Download or read book Mispricing and Costly Arbitrage written by Ronnie Sadka and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The equilibrium magnitude of mispricing can be no greater than the cost of arbitraging it away. Yet, mispricing typically arises when the uncertainty about a firm is high, which is precisely when the stock's liquidity is low. This is the case for stocks with high analyst disagreement about future earnings. These stocks tend to be overpriced, with prices converging down as the uncertainty about earnings is resolved, but the stocks' low liquidity suggests that transaction costs significantly reduce the potential arbitrage profits. Positive shocks to market-wide liquidity reduce arbitrage costs and accelerate the convergence of prices to fundamentals.
Download or read book Costly Arbitrage and the Myth of Idiosyncratic Risk written by Jeffrey Pontiff and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transaction and holding costs make arbitrage costly. If some traders are rational, mispricing will only exist to the extent that arbitrage costs prevent rational traders from fully eliminating inefficiencies. Although the relation between mispricing and transaction costs is well-known, the relation between mispricing and holding costs is misunderstood. One holding cost, idiosyncratic risk, is particularly misunderstood. Various myths are debunked, including the common myth that arbitrageurs care about idiosyncratic risk because they are undiversified [Shleifer and Vishny (1997)]. The literature demonstrates that idiosyncratic risk is the single largest cost faced by arbitrageurs.
Download or read book The Limits of Arbitrage and Stock Mispricing written by Naji Mohammad AlShammasi and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the "limits of arbitrage" on securities mispricing. Specifically, I investigate the effect of the availability of substitutes and financial constraints on stock mispricing. In addition, this study investigates the difference in the limits of arbitrage, in the sense that it will lead to lower mispricing for these stocks, relative to non-S&P 500 stocks. I also examine if the lower mispricing can be attributed to their lower limits of arbitrage. Modern finance theory and efficient market hypothesis suggest that security prices, at equilibrium, should reflect their fundamental value. If the market price deviates from the intrinsic value, then a risk-free profit opportunity has emerged and arbitrageurs will eliminate mispricing and equilibrium is restored. This arbitrage process is characterized by large number of arbitrageurs which have infinite access to capital. However, a better description of reality is that there are few numbers of arbitrageurs to the extent that they are highly specialized; and they have limited access to capital. Under these condition arbitrage is no more a risk-free activity and can be limited by several factors such as arbitrage risk and transaction costs. Other factors that are discussed in the literature are availability of substitutes and financial constraints. The former arises as a result of the specialization of arbitrageurs in the market in which they operate, while the latter arises as a result of the separation between arbitrageurs and capital. In this dissertation, I develop a measure of the availability of substitutes that is based on the propensity scores obtained from propensity score matching technique. In addition, I use the absolute value of skewness of returns as a proxy of financial constraints. Previous studies used the limits of arbitrage framework to explain pricing puzzles such as the closed-end fund discounts. However, closed-end fund discounts are highly affected by uncertainty of managerial ability and agency problems. This study overcomes this problem by studying the effect of limits of arbitrage on publicly traded securities. The results show that there is a significant relationship between proxies of limits of arbitrage and firm specific mispricing. More importantly, empirical results indicate that stocks that have no close substitutes have higher mispricing. In addition, stocks that have high skewness show higher mispricing. Subsequent studies show that the S&P 500 stocks have different levels of liquidity, analysts' coverage and volatility. These characteristics affect the ability of arbitrageurs to eliminate mispricing. Preliminary univariate tests show that S&P 500 stocks have, on average, lower mispricing and limits of arbitrage relative to non-S&P 500 stocks. In addition, the multivariate test shows that S&P 500 members have, on average, lower mispricing relative to non-S&P 500 stocks.
Download or read book Costly Arbitrage written by Jeffrey Pontiff and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arbitrage costs lead to large deviations of prices from fundamentals. Using a sample of closed-end funds, I find that the market value of a fund is more likely to deviate from the value of its assets 1) for funds with portfolios that are difficult to replicate, 2) for funds that pay out smaller dividends, 3) for funds with lower market values, and 4) when interest rates are high. These factors are related to the magnitude of the deviation, as opposed to the direction (i.e., whether discount or premium), and explain a quarter of cross-sectional mispricing variation. These findings are consistent with noise trader models of asset pricing.
Download or read book Costly Arbitrage and the Closed End Fund Puzzle written by Yongqiang Chu and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examine how short sale constraints on portfolio holdings affect closed-end fund (CEF) discounts and thereby distinguish behavioral-based explanations from fundamental-based explanations of the discounts. Using Regulation SHO as a natural experiment that relaxes short-sale constraints on pilot stocks, we find that discounts of CEFs holding more pilot stocks decrease relative to CEFs holding fewer pilot stocks. We also find that the effect comes only from CEFs that trade at discounts. The results suggest that a substantial part of CEF discounts is driven by mispricing.
Download or read book Idiosyncratic Risk Costly Arbitrage and the Cross Section of Stock Returns written by Jie Cao and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We test a new cross-sectional relation between expected stock return and idiosyncratic risk implied by the theory of costly arbitrage. If arbitrageurs find it more difficult to correct the mispricing of stocks with high idiosyncratic risk, there should be a positive (negative) relation between expected return and idiosyncratic risk for undervalued (overvalued) stocks. We combine several well-known anomalies to measure stock mispricing and proxy stock idiosyncratic risk using an exponential GARCH model for stock returns. We confirm that average stock returns monotonically increase (decrease) with idiosyncratic risk for undervalued (overvalued) stocks. Overall, our results support the importance of idiosyncratic risk as an arbitrage cost.
Download or read book Long Run Seasoned Equity Offering Returns written by Jeffrey Pontiff and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses a new approach to assess return behavior after seasoned equity offerings. Our approach recognizes that sophisticated investors are motivated to correct mispricing, although the magnitude of their activity is influenced by arbitrage costs. This approach avoids inference problems due to model misspecification or data snooping. The evidence supports the contention that firms that conduct seasoned equity offerings are overpriced. Our findings imply that, since mispricing associated with seasoned equity offerings is persistent in the long-run, holding costs play an important role although transaction costs do not. In fact, holding costs dominate the size effect documented by previous research.
Download or read book Dissecting Arbitrage Costs written by FY Eric Lam and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper systematically examines the impact of nine popular arbitrage costs measures on cross-sectional mispricing based on ten well-known and robust anomalies. We show that binding arbitrage barriers slowly change over time. In early years with few publications documenting return anomalies, arbitrage costs have tiny impact even though mispricing is present. As anomalies become more widely known, arbitrage costs impact mispricing substantially. Arbitrage risk, ambiguity of fundamental value, round-trip broker's commission plus bid-ask spreads, and stock loan supply are binding on arbitrageurs. Only arbitrage risk is binding if larger cap stocks are emphasized. In recent years when market quality improves and some arbitrageurs become more creative, only round-trip broker's commission plus bid-ask spreads and stock loan supply remain binding on arbitrageurs. If larger cap stocks are emphasized, arbitrage costs do not matter at all because there is no longer mispricing. An empirical arbitrage costs model based on these simple dynamics subsumes annually-varying principal components of arbitrage costs in affecting mispricing. Incorporating our findings into future capital market efficiency research would mitigate type I and II errors in empirical tests applying the limits-to-arbitrage argument.
Download or read book Arbitrage Risk and Stock Mispricing written by John A. Doukas and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we examine the relation between equity mispricing and arbitrage risk, and find that stocks with high arbitrage risk have higher estimated mispricing than stocks with low arbitrage risk. These results are not limited to high book-to-market or small capitalization stocks, and they are not sensitive to transaction and short selling costs. In addition, they remain robust to alternative multifactor return generating specification models and mispricing measures. Overall, our empirical results are consistent with the conjecture that mispricing manifests the inability of arbitrageurs to hedge idiosyncratic risk, a major deterrent to arbitrage activity.
Download or read book Inefficient Markets written by Andrei Shleifer and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2000-03-09 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The efficient markets hypothesis has been the central proposition in finance for nearly thirty years. It states that securities prices in financial markets must equal fundamental values, either because all investors are rational or because arbitrage eliminates pricing anomalies. This book describes an alternative approach to the study of financial markets: behavioral finance. This approach starts with an observation that the assumptions of investor rationality and perfect arbitrage are overwhelmingly contradicted by both psychological and institutional evidence. In actual financial markets, less than fully rational investors trade against arbitrageurs whose resources are limited by risk aversion, short horizons, and agency problems. The book presents and empirically evaluates models of such inefficient markets. Behavioral finance models both explain the available financial data better than does the efficient markets hypothesis and generate new empirical predictions. These models can account for such anomalies as the superior performance of value stocks, the closed end fund puzzle, the high returns on stocks included in market indices, the persistence of stock price bubbles, and even the collapse of several well-known hedge funds in 1998. By summarizing and expanding the research in behavioral finance, the book builds a new theoretical and empirical foundation for the economic analysis of real-world markets.
Download or read book Arbitrage With Holding Costs written by Bruce Tuckman and published by . This book was released on 2015-08-05 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Arbitrage With Holding Costs: An Utility-Based Approach Unit time costs, or holding costs, are incurred in many arbitrage contexts. Well known examples include losing the use of short sale proceeds and lending funds at below market rates in reverse repurchase agreements. This paper analyzes the investment problem of a risk averse arbitrageur who faces holding costs. The proposed model allows prices to deviate from their "fundamental" values without allowing for risk averse arbitrage opportunities. After characterizing an arbitrageurs optimal strategy, the model is examined in the context of the Treasury bond market. The analysis reveals that holding costs are an important friction in this market and that they can be expected to be a significant determinant of arbitrageur behaviour. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book Understanding Arbitrage An Intuitive Approach To Financial Analysis written by Randall S. Billingsley and published by Pearson Education India. This book was released on 2006-09 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Market Volatility written by Robert J. Shiller and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1992-01-30 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Market Volatility proposes an innovative theory, backed by substantial statistical evidence, on the causes of price fluctuations in speculative markets. It challenges the standard efficient markets model for explaining asset prices by emphasizing the significant role that popular opinion or psychology can play in price volatility. Why does the stock market crash from time to time? Why does real estate go in and out of booms? Why do long term borrowing rates suddenly make surprising shifts? Market Volatility represents a culmination of Shiller's research on these questions over the last dozen years. It contains reprints of major papers with new interpretive material for those unfamiliar with the issues, new papers, new surveys of relevant literature, responses to critics, data sets, and reframing of basic conclusions. Included is work authored jointly with John Y. Campbell, Karl E. Case, Sanford J. Grossman, and Jeremy J. Siegel. Market Volatility sets out basic issues relevant to all markets in which prices make movements for speculative reasons and offers detailed analyses of the stock market, the bond market, and the real estate market. It pursues the relations of these speculative prices and extends the analysis of speculative markets to macroeconomic activity in general. In studies of the October 1987 stock market crash and boom and post-boom housing markets, Market Volatility reports on research directly aimed at collecting information about popular models and interpreting the consequences of belief in those models. Shiller asserts that popular models cause people to react incorrectly to economic data and believes that changing popular models themselves contribute significantly to price movements bearing no relation to fundamental shocks.
Download or read book Investor Sentiment Limited Arbitrage and the Cash Holding Effects written by Xiafei Li and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examine the market mispricing and limits-to-arbitrage hypotheses on the positive relation between cash holdings and expected stock returns. Using investor sentiment as a proxy for market mispricing, we find that returns of cash holding stocks are heavily influenced by investor sentiment. Using transaction costs, institutional ownership and idiosyncratic volatility as proxies for limits-to-arbitrage, we show that the cash holding effects are strong among stocks with large transaction and short selling costs, and high idiosyncratic volatility. This indicates that high arbitrage costs and risks prevent arbitrageurs to eliminate the mispricing on the cash holding effects.
Download or read book Mispricing of Dual Class Shares written by Paul H. Schultz and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first paper to examine the microstructure of how mispricing is created and resolved. We study dual class-shares with equal cash-flow rights, and show that a simple trading strategy exploiting gaps between their prices appears to create abnormal profits after transactions costs. Trade data from TAQ shows that investors shift their trading patterns to take advantage of gaps. Contrary to common perception, long-short arbitrage plays a minor part in eliminating gaps, and one-sided trades correct most of them. We also show that the more liquid share class is usually responsible for the price discrepancies. Our findings have implications for the literature on risky arbitrage and asset pricing more generally.
Download or read book Overconfidence Arbitrage and Equilibrium Asset Pricing written by Kent D. Daniel and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper offers a model in which asset prices reflect both covariance risk and misperceptions of firmsapos prospects, and in which arbitrageurs trade against mispricing. In equilibrium, expected returns are linearly related to both risk and mispricing measures (e.g., fundamental/price ratios). With many securities, mispricing of idiosyncratic value components diminishes but systematic mispricing does not. The theory offers untested empirical implications about volume, volatility, fundamental/price ratios, and mean returns, and is consistent with several empirical findings. These include the ability of fundamental/price ratios and market value to forecast returns, and the domination of beta by these variables in some studies.
Download or read book A Note on Arbitrage Asset Pricing written by Manfred Steiner and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arbitrage pricing plays an important role in asset valuation. The most applications of arbitrage asset pricing theories are based on the law of one price or asymptotic arbitrage free markets. We provide some new results on arbitrage and especially the arbitrage pricing theory by distinguishing between the absence of arbitrage, the law of one price and the absence of riskless arbitrage. Then we find the implications of these conditions for arbitrage asset pricing. Since the three concepts of the absence of arbitrage imply that the linear functionals that give the mean and the cost of a portfolio are continuous, hence there exist unique portfolios that represent these functionals. We detect a positive distance between these portfolios and therefore between the functionals. Thus the law of one price and the absence of a riskless arbitrage opportunity lead to systematic mispricing if both the contingent claims and the assets are mispriced. The beta pricing literature usually makes strong assumptions to obtain exact asset pricing. This belongs to a debate over which factors have the best theoretical or empirical justification. In the light of our results it is more advisable to acknowledge that almost only approximate arbitrage asset pricing can be obtained. The introduction of risky arbitrage opportunities in the sense that there might be an arbitrage opportunity with positive probability but not with probability one requires the knowledge of the risk aversion of investors. Therefore exact asset pricing can only be obtained by equilibrium asset pricing models. Our results generalizes to other arbitrage asset pricing theories like the Black and Scholes option valuation model and even the Modigliani-Miller Theorem.
