Download or read book Mitochondrial DNA and the Immuno inflammatory Response New Frontiers to Control Specific Microbial Diseases written by Dilvani Oliveira Santos and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2022-08-02 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that actively participate in the immune-inflammatory response in various pathologies. This volume updates readers on knowledge about mitochondria function. The editors have compiled six chapters about inflammation in its broadest sense, with contributions from active groups of cell biologists, infectologists and pathologists. The chapters in this volume focus on research related to five notable diseases: (1) two diseases (one bacterial and one viral) in which the exacerbation of the inflammatory response can lead to neuropathies: leprosy (one of the oldest diseases in the world) and Zika fever (a disease relatively new in Brazil) (2) three diseases (two bacterial and one viral) in which the exacerbation of the inflammatory response can lead to irreversible lung damage that can cause rapid death: tuberculosis, pneumonia and the most recent global disease, COVID- 19. New information about mitochondrial biology is presented, such as the effect of aerobic physical exercise as a stimulator for mitochondria multiplication, and the role of mitochondrial damage in inducing immune-inflammatory responses to pathogens. The contents shed light on mitochondrial biochemical pathways that could serve as potential therapeutic targets. This is an important reference for scholars (cell biologists, microbiologists) in universities, hospitals and scientific research centers working on biological and biomedical problems, and for health professionals involved in infection control.

Download or read book Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-12-05 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many years, experiments using chimpanzees have been instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and have led to new medicines to prevent life-threatening and debilitating diseases. However, recent advances in alternate research tools have rendered chimpanzees largely unnecessary as research subjects. The Institute of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Research Council, conducted an in-depth analysis of the scientific necessity for chimpanzees in NIH-funded biomedical and behavioral research. The committee concludes that while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in the past, most current biomedical research use of chimpanzees is not necessary, though noted that it is impossible to predict whether research on emerging or new diseases may necessitate chimpanzees in the future.

Download or read book New Cerebrospinal Fluid Research to Uncover Mechanisms Driving Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases written by Thomas Skripuletz and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-12-18 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Download or read book The Physiology of Inflammation The Final Common Pathway to Disease written by Alexandrina Ferreira Mendes and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-02-20 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronic diseases are increasingly recognized as involving low grade inflammation, that is, a self-perpetuating tissue response to stress caused by exogenous or endogenous triggers, that progressively evokes danger-associated molecular pattern release, ultimately driving tissue damage and loss of function. This response is frequently unapparent clinically, thus the designation "low grade". This eBook comprises nineteen reviews and original articles that provide the most updated knowledge on the causes and roles of this inflammatory response in a variety of diseases and conditions. The editorial that precedes these articles not only summarizes each one, but provides a broader interpretation of the role of inflammation in health and a variety of disease conditions, the underlying mechanisms and the targets more promising for therapy. Finally, it also highlights the most relevant and emerging research topics that are already shaping future directions for the development of more fine-tuned and innovative therapies.

Download or read book Bacterial Exotoxins How Bacteria Fight the Immune System written by Inka Sastalla and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-10-07 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial pathogenicity factors are functionally diverse. They may facilitate the adhesion and colonization of bacteria, influence the host immune response, assist spreading of the bacterium by e.g. evading recognition by immune cells, or allow bacteria to dwell within protected niches inside the eukaryotic cell. Exotoxins can be single polypeptides or heteromeric protein complexes that act on different parts of the cells. At the cell surface, they may insert into the membrane to cause damage; bind to receptors to initiate their uptake; or facilitate the interaction with other cell types. For example, bacterial superantigens specifically bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells and the T cell receptor, while cytolysins cause pore formation. For intracellular activity, exotoxins need to be translocated across the eukaryotic membrane. Gram-negative bacteria can directly inject effector proteins in a receptor-independent manner by use of specialized needle apparatus such as bacterial type II, III, or type IV secretion systems. Other methods of translocation include the phagocytic uptake of bacteria followed by toxin secretion, or receptor-mediated endocytosis which allows the targeting of distinct cell types. Receptor-based uptake is initiated by the binding of heteromeric toxin complexes to the cell surface and completed by the translocation of the effector protein(s) across the endosomal membrane. In the cytosol, toxins interact with specific eukaryotic target proteins to cause post-translational modifications that often result in the manipulation of cellular signalling cascades and inflammatory responses. It has become evident that the actions of some bacterial toxins may exceed their originally assumed cytotoxic function. For example, pore-forming toxins do not only cause cytolysis, but may also induce autophagy, pyroptosis, or activation of the MAPK pathways, resulting in adjustment of the host immune response to infection and modification of inflammatory responses both locally and systemically. Other recently elucidated examples of the immunomodulatory function of cell death-inducing exotoxins include TcdB of Clostridium difficile which activates the inflammasome through modification of cellular Rho GTPases, or the Staphyloccocus d-toxin which activates mast cells. The goal of this research topic was to gather current knowledge on the interaction of bacterial exotoxins and effector proteins with the host immune system. The following 16 research and review articles in this special issue describe mechanisms of immune modification and evasion and provide an overview over the complexity of bacterial toxin interaction with different cells of the immune system.

Download or read book Structural Immunology of Molecular Innate Immunity written by Hyun Ho Park and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innate immunity has a critical role in the early stage of the host defense response by the timely recognition of pathogenic or danger signals by various cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors. This is followed by signal transduction via various adaptor and effector molecules. The main functions of innate immunity are to identify and remove the invading pathogens, to recruit various immune cells to the site of infection, and to prepare the adaptive immune response. The Innate immune system has been intensively studied for several decades and now we can begin to understand this system on a molecular level.

Download or read book Acute on chronic Liver Failure Systemic Inflammation and Immunosuppression 2nd edition written by Yu Shi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-08-29 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a fatal disease that develops in the basis of chronic liver diseases due to acute precipitating events. The lack of definite therapies for ACLF other than liver transplantation urges us to investigate its pathophysiological mechanism. It has been recognized that systemic inflammation is a major driver of ACLF. Although the link between systemic inflammation and organ failure has been established, less is known about how systemic inflammation forms and how it impacts on the organ functions. On the other hand, immunosuppression is another facet of immune derangement of ACLF, which leads to secondary bacterial infections and worsens the situation. However, so far, we know very little on the development of immunosuppression during ACLF and its molecular mechanisms. Thus, this disease is still a big challenge to both clinicians and researchers. The immune derangement of ACLF is characterized by systemic inflammation and immunosuppression. Therefore, one aspect of this Research Topics is to define the concept of systemic inflammation in the context of ACLF. We should clarify the anatomy of systemic inflammation, including the inducers (DAMP and PAMP), immune cells, cytokines and other elements, and their specific roles. We should also investigate how systemic inflammation impacts on organ function and thereby precipitates the development of organ failure. The other aspect of this Research Topic is to delineate immunosuppression in ACLF. Likewise, we need to define immunosuppression by elucidating its causative mechanisms and uncover the specific stage of ACLF at which immunosuppression occurs. Besides, it is essential to further evaluate the impact of immunosuppression on the progression of ACLF. The investigation at these two facets of immune derangement of ACLF will lead to the discovery of biomarkers and potential therapeutical targets.

Download or read book New Trends in Vascular Inflammation Research From Biology to Therapy written by Masanori Aikawa and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-17 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Immunological Consequences of Regulated Cell Death in Infection and Inflammation written by Bart Tummers and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-14 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mitochondrial Function written by William S. Allison and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Immune Responses to Persistent or Recurrent Antigens Implications for Immunological Memory and Immunotherapy written by Alejandra Pera and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-04-22 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Interdependencies and Interfaces in Bone Regeneration The Immune System at its Core written by Katharina Schmidt-Bleek and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-03-19 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Updates on Osteoimmunology What s New on the Crosstalk Between Bone and Immune Cells written by Giacomina Brunetti and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-03-24 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Immunology of machine perfused organs and tissues written by Theresa Hautz and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-01-06 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Long term Consequences of Sepsis and Severe Trauma on Innate and Adaptive Immunity written by Florian Uhle and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-27 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids written by John H. Cummings and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-12-02 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive volume to look at the importance of short-chain fatty acids in digestion, the function of the large intestine and their role in human health. Short-chain fatty acids are the major product of bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates in the human and animal large intestine. They represent the major end products of digestive processes occurring in the caecum and large intestine. As such, they form an important dietary component and it is increasingly recognised that they may have a significant role in protecting against large bowel cancer and in metabolism. Prepared by an international team of contributors who are at the forefront of this area of research, this volume will be an essential source of reference for gastroenterologists, nutritionists and others active in this area.

Download or read book The Social Biology of Microbial Communities written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with the germ theory of disease in the 19th century and extending through most of the 20th century, microbes were believed to live their lives as solitary, unicellular, disease-causing organisms . This perception stemmed from the focus of most investigators on organisms that could be grown in the laboratory as cellular monocultures, often dispersed in liquid, and under ambient conditions of temperature, lighting, and humidity. Most such inquiries were designed to identify microbial pathogens by satisfying Koch's postulates.3 This pathogen-centric approach to the study of microorganisms produced a metaphorical "war" against these microbial invaders waged with antibiotic therapies, while simultaneously obscuring the dynamic relationships that exist among and between host organisms and their associated microorganisms-only a tiny fraction of which act as pathogens. Despite their obvious importance, very little is actually known about the processes and factors that influence the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities. Gaining this knowledge will require a seismic shift away from the study of individual microbes in isolation to inquiries into the nature of diverse and often complex microbial communities, the forces that shape them, and their relationships with other communities and organisms, including their multicellular hosts. On March 6 and 7, 2012, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore the emerging science of the "social biology" of microbial communities. Workshop presentations and discussions embraced a wide spectrum of topics, experimental systems, and theoretical perspectives representative of the current, multifaceted exploration of the microbial frontier. Participants discussed ecological, evolutionary, and genetic factors contributing to the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities; how microbial communities adapt and respond to environmental stimuli; theoretical and experimental approaches to advance this nascent field; and potential applications of knowledge gained from the study of microbial communities for the improvement of human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health and toward a deeper understanding of microbial diversity and evolution. The Social Biology of Microbial Communities: Workshop Summary further explains the happenings of the workshop.