Download or read book Modeling Aspects of Airway Smooth Muscle Dynamics written by Nichole Caisse and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smooth muscle is made up of highly organized cells arranged in sheets lining the walls of hollow organs and vessels. They are mechanistically distinct from skeletal and cardiac muscle cells with respect to contractile processes. Despite using most of the same motor proteins as the striated skeletal and cardiac muscles, the organization of the non-striated smooth muscle contractile structure (sarcomeres) has not been resolved. I am interested in determining what alterations need to be made in both mechanistic and kinetic models describing skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction to make them accurately applicable to the unique properties associated with smooth muscle. Of particular interest is how the mechanics of airway smooth muscle, (ASM) play an integral role in the pathophysiology of the respiratory system. Once precise mechanics of airway smooth muscle are understood we will have the ability to model its function in a more accurate way. Establishing a robust model for smooth muscle function will provide the framework for predicting for example, functional defects that lead to disease. Also, mathematical models can be used to guide the development of improved treatments for respiratory diseases such as asthma. In this thesis I explore various ideas of how to implement properties of airway smooth muscle into models of skeletal and cardiac muscle. I utilize both the known mechanics and kinetics of airway smooth muscle contraction to suggest a way in which a model for cardiac muscle contraction could be adapted to model smooth muscle contraction. Finally I suggest ways in which this model may effectively assist in further understanding asthma.
Download or read book Airway Smooth Muscle and Airway Wall Coupled Dynamics written by Anand K. Rampadarath and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Primarily, asthma is a disease of reversible airway constriction which is characterized by airways that constrict too easily and too much. These processes are modulated via a layer of airway smooth muscle (ASM) which surrounds each airway in the lung, wherein its activation leads to airway narrowing and potentially, closure. As a result, understanding the interaction between the ASM and the airway wall is crucial to understanding the reversible airway obstruction central to asthma. Although cross-bridge theory is a well-studied representation of complex smooth muscle dynamics, and can be coupled to the airway wall, this comes at significant computational cost, even for isolated airways. Because many phenomena of interest in pulmonary physiology cannot be adequately understood by studying isolated airways, this presents a significant limitation.We present a distribution moment (DM) approximation for the coupled system consisting of the ASM and the airway wall. Specifically, we first derive a reduced DM system for the cross-bridge theory which capture the macroscopic characteristics of the original full ASM theory. We then study the validity of the reduced coupled system when the airway is subjected to periodic pressure oscillations and show that in most cases, the DM system is valid. We also explore the region of breakdown. These results show that in many situations within physiological ranges, the DM approximation provides an orders-of-magnitude reduction in computational complexity relative to the full cross-bridge-airway coupled system. Deep inspirations (DI) are a widely studied topic due to their varied effectiveness as a bronchodilator in asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients. Specifically, it is known to be effective at reversing bronchoconstriction in non-asthmatic patients but may fail to prevent bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. Inspired by a recent study on the effect of deep inspirations on the rate of re-narrowing of an isolated airway, we investigate whether latch-bridge dynamics of the cross-bridge theory, coupled with non-linear compliance of the airway wall, can fully account for the reported results. We develop and present length-and pressure-controlled protocols which mimic both the experiments performed in the study, as well as simulate in vivo conditions respectively. The protocols are modelled using the DM approximation and show qualitative agreement with the results reported by the experiments, suggesting that latch-bridge dynamics coupled with airway wall non-compliance is sufficient to explain these results. As a secondary study, we also show that the DM approximated method is a suitable method to further investigate DIs on isolated (or branched) airways, as it is both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the full cross-bridge model under equivalent conditions, and is less computationally intensive than traditional methods. We also study clustered ventilation defects, which are a hallmark of asthma characterized by the emergence of spatially organised regions of hypo- and hyper-ventilated airways.These regions (clusters) can vary from event to event and as such are considered to be partially dynamic rather than purely structural. We investigate these defects by incorporating rich ASM dynamics to systems of symmetrically branched coupled airways via the DM method, and compare the qualitative and quantitative behaviour of this system to a full ASM model, as well as to a simplified ASM model. We study the distribution of clusters of closed airways as a result of randomly perturbed initial airway radii for increasing ASM activation at static pressures. Our results show that the inclusion of rich ASM dynamics via the DM approximation leads to clustering distributions that are qualitatively similar to the highly simplified model as well as to the full ASM model. We also show that the DM model is less computationally intensive for both large and small numbers of coupled branched airways, and suggests that this model represents a viable option for the inclusion of rich ASM dynamics in whole lung models in future studies.
Download or read book Mathematical Modelling of Airway Smooth Muscle written by Kate O'Byrne and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The bronchial tree consists of thousands of airways, from the trachea down to the small terminal bronchioles. Surrounding each airway is a layer of Airway Smooth Muscle (ASM) tissue. It is thought that abnormalities in the properties of the muscle play a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness. Specifically, stiffening of the ASM tissue or a weakened sensitivity in its response to stretch can lead to sustained airway narrowing, one of the major characteristics of airway diseases. A long-term goal is to learn more about the effects of increased muscle mass or changes in the heterogeneity of the lung response on diseases such as asthma. This entails the formulation of a mathematical representation of the entire bronchial tree. The first step towards this goal is to represent a single airway. By coupling a model of the airway radius with a model of its ASM lining, a description of the response of a single airway under various chemical and mechanical stimuli can be obtained. The force generated by the muscle will determine the extent to which the airway will narrow. A sophisticated ASM model developed previously is capable of reproducing many of the observed properties from tissue strip experiments but is difficult to analyse and computationally expensive to solve. Employing such a complex model to describe the ASM generated force would make a representation of the entire tree almost impossible. As such, our goal is to determine whether this model could be replaced with a vastly simplified model. We demonstrate that, under some circumstances, complex ASM properties at the tissue level can have a profound impact on the airway response. Naturally, we want to further our understanding of these properties, particularly passive mechanisms such as cytoskeletal remodelling. Our interest in these processes stems from the roles they are likely to play in increasing the cell's resistance, stiffening the muscle to prevent airway relaxation and modulating the sensitivity of the cell to stretch. We are particularly concerned with how this behaviour is regulated, its implications in airway disorders and how such passive dynamics interact with their active counterparts. It is found that a simplified model can be employed to describe the ASM generated force for large airways. However, for a small range of parameter values, the small airway response to imposed pressure oscillations varies significantly depending upon the complexity of the model used to describe the ASM force.In addition, we find that both crosslinkers and latchbridges are needed to provide a complete representation of ASM contraction. Specifically, latchbridges are required to explain the decrease in phosphorylation following muscle activation while crosslinkers are required to explain the independence of passive stiffness on myosin light chain kinase activity as well as the passive length-tension curves observed by Naghshin et. al. [93]. A constitutive formulation, typical of that found in the complex fluids literature, can be employed as a method of combining the active and passive sides of ASM contraction. In addition, this formulation improves upon the predicted force-length relationship observed experimentally by several groups.
Download or read book Airway Remodeling written by Peter Howarth and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This landmark volume discusses the characteristics and impact of the remodeling process on airway function and clinical disease expression within the airway in asthma, covering pharmacological therapies and possible future targets relevant to regulating the remodeling process. Emphasizes the importance of treating underlying airway inflammation and the relevance of structural alterations to the airway wall, including glandular increases, enhanced collagen deposition within the submucosa, increased vasculature, smooth hypertrophy, and hyperplasias! Tracing the development and maintenance of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, decline in lung function, and loss of reversibility evident in chronic asthma, Airway Remodelingdescribes the contribution of inflammatory cells in the development of airway structural changes examines how pharmaceutical agents act and whether existing treatments modify or prevent remodeling in chronically inflamed asthmatic airways considers whether neural pathways initiate as well as contribute to the airway inflammatory cascade that leads to remodeling reviews the action of cytokines and growth factors on ASM signaling outlines novel approaches to regulating smooth muscle growth clarifies whether permanent ventilatory incapacity in asthma is caused by the uncoupling of the airway and the role of the lung parenchyma details high-resolution computerized tomography scan to measure the internal size of the airway at baseline, during challenge, or after bronchodilatation and more!Improving lung function and quality of life by reducing the need for emergency care, hospital admissions, and systemic steroid administration, Airway Remodeling is a superb reference for pulmonologists and respiratory system specialists; physiologists; pneumologists; allergists; pharmacologists; molecular, cellular, and lung biologists; and graduate and medical school students in these disciplines.
Download or read book Equine Respiratory Medicine and Surgery written by Bruce C. McGorum and published by Saunders Limited. This book was released on 2007 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title is directed primarily towards health care professionals outside of the United States. Equine Respiratory Medicine and Surgery provides up-to-date, in-depth coverage of the diagnosis and management of respiratory disorders in the horse. It discusses respiratory physiology and examination techniques, as well as a review of the medical and surgical problems that may be encountered, organized anatomically and progressing in logical fashion from the upper airways, larynx and sinuses, through the lower airways, the lungs, and diaphragm. Common conditions covered include infections, allergy, trauma, cysts, and tumors. High quality artwork, including relevant radiographic and ultrasonographic images, CAT scans, MRI images, and color photographs aid understanding and diagnosis. A truly international perspective includes guidelines for different geographic areas and racing jurisdictions. Features in-depth coverage of the role of the veterinarian in the management of athletic horses with respiratory tract diseases.
Download or read book Calcium Signaling In Airway Smooth Muscle Cells written by Yong-Xiao Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the role calcium signaling plays in cellular responses in almost all types of cells including airway smooth muscle cells. This universal signaling may result from extracellular calcium influx and/or intracellular calcium release, which are precisely controlled and regulated by ion channels, exchangers and/or transporters on the plasmalemmal or sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. First, several chapters detail calcium release channels (ryanodine receptors and inositol trisphosphate receptors), voltage-dependent potassium channels, transient receptor potential channels, Orai channels, calcium-activated potassium channels, and calcium-activated chloride channels. Well-characterized sodium-calcium exchangers, voltage-dependent calcium channels, and calcium pumps are described also in depth over many chapters. Ca2+ signaling can be expressed in Ca2+ sparks, waves, oscillations, and global changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Calcium in subcellular compartments (cytosol, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and caveolae) also exhibit dynamic crosstalk. Many molecules including FK506 binding proteins, cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose, reactive oxygen species, RhoA kinases, caveolin and integrins can modify and induce spatial, temporal and compartmental variations of calcium signaling. In addition, calcium signaling can exhibit sex hormone- and age-dependent changes. A number of chapters are dedicated to covering these diverse formats, spatiotemporal characteristics, multifaceted network and mathematical modeling of Ca2+ signaling. Neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and other stimuli may lead to multiple cellular responses by inducing Ca2+ signaling in airway smooth muscle cells. Increasing evidence suggests that Ca2+ pumps and canonical transient receptor potential channels are essential for airway smooth muscle remodeling. Accordingly, several chapters summarize recent advances in the studies of the key role of calcium signaling in physiological cellular responses as well as the development of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory disorders.
Download or read book Smooth Muscle Spontaneous Activity written by Hikaru Hashitani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-10 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the commonality and heterogeneity of the mechanisms underlying smooth muscle spontaneous activity in various smooth muscle organs and in addition discusses their malfunctions in disease and their potential as novel therapeutic targets. To facilitate understanding, the volume is divided into five parts and covers 16 organs: airways, gastrointestinal tract (phasic muscle, tonic muscle), renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, corporal tissue, prostate, uterus, oviducts, seminal vesicle, artery, vein, microvasculature, and lymphatic vessels. This structure will help readers to comprehend the most up-to-date information on the similarities and differences in the contractile mechanisms driving various smooth muscles as well as their potential manipulations in particular visceral organ pathologies. The vast advancements in gene, electrical recording, and imaging technologies in this field are also discussed, with review of past achievements and consideration of likely future developments. This book will be of worldwide interest to clinicians, students, and researchers alike.
Download or read book Lung Mechanics written by Jason H. T. Bates and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-30 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A modern quantitative study of lung mechanics, relating mathematical modeling and engineering principles to lung function, structure, mechanics, and disease.
Download or read book Asthma and COPD written by Peter J. Barnes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-03-19 with total page 897 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Second Edition of Asthma and COPD: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Management continues to provide a unique and authoritative comparison of asthma and COPD. Written and edited by the world's leading experts, it continues to be a comprehensive review of the most recent understanding of the basic mechanisms of both conditions, specifically comparing their etiology, pathogenesis, and treatments. * Each chapter considers Asthma and COPD in side-by-side contrast and comparison – not in isolation - in the context of mechanism, triggers, assessments, therapies, and clinical management * Presents the latest and most comprehensive understandings of the mechanisms of inflammation in both Asthma and COPD * Most extensive reference to primary literature on both Asthma and COPD in one source. * Easy-to-read summaries of the latest advances alongside clear illustrations
Download or read book Airways Smooth Muscle Modelling the Asthmatic Response In Vivo written by David Raeburn and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on the existing titles in the "Airways Smooth Muscle" sub-series, the sixth volume explores physiological and pharmacological processes in the lung in vivo. The various animal models available for studying the bronchospasm and inflammation associated with human asthma are thoroughly reviewed by internationally recognised scientists. Specific chapters focus on the problems of administering drugs to animal airways, the mechanics of assessing lung function in the models, and describe in detail the species used, from rodents to primates. The use of genetically altered animals, an area of particular interest to molecular biologists, is also considered in depth. This up-to-date and extensively referenced work will prove invaluable to pharmacologists, physiologists and other biological scientists at all levels in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry.
Download or read book Disease Pathways written by Anastasia P. Nesterova and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-10-18 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disease Pathways: An Atlas of Human Disease Signaling Pathways is designed to fill a void of illustrated reviews about the cellular mechanisms of human diseases. It covers 42 of the most common non-oncologic diseases and illustrates the connections between the molecular causes of the disease and its symptoms. This resource provides readers with detailed information about the disease molecular pathways, while keeping the presentation simple. Pathway models that aggregate the knowledge about protein–protein interactions have become indispensable tools in many areas of molecular biology, pharmacology, and medicine. In addition to disease pathways, the book includes a comprehensive overview of molecular signaling biology and application of pathway models in the analysis of big data for drug discovery and personalized medicine. This is a must-have reference for general biologists, biochemists, students, medical workers, and everyone interested in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human disease. - Over 145 full-color illustrations of the molecular and cellular cascades underlying the disease pathology. - Disease pathways are based on computational models from Elsevier's Disease Pathway Collection, published for the first time outside of Pathway Studio® commercial software. - Each relationship on the pathway models is supported by references to scientific articles and can be examined at freely available online resources.
Download or read book Research Awards Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quantitative Human Physiology written by Joseph J Feher and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-01-02 with total page 1023 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantitative Human Physiology: An Introduction, winner of a 2018 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty), is the first text to meet the needs of the undergraduate bioengineering student who is being exposed to physiology for the first time, but requires a more analytical/quantitative approach. This book explores how component behavior produces system behavior in physiological systems. Through text explanation, figures, and equations, it provides the engineering student with a basic understanding of physiological principles with an emphasis on quantitative aspects. - Winner of a 2018 Textbook Excellence Award (College) (Texty) from the Textbook and Academic Authors Association - Features a quantitative approach that includes physical and chemical principles - Provides a more integrated approach from first principles, integrating anatomy, molecular biology, biochemistry and physiology - Includes clinical applications relevant to the biomedical engineering student (TENS, cochlear implants, blood substitutes, etc.) - Integrates labs and problem sets to provide opportunities for practice and assessment throughout the course NEW FOR THE SECOND EDITION - Expansion of many sections to include relevant information - Addition of many new figures and re-drawing of other figures to update understanding and clarify difficult areas - Substantial updating of the text to reflect newer research results - Addition of several new appendices including statistics, nomenclature of transport carriers, and structural biology of important items such as the neuromuscular junction and calcium release unit - Addition of new problems within the problem sets - Addition of commentary to power point presentations
Download or read book Eosinophils in Health and Disease written by James J. Lee and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-11-02 with total page 679 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eosinophils in Health and Disease provides immunology researchers and students with a comprehensive overview of current thought and cutting-edge eosinophil research, providing chapters on basic science, disease-specific issues, therapeutics, models for study and areas of emerging importance.
Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Download or read book Brain and Human Body Modeling written by Sergey Makarov and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book describes modern applications of computational human modeling with specific emphasis in the areas of neurology and neuroelectromagnetics, depression and cancer treatments, radio-frequency studies and wireless communications. Special consideration is also given to the use of human modeling to the computational assessment of relevant regulatory and safety requirements. Readers working on applications that may expose human subjects to electromagnetic radiation will benefit from this book’s coverage of the latest developments in computational modelling and human phantom development to assess a given technology’s safety and efficacy in a timely manner. Describes construction and application of computational human models including anatomically detailed and subject specific models; Explains new practices in computational human modeling for neuroelectromagnetics, electromagnetic safety, and exposure evaluations; Includes a survey of modern applications for which computational human models are critical; Describes cellular-level interactions between the human body and electromagnetic fields.
Download or read book Diseases of the Chest Breast Heart and Vessels 2019 2022 written by Juerg Hodler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-19 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book focuses on diagnostic and interventional imaging of the chest, breast, heart, and vessels. It consists of a remarkable collection of contributions authored by internationally respected experts, featuring the most recent diagnostic developments and technological advances with a highly didactical approach. The chapters are disease-oriented and cover all the relevant imaging modalities, including standard radiography, CT, nuclear medicine with PET, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as imaging-guided interventions. As such, it presents a comprehensive review of current knowledge on imaging of the heart and chest, as well as thoracic interventions and a selection of "hot topics". The book is intended for radiologists, however, it is also of interest to clinicians in oncology, cardiology, and pulmonology.
