NAAQS at the property line and beyond for the facility to be in compliance with its permit conditions. Emission factors for particulate matter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) were developed for cattle feedyards using a reverse modeling protocol and Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) sampler data. Corrections were applied to the TEOM measurements to account for TEOM vs. filter-based low-volume (FBLV) sampler bias and over-sampling of PM10 pre-collectors. Invalid concentrations and dust peaks larger than mean ± 3 times the standard deviation were excluded from this study. AERMOD predictions of downwind concentrations at cotton gins were observed for compliance with 24-hour PM10 and PM2.5 NAAQS at property lines. The emissions from three cotton gins were analyzed at 50 m and 100 m distances. TEOM and FBLV samplers were used to collect 24-hour PM10 measurements inside a laying hen house. The distances to the property lines at which the emissions of PM10 were below the 24-hour average PM10 standards were estimated using AERMOD. The results suggested that the special use of the NAAQS for as the property-line concentration not to be exceeded, could be problematic to agriculture. Emission factors that were comparable of published emission factors were obtained in this study. Large distances to property lines were required when minimum flow rate recommendations were not considered. Emission factors that are representative of the emissions in a particular facility are essential; else facilities could be inappropriately regulated. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149227

Download or read book Particulate Matter in and from Agriculture written by Torsten Hinz and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Oversight of Air Quality Issues Relating to the Agricultural Industry written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Forestry, Resource Conservation, and Research and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Spatially Explicit Modeling of Criteria Air Pollutants from Agricultural and Forestry Feedstock Production written by Rebecca Hanes and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-04-07 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.

Download or read book Data Driven Modeling of Spatially Explicit Air Pollutant Inventories for Agricultural and Forestry Feedstock Production written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As biomass feedstock production expands, air pollutants generated from feedstock supply chain activities may impact air quality and human health. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Feedstock Production Emissions to Air Model (FPEAM) generates county-scale inventories of direct air pollutant emissions produced by feedstock supply chain activities. FPEAM can also be used to generate local, temporally resolved inventories for input into air quality models. This presentation provides an overview of FPEAM functionality and discusses several recent use cases prior to FPEAM's scheduled public release in September 2019. FPEAM is a modular, data-driven model. Each module contains calculations for an activity type, except for the feedstock transportation and on-farm equipment operation modules which connect to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) and Nonroad models, respectively. The data-driven aspect of FPEAM means that it is the input data provided for a scenario rather than the model itself that determines the pollutants and supply chain activities included in the scenario scope. Modules within FPEAM can also be turned on or off manually to adjust the scenario scope. Default input data packaged with the FPEAM code base can be used to calculate inventories of volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and carbon monoxide generated by agricultural and forestry equipment operation, application of nitrogenous fertilizers, herbicide and insecticide, and feedstock transportation. Custom, user-developed data can be used in place of the default data to analyze scenarios with additional or alternate feedstocks, pollutants, and supply chain activities.

Download or read book The Scientific Basis for Estimating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-08-24 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an interim report of the ad hoc Committee on Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations of the National Research Council's Committee on Animal Nutrition. A final report is expected to be issued by the end of 2002. The interim report is intended to provide the committee's findings to date on assessment of the scientific issues involved in estimating air emissions from individual animal feeding operations (swine, beef, dairy, and poultry) as related to current animal production systems and practices in the United States. The committee's final report will include an additional assessment within eight broad categories: industry size and structure, emission measurement methodology, mitigation technology and best management plans, short- and long-term research priorities, alternative approaches for estimating emissions, human health and environmental impacts, economic analyses, and other potential air emissions of concern. This interim report focuses on identifying the scientific criteria needed to ensure that estimates of air emission rates are accurate, the basis for these criteria in the scientific literature, and uncertainties associated with them. It also includes an assessment of the emission-estimating approaches in a recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations. Finally, it identifies economic criteria needed to assess emission mitigation techniques and best management practices.

Download or read book Modelling of Particulate Matter and Ammonia Emissions from German Agriculture written by Olga Beletskaya and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Global Sources of Local Pollution written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-02-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in air pollution monitoring and modeling capabilities have made it possible to show that air pollution can be transported long distances and that adverse impacts of emitted pollutants cannot be confined to one country or even one continent. Pollutants from traffic, cooking stoves, and factories emitted half a world away can make the air we inhale today more hazardous for our health. The relative importance of this "imported" pollution is likely to increase, as emissions in developing countries grow, and air quality standards in industrial countries are tightened. Global Sources of Local Pollution examines the impact of the long-range transport of four key air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants) on air quality and pollutant deposition in the United States. It also explores the environmental impacts of U.S. emissions on other parts of the world. The book recommends that the United States work with the international community to develop an integrated system for determining pollution sources and impacts and to design effective response strategies. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being.

Download or read book Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVI written by Clemens Mensink and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current developments in air pollution modeling are explored as a series of contributions from researchers at the forefront of their field. This newest contribution on air pollution modeling and its application is focused on local, urban, regional and intercontinental modeling; emission modeling and processing; data assimilation and air quality forecasting; model assessment and evaluation; atmospheric aerosols. Additionally, this work also examines the relationship between air quality and human health and the effects of climate change on air quality. This work is a collection of selected papers presented at the 36th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, held in Ottawa, Canada, May 14-18, 2018. The book is intended as reference material for students and professors interested in air pollution modeling at the graduate level as well as researchers and professionals involved in developing and utilizing air pollution models.

Download or read book Methodology for Estimating Emissions from Agriculture in the Netherlands written by L.A. Lagerwerf and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Emission Model for Agriculture (NEMA) is used to calculate emissions to air from agricultural activities in the Netherlands on a national scale. Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and other N compounds (NOx and N2O) are calculated for animal housing, manure storage, manure application and grazing using a flow model for total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN). Emissions from the application of inorganic N fertilizer, compost and sewage sludge, cultivation of organic soils, crop residues, and ripening of crops are calculated as well. The NEMA is also used to estimate emissions of methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation and manure management, nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and particulate matter (PM) from manure management and agricultural soils, as well as for carbon dioxide (CO2) from liming. Emissions are calculated in accordance with the criteria of international guidelines and reported in an annual Informative Inventory Report (IIR; for air pollutants) and National Inventory Report (NIR; for greenhouse gases). This methodology report provides an outline of and describes the background to the calculation of emissions according to the NEMA.

Download or read book Methodology for Estimating Emissions from Agriculture in the Netherlands Update 2018 written by J. Vonk and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Emission Model for Agriculture (NEMA) is used to calculate emissions to air from agricultural activities in the Netherlands on a national scale. Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and other N-compounds (NOx and N2O) are calculated from animal housing, manure storage, manure application and grazing using a Total Ammoniacal Nitrogen (TAN) flow model. Furthermore, emissions from application of inorganic N fertilizer, compost and sewage sludge, cultivation of organic soils, crop residues, and ripening of crops are calculated. NEMA is also used to estimate emissions of methane (CH4) from enteric fermentation and manure management, particulate matter (PM) from manure management and agricultural soils and carbon dioxide (CO2) from liming. Emissions are calculated in accordance with international guidance criteria and reported in an annual Informative Inventory Report (IIR; for air pollutants) and National Inventory Report (NIR; for greenhouse gases). This methodology report describes the outline and backgrounds of the emission calculations with NEMA

Download or read book Evaluation of Arrayed field Concentration Measurements and U S EPA regulatory Models for the Determination of Mixed source Particulate Matter Emissions written by Derek Jones and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the continued population growth and the blurring of the urban and rural interface, air quality impacts associated with agricultural particle-producing processes are becoming increasingly important. There is a lack of emission rate data from these source types and no prescribed measurement technique available to the agricultural and regulatory communities. One technique that has shown promise is combining field measurements with inverse modeling. This approach was used herein to examine particulate emissions from an almond harvesting operation, a cotton ginning facility, and comparative emissions from conservation versus conventional tillage practices. EPA-approved models ISCST3 and AERMOD were used with AirMetrics samplers. With error representing the standard deviation for all values, for ISCST3, the almond harvesting operation found PM10 emissions for shaking were 3.4 kilograms per hectare; PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions for sweeping were 0.81 " 0.76, 4.8 " 3.7, and 7.5 " 5.1 kg ha-1, respectively; PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions for pickup were 1.7 " 1.5, 6.1 " iii 1.9, and 10.3 " 3.8 kg ha-1, respectively. Using AERMOD, the almond harvesting operation found PM10 emissions for shaking were 4.4 kg ha-1; PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions for sweeping were 1.3 " 1.5, 8.3 " 9.4, and 27.0 " 41.2 kg ha-1, respectively; PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions for pickup were 2.7 " 1.3, 15.7 " 14.1, and 42.3 " 20.7 kg ha-1, respectively. PM2.5, PM10, and TSP emissions from the cotton gin were determined to be 1.7 " 1.4, 14.3 " 17.0, and 27.9 " 41.1 g s-1 using ISCST3 and 0.9 " 0.9, 10.5 " 18.8, and 43.0 " 79.9 g s-1 using AERMOD, respectively. ISCST3 emission rates for the combined tillage operations for PM2.5, PM10, and TSP were 0.15 " 0.24, 0.44 " 0.17, and 1.4 kg acre-1, while AERMOD rates were 0.17 " 0.27, 0.66 " 0.25, and 2.1 kg acre-1, respectively. ISCST3 emissions for the conventional tillage operations for PM2.5, PM10, and TSP were 0.47 " 2.1, 1.1 " 0.23, and 3.4 kg acre-1, and the AERMOD rates were 0.18 " 0.26, 1.2 " 0.24, and 5.1 kg acre-1, respectively.

Download or read book A Science Based Emission Factor for Particulate Matter Emitted from Cotton Harvesting written by John David Wanjura and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poor regional air quality in some states across the US cotton belt has resulted in increased pressure on agricultural sources of particulate matter (PM) from air pollution regulators. Moreover, inaccurate emission factors used in the calculation of annual emissions inventories led to the identification of cotton harvesting as a significant source of PM10 in California and Arizona. As a result, cotton growers in these states are now required to obtain air quality permits and submit management practice plans detailing the actions taken by the producer to reduce fugitive PM emissions from field operations. The objective of this work was to develop accurate PM emission factors for cotton harvesting in terms of total suspended particulate (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5. Two protocols were developed and used to develop PM emission factors from cotton harvesting operations on three farms in Texas during 2006 and 2007. Protocol one utilized TSP concentrations measured downwind of harvesting operations with meteorological data measured onsite in a dispersion model to back-calculate TSP emission flux values. Flux values, determined with the regulatory dispersion models ISCST3 and AERMOD, were converted to emission factors and corrected with results from particle size distribution (PSD) analyses to report emission factors in terms of PM10 and PM2.5. Emission factors were developed for two-row (John Deere 9910) and sixrow (John Deere 9996) cotton pickers with protocol one. The uncertainty associated with the emission factors developed through protocol one resulted in no significant difference between the emission factors for the two machines. Under the second protocol, emission concentrations were measured onboard the six-row cotton picker as the machine harvested cotton. PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors were developed from TSP emission concentration measurements converted to emission rates using the results of PSD analysis. The total TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 emission factors resulting from the source measurement protocol are 1.64 " 0.37, 0.55 " 0.12, and 1.58E- 03 " 4.5E-04 kg/ha, respectively. These emission factors contain the lowest uncertainty and highest level of precision of any cotton harvesting PM emission factors ever developed. Thus, the emission factors developed through the source sampling protocol are recommended for regulatory use.

Download or read book Production of Biofuels and Numerical Modeling of Chemical Combustion Systems written by Miguel Torres García and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-08-18 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels have recently attracted a lot of attention, mainly as alternative fuels for applications in energy generation and transportation. The utilization of biofuels in such controlled combustion processes has the great advantage of not depleting the limited resources of fossil fuels while leading to emissions of greenhouse gases and smoke particles similar to those of fossil fuels. On the other hand, a vast amount of biofuels are subjected to combustion in small-scale processes, such as for heating and cooking in residential dwellings, as well as in agricultural operations, such as crop residue removal and land clearing. In addition, large amounts of biomass are consumed annually during forest and savanna fires in many parts of the world. These types of burning processes are typically uncontrolled and unregulated. Consequently, the emissions from these processes may be larger compared to industrial-type operations. Aside from direct effects on human health, especially due to a sizeable fraction of the smoke emissions remaining inside residential homes, the smoke particles and gases released from uncontrolled biofuel combustion impose significant effects on the regional and global climate. Estimates have shown the majority of carbonaceous airborne particulate matter to be derived from the combustion of biofuels and biomass. “Production of Biofuels and Numerical Modelling of Chemical Combustion Systems” comprehensively overviews and includes in-depth technical research papers addressing recent progress in biofuel production and combustion processes. To be specific, this book contains sixteen high-quality studies (fifteen research papers and one review paper) addressing techniques and methods for bioenergy and biofuel production as well as challenges in the broad area of process modelling and control in combustion processes.

Download or read book Chapter Ammonia emissions and fine particulate matter some evidence in Lombardy written by Matteo Salis and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lombardy is one of the most polluted regions at the European level, also due to its particular geographical structure and weather conditions which prevent the pollutants' dispersion, and the high levels of emissions coming from human activities. Recently, some evidence has been found regarding the relationship between agriculture and air quality, particularly between ammonia - produced mainly by the livestock sector - and particulate matter concentrations. In this respect, Lombardy is the first Italian region for agriculture production, having 69% of its area classified as agricultural land and about 245 swine and 92 bovines per rural km2. In the Agriculture Impact On Italian Air project (AgrImOnIA, https://agrimonia.net, funded by Fondazione Cariplo within the framework of Data Science for science and society), we aim to predict continuously in space (i.e. mapping) air pollutants concentrations in Lombardy region, taking into account meteorology, land use and emissions coming from agriculture. In this regard, data integration and harmonization process have been carried out starting from data from different sources and characterized by different spatial and temporal resolutions. The first results are based on spatio-temporal Kriging models, with external drift, and an extension of the traditional random forest algorithm to consider the spatial and temporal correlation. These models will be used to generate scenario analysis which simulates the impact of policy interventions in the agricultural sector to mitigate its environmental impact on air quality.

Download or read book Advances in Analytical and Numerical Dispersion Modeling of Pollutants Releasing from an Area source written by Praneeth Nimmatoori and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The air quality near agricultural activities such as tilling, plowing, harvesting, and manure application is of main concern because they release fine particulate matter into the atmosphere. These releases are modeled as area-sources in the air quality modeling research. None of the currently available dispersion models relate and incorporate physical characteristics and meteorological conditions for modeling the dispersion and deposition of particulates emitting from such area-sources. This knowledge gap was addressed by developing the advanced analytical and numerical methods for modeling the dispersion of particulate matter. The development, application, and evaluation of new dispersion modeling methods are discussed in detail in this dissertation. In the analytical modeling, a ground-level area source analytical dispersion model known as particulate matter deposition - PMD was developed for predicting the concentrations of different particle sizes. Both the particle dynamics (particle physical characteristics) and meteorological conditions which have significant effect on the dispersion of particulates were related and incorporated in the PMD model using the formulations of particle gravitational settling and dry deposition velocities. The modeled particle size concentrations of the PMD model were evaluated statistically after applying it to particulates released from a biosolid applied agricultural field. The evaluation of the PMD model using the statistical criteria concluded effective and successful inclusion of dry deposition theory for modeling particulate matter concentrations. A comprehensive review of analytical area-source dispersion models, which do not account for dry deposition and treat pollutants as gases, was conducted and determined three models - the Shear, the Parker, and the Smith. A statistical evaluation of these dispersion models was conducted after applying them to two different field data sets and the statistical results concluded that the Shear model performed the best out of the three dispersion models. The algorithms of each dispersion model were analyzed and it was determined that the best performance of the Shear model was due to incorporation of a variation of wind speed and vertical eddy diffusivity (atmospheric turbulence) with the height above ground surface. A new methodology was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) - FLUENT for the numerical dispersion modeling of particulate matter emitting from an area-source (biosolids applied agricultural field). The discrete phase model (Lagrangian -Eulerian approach) was used in combination with each of the four turbulence models: Standard ke (ke), Realizable ke (Rke), Standard k¿ (k¿), and Shear-stress transport k-¿ (SST) to predict particulate matter size concentrations for distances downwind of the agricultural field. In this modeling approach, particulates were simulated as discrete phase and air as continuous phase. The discrete phase model accounted for the effects of atmospheric turbulence and drag force which is dependent on particle physical characteristics (diameter, density, and velocity), gravitational velocity, and air viscosity for predicting the trajectories of particles. The modeled particulate matter concentrations were compared statistically with their corresponding field study observations to evaluate the performance of proposed CFD model using the four turbulence models. The statistical analysis concluded that among four turbulence models, the discrete phase model when used with Rke performed the best in predicting particulate matter concentrations for low (u 2 m/s) and medium (2