Download or read book Microvisual Investigations to Assess and Understand Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes Using Etched Silicon Micromodels written by Markus Buchgraber and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional oil production is in decline and demand for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is increasing. Highly calibrated simulation models are built as decision tools for investments and further field developments. Because EOR reservoir mechanisms are more complicated than primary and secondary recovery mechanisms, a more detailed physical understanding is required to design accurate simulation models. EOR flow processes need to be investigated, represented accurately, and calibrated at multiple scales before testing on a field-wide project. Experimental results at different scales deliver the basic construct of each simulation model. Examples are micro-scale pore size phenomena observations for pore network simulations and core-scale for material balance calculations. This study focuses on the microscale investigation of multiphase fluid flow using etched-silicon micromodels to assess the flow behavior on a pore scale. Micromodels have the pore network patterns of a porous medium etched to a silicon wafer and hence are representative of the two dimensional structure of the porous medium. The patterns used in the construction of the porous medium may be prepared from thin sections of any given rock or reservoir type. They represent the medium or, in several cases, are geometrically constructed as a series of repeatable simple or complex geometric figure aggregates. Geometrical and topological properties and pore roughness are close to the original core sample. The various micromodel pore networks (sandstone, unconsolidated sandstone, carbonate and fracture models) are tested with different fluid and fluid pairs and pore scale behavior like sweep efficiency, snap off, micro scale saturations and so on are qualitatively described and characterized. Measured parameters and descriptions aid simulation development to create a fully functional physical model. Experiments reported in this thesis are relevant to a variety of EOR topics: a.)gas trapping and dissolution of CO2 water systems during carbon sequestration or a WAG EOR process, b.)gas exsolution behavior of supersaturated CO2 water when traveling from a high to a a low pressure region, c.) front stability and micro displacement efficiency of unstable displacement process during gas injection, d.) foam injection in fractured reservoirs to control mobility after premature gas breakthrough, e.) rheological behavior of polymer solution at near critical conditions in porous medium and in fractures, and f.) multiphase flow behavior in an intermediate wet dual porosity system similar to an ARAB-D carbonate rock. Understanding the immobilization and trapping of carbon dioxide is not only crucial in estimating storage capacity and security during CCS but also an important factor to operate a CO2 EOR flood in the most efficient manner. Residual and dissolution trapping are time dependent and need to be better understood for better predictions. A set of CO2-water imbibition experiments were conducted in micromodels whose homogeneous pore space is geometrically and topologically similar to Berea sandstone to investigate the pore-scale events of residual and capillary trapping. Microvisual data, photographs and video footage, describes the trapping mechanism and, especially, the disconnection and shrinkage of the CO2 phase in various phase conditions. Results show that, depending on the flow rate of the imbibing water, different trapping mechanisms are observed. Lower flow rates, comparable to the trailing edge of a CO2 plume, lead to more snap-off events. During snap off, the wetting fluid swells at the pore walls until the critical capillary pressure is reached, where the interface collapses. The non wetting fluid is then forced into the pore and the wetting fluid fills the pore throat, resulting in greater trapped residual saturation. Rates comparable to the near wellbore area during enhanced sequestration showed sweep out displacement of gas bubbles. Sweep out is characterized when the interface does not collapse and instead the whole non wetting phase is displaced by the wetting phase leaving no trapped saturation behind, and greater dissolution that ultimately leads to very low or zero gas saturations. Furthermore, complete dissolution events showed that homogeneous as well as heterogeneous dissolution occurs. Whereas the latter is subdivided into microbubble formation and dissolution on crevices or pore roughness, the former occurs without the influence of pore walls. After sequestration, CO2 concentrations of 50 g/l or more may to be found in saline aquifers. Although dissolved CO2 does not bear an obvious risk there are plausible mechanisms by which the CO2 laden brine could be transported to a shallower depth, where the CO2 would come out of solution/exsolve, and form a mobile CO2 gas phase. This significant mechanism for drinking water contamination has received little attention, and there are basic science and reservoir engineering questions that need to be addressed in order to reduce risks to underground drinking water supplies. This study investigates the conditions under which dissolved CO2 brines can impact drinking water aquifers. It develops a fundamental understanding of the fate of dissolved and exsolving CO2 at pore scale, called nucleation using micromodel experiments. Exsolution experiments showed similar pore scale events as in the dissolution study. Bubble nucleation was observed for three different types homogenous and heterogeneous type I and type II. The injection of CO2 into saline aquifers exhibits a strong unstable displacement due to the viscosity difference of the water and the CO2 phase that leads to unfavorable mobility ratios (M> 1). Although the subsurface flow of different fluids has been investigated in a large scale in the oil and gas industry, the characteristics of the water-CO2 fluid pair that lead to highly unstable fluid fronts is still not fully understood. So far, most modeling of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) relies on the linear displacement theory from Buckley and Leverett. Based on In this work, laboratory experiments using a wide range of mobility and capillary numbers to show displacement fronts of stable and unstable drainage process are reported. Experiments were conducted in etched silicon micromodels with Berea sandstone-like pore structures and geometry. Experimental data in the form of macroscale front displacement videos and micro scale saturation pictures were collected and analyzed. Drainage results showed that there was an increase in finger number and finger size with an increase in capillary number. Capillary number did not influence areal sweep efficiency but showed significant effects on micro saturation where low capillary numbers led to snap off and small pores left undrained whereas large capillary numbers swept out small and large pore structures leaving less wetting saturation behind. Fractal analyses were used to evaluate unstable displacement fronts. Results showed that the average saturation does not scale with wave speed. Moreover the displacement pattern follows a fractal pattern. Foam as a gas-mobility control agent is successful in enhanced oil recovery processes. In fractured reservoirs, foam acts as a blocking agent slowing and redirecting the transport of the aqueous phase in high transmissibility fractures. Foam allows more time for the liquid/foamer agent to imbibe into the matrix blocks and drain remaining oil. In this work, the behavior of foam flow in fractures at various foam qualities and liquid and gas velocities is investigated. Laboratory experiments with different fracture replicates etched in silicon micromodels were used. Different micromodel fractures (smooth surfaces, rough surfaces and different apertures) were used to observe pre-generated foam in terms of texture, pressure drop and flow behavior. Mobility reduction factors for a wide range of foam qualities and flow rates were analyzed. Measured pressure drops increase linearly with an increase in foam quality up to 90%. At qualities greater than 90%, mobility reduction is only slightly reduced further. In general mobility reduction factor (MRF) of 10-400 times were measured for low to high quality foams respectively. Additionally, video footage of foam at micro and macro scale is used to tie rheology to bubble shape and size. Polymer flooding has the potential to recover bypassed oil faster and therefore boosts the economics significantly in an EOR project. The success, however, depends on the injectivity of polymer solution volumes. Injection into porous media at conditions above a critical rate may lead to mechanical degradation of the polymer in solution resulting in a loss of viscosity. The resulting increase in mobility ratio may result in an uneconomical project. Therefore, the investigation of the rheological behavior of polymer solutions at different rate conditions is critical in designing a polymer flood project. Micromodel experiments were used to assess degradation of polymer solutions in fractures as well as in porous media. Only minor, mechanical degradation was found. Polymer solutions exhibit, depending on fracture roughness, shear thinning behavior. In contrast, polymers exhibit shear thickening behavior when flowing through porous media up to a factor 10 when comparing with an equivalent reservoir shear rate in the rheometer. In addition results showed that plugging, that leads to loss of injectivity, can be a critical issue in polymer injection. Currently around 6.25% of the world oil production are delivered from the Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia. The majority of the estimated 100 billion barrels of oil in place are trapped in an Arab-D carbonate formation. The creation and testing of an etched-silicon micromodel that has the features and characteristics of a dual porosity pore system such as might be found in a Arab-D carbonate rock was investig ...
Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Nanoparticle Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques Using Micromodels written by Ayub Khezrnejad and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology has found widespread application in a diverse range of industries. Researchers are now investigating whether nanotechnology can be applied to enhance oil recovery. The goal of enhanced oil recovery is to manipulate the fluid-fluid properties (interfacial tension, viscosity), and fluid-rock properties (contact angle, relative permeability) to improve pore scale recovery efficiency. In this study, nanofluids were prepared and injected into micromodels to study their effectiveness on oil recovery. Silicon oxide and aluminum oxide nanoparticles were used. Nanofluid viscosity and interfacial tension between nanofluid and oil was measured and modeled. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of the factors and their interactions. Fluid characterization data shows that nanoparticles are effective in both interfacial tension reduction and viscosity enhancement. The results from the micromodel studies indicate that adding a small amount of nanoparticles to the brine can enhance oil recovery by approximately 10 % - 20 %.
Download or read book Micromodel Evaluation of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Wafaa Al-Shatty and published by . This book was released on 2022-04-04 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a tertiary process whereby oil is extracted from an oil field that could not otherwise be extracted. As such EOR can extract 30%-60% of a reservoir's oil in place (OIP) compared to 20% to 40% using primary and secondary methods. While there is a clear economical advantage (depending on the current price of oil), there is also an environmental impact of EOR. On the positive side, EOR can be used in place of drilling additional wells, while on the other hand EOR results in large quantities of produced water which must be correctly disposed of or treated. One of the reasons that not all the reservoir oil is readily recovered without EOR is that there is significant surface tension between the oil and the reservoir rock. The injection of various chemicals, usually as dilute solutions, have been used to aid mobility through the reduction in surface tension and interfacial tension. Although dilute solutions of surfactants and polymers have been deployed commercially, there is a desire to develop both more efficient chemicals as well as those with reduced environmental impact. One such class of potential EOR additive are nanomaterials (sized between 1 and 100 nm), due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, wettability control, and interfacial tension reduction. The use of nanomaterials to EOR is a very attractive, yet challenging task, because prior to deployment in a reservoir it is necessary to gain an understanding of the relative performance of nanomaterials as compared to traditional methods. Although core flood methods offer a quantitative value for oil recovery, they do not provide detailed insight into mechanism. Micromodels have been used as a flexible method for determining the efficacy of nanomaterials as well as combinations of nanomaterials with surfactants and polymers. This book is aimed at providing an overview of methods whereby nanomaterials can be investigated with regard to EOR.
Download or read book Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Ryan T. Armstrong and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current oil production technologies recover only about one-third to one-half of the oil originally present in an oil reservoir. Given current oil prices, even a modest increase in oil recovery efficiency is fiscally attractive. One novel approach to increase oil recovery efficiency is a process called microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), where microorganisms are either used as a clogging agent to redirect flow or to produce biosurfactant that reduces interfacial tension. This dissertation aims to understand the MEOR pore-scale mechanisms relevant to oil recovery by taking a two-fold approach where transparent 2-dimensional micromodel experiments imaged with stereo microscopy and 3-dimensional column experiments imaged with x-ray computed microtomography (CMT) are utilized. Micromodel experiments allow for direct visualization of the biological phase (i.e. biofilm), however, only 2-dimensional information is provided. Conversely, CMT experiments provide 3-dimensional pore-scale information, but lack the ability to image the biological phase. With this two-fold approach, it is possible to distinguish multiple fluid interfaces, quantify fluid phase saturations, measure oil blob size distributions, and visualize the biological phase. Furthermore, a method to measure interfacial curvature from 3-dimensional images is developed, providing researchers a new perspective from which to study multiphase flow experiments. Overall, the presented research utilizes pore-scale imaging techniques to study the interfacial interactions occurring during MEOR in an effort to better explain the physics, and thus, increase the efficacy of MEOR.
Download or read book Multiscale Visualization of Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Lucas Mejia and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) involves injecting chemicals such as surfactants, polymers, and alkalis into depleted oil reservoirs to increase oil recovery. Experimental tools such as corefloods and micromodels provide critical insights for the mechanistic understanding and screening of chemicals for EOR. Coreflood experiments are especially valuable for screening. However, imaging cores at high resolution for mechanistic understanding is challenging. Micromodels, synthetic optically accessible porous media that resemble rocks, address some of these challenges by allowing facile high-resolution imaging of displacements at the pore scale. However, they lack many important features of cores. In this work, we develop a novel micromodel, referred to herein as the Coreflood on a Chip, that permits visualization at the pore and core scales. Then, we investigate various forms of chemical EOR in the Coreflood on a Chip including viscous waterflooding, surfactant flooding, and alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding (ASP). Viscous waterflooding experiments were performed by injecting viscous glycerol solution or polymer solution into oil-saturated micromodels with irreducible water. We analyzed the experiments using fractional flow theory and pore-scale lattice Boltzmann simulations and found that irreducible water causes viscous fingering even at very favorable viscosity ratios. Additionally, we conducted corefloods to corroborate our findings translated to displacements in real rocks. Next, we performed surfactant and ASP floods by injecting aqueous chemical solutions with fluorescein into micromodels with oil and brine. This way, we could differentiate the injected aqueous phase from the resident aqueous phase. Our results prove that surfactants are present in and ahead of oil banks. Moreover, our results show that while saturations are well described by a fractional flow solution with two curves, aqueous phase concentrations are not properly described by said model because injected aqueous phase is present ahead of oil banks. Finally, we present a novel microfluidic device that can be utilized to conduct phase behavior salinity scans. We show the prototype microfluidic device is viable for performing salinity assays of crude oil-surfactant-water systems and segregation of microemulsion is visible in the device. In this work we demonstrate that evaluation of chemical EOR across scales permits identifying causal relationships between pore-scale processes and previously unobserved core scale behavior
Download or read book Nanoparticle Dispersion Flow for Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Micromodels written by William Christopher Van Bramer and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The injection of nanoparticles is a promising and novel approach to enhancing oil recovery in depleted fields. Nanoparticles have one dimension that is smaller than 100 nm and have many unique properties that are useful when it comes to oil recovery. Their small size and the ability to manipulate particle properties are a couple of the advantageous properties. The small size of nanoparticle allows them to easily pass through porous media. Manipulating nanoparticle properties allows for wettability modifications or controlled release of chemicals at a precise location in the formation. Injection of nanoparticle dispersions for secondary or tertiary recovery in corefloods has yielded positive results. Field tests using nanoparticles have also yielded positive results with increased oil recovery. While there has been a sizable amount of work related to corefloods, limited investigation has been reported using micromodels. Micromodels are valuable because they allow for pore scale viewing of the oil recovery, which is not possible with corefloods. In this research both polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass microfluidic devices were fabricated to test the EOR potential of different types of nanoparticles. Much of the work described in this thesis involved the use of a dead-end pore geometry to trap oil. First the pore space was filled with oil and then waterflooded. This left some oil trapped in the dead-end pores. PDMS micromodels proved difficult to trap oil in the dead-end pores; because of this glass micromodels were tested. After trapping oil, a nanoparticle dispersion was injected into the pore space to test the potential of the dispersion to reduce the residual oil saturation in the dead-end pores. The nanoparticle dispersion was injected at different flow rates (1 [mu]l/hr to 50 [mu]l/hr) to test the effect of flow rate on residual oil recovery.
Download or read book Emulsions Foams and Suspensions written by Laurier L. Schramm and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-12 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now colloid science books have either been theoretical, or focused on specific types of dispersion, or on specific applications. This then is the first book to provide an integrated introduction to the nature, formation and occurrence, stability, propagation, and uses of the most common types of colloidal dispersion in the process-related industries. The primary focus is on the applications of the principles, paying attention to practical processes and problems. This is done both as part of the treatment of the fundamentals, where appropriate, and also in the separate sections devoted to specific kinds of industries. Throughout, the treatment is integrated, with the principles of colloid and interface science common to each dispersion type presented for each major physical property class, followed by separate treatments of features unique to emulsions, foams, or suspensions. The first half of the book introduces the fundamental principles, introducing readers to suspension formation and stability, characterization, and flow properties, emphasizing practical aspects throughout. The following chapters discuss a wide range of industrial applications and examples, serving to emphasize the different methodologies that have been successfully applied. Overall, the book shows how to approach making emulsions, foams, and suspensions with different useful properties, how to propagate them, and how to prevent their formation or destabilize them if necessary. The author assumes no prior knowledge of colloid chemistry and, with its glossary of key terms, complete cross-referencing and indexing, this is a must-have for graduate and professional scientists and engineers who may encounter or use emulsions, foams, or suspensions, or combinations thereof, whether in process design, industrial production, or in related R&D fields.
Download or read book Wettability written by Erle C. Donaldson and published by Gulf Publishing Company. This book was released on 2008-07 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: &Quot;The wettability of oil reservoirs is the most important factor controlling the rate of oil recovery, providing a profound effect on petroleum production. The petroleum industry has increased the research effort on wettability, but, so far, there has never been a comprehensive book on the topic. This is the first book to go through all of the major research and applications on wettability. This book will prepare the professional, and academic, engineer for the challenges facing the oil and gas production characteristics of petroleum reservoirs."--BOOK JACKET.
Download or read book Polymer Improved Oil Recovery written by K.S. Sorbie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of oil in the world economy cannot be overstated, and methods for recovering oil will be the subject of much scientific and engineering research for many years to come. Even after the application of primary depletion and secondary recovery processes (usually waterflooding), much oil usually remains in a reservoir, and indeed in some heterogeneous reservoir systems as much as 70% of the original oil may remain. Thus, there is an enormous incentive for the development of improved or enhanced methods of oil recovery, aimed at recovering some portion of this remainil)g oil. The techniques used range from 'improved' secondary flooding methods (including polymer and certain gas injection processes) through to 'enhanced' or 'tertiary' methods such as chemical (surfactant, caustic, foam), gas miscible (carbon dioxide, gas reinjection) and thermal (steam soak and drive, in-situ combustion). The distinction between the classification ofthe methods usually refers to the target oil that the process seeks to recover. That is, in 'improved' recovery we are usually aiming to increase the oil sweep efficiency, whereas in 'tertiary' recovery we aim to mobilise and recover residual or capillary trapped oil. There are a few books and collections of articles which give general overviews of improved and enhanced oil recovery methods. However, for each recovery method, there is such a wide range of interconnected issues concerning the chemistry, physics and fluid mechanics of flow in porous media, that rarely are these adequately reviewed.
Download or read book Silicone Surfactants written by Randall M. Hill and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-07-13 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Serves as a comprehensive introduction to the preparation, uses, and physical chemistry of silicone surfactants--focusing on silicone polyoxyalkylene copolymers that are surface active in both aqueous and nonaqueous systems. Covers applications in the manufacture of polyurethane foam, coatings, wetting agents, fabric finishes, and polymer surface modifiers."
Download or read book Wetting Phenomena written by Joel De Coninck and published by Springer. This book was released on 1990-03-07 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a collection of reasonably self-contained review articles on various features of wetting phenomena from both experimental and theoretical points of view. The experimental papers are concerned with wetting at nanoscopic scales, magnetic wetting transitions, convection at interfaces, and adsorption on a surface. The theoretical part is constituted by recent exact results at d=3, some reviews on wetting and disorder, a mathematical description of wetting, front propagation, random surfaces, and wetting within Potts models. The book addresses researchers, engineers, and graduate students in chemistry, physics, and applied mathematics.
Download or read book Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Patrizio Raffa and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-07-22 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims at presenting, describing, and summarizing the latest advances in polymer flooding regarding the chemical synthesis of the EOR agents and the numerical simulation of compositional models in porous media, including a description of the possible applications of nanotechnology acting as a booster of traditional chemical EOR processes. A large part of the world economy depends nowadays on non-renewable energy sources, most of them of fossil origin. Though the search for and the development of newer, greener, and more sustainable sources have been going on for the last decades, humanity is still fossil-fuel dependent. Primary and secondary oil recovery techniques merely produce up to a half of the Original Oil In Place. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes are aimed at further increasing this value. Among these, chemical EOR techniques (including polymer flooding) present a great potential in low- and medium-viscosity oilfields. • Describes recent advances in chemical enhanced oil recovery. • Contains detailed description of polymer flooding and nanotechnology as promising boosting tools for EOR. • Includes both experimental and theoretical studies. About the Authors Patrizio Raffa is Assistant Professor at the University of Groningen. He focuses on design and synthesis of new polymeric materials optimized for industrial applications such as EOR, coatings and smart materials. He (co)authored about 40 articles in peer reviewed journals. Pablo Druetta works as lecturer at the University of Groningen (RUG) and as engineering consultant. He received his Ph.D. from RUG in 2018 and has been teaching at a graduate level for 15 years. His research focus lies on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Download or read book Recovery Improvement written by Qiwei Wang and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2022-09-06 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil and Gas Chemistry Management Series brings an all-inclusive suite of tools to cover all the sectors of oil and gas chemicals from drilling, completion to production, processing, storage, and transportation. The third reference in the series, Recovery Improvement, delivers the critical chemical basics while also covering the latest research developments and practical solutions. Organized by the type of enhanced recovery approaches, this volume facilitates engineers to fully understand underlying theories, potential challenges, practical problems, and keys for successful deployment. In addition to the chemical, gas, and thermal methods, this reference volume also includes low-salinity (smart) water, microorganism- and nanofluid-based recovery enhancement, and chemical solutions for conformance control and water shutoff in near wellbore and deep in the reservoir. Supported by a list of contributing experts from both academia and industry, this book provides a necessary reference to bridge petroleum chemistry operations from theory into more cost-efficient and sustainable practical applications. Covers background information and practical guidelines for various recovery enhancement domains, including chapters on enhanced oil recovery in unconventional reservoirs and carbon sequestration in CO2 gas flooding for more environment-friendly and more sustainable initiatives Provides effective solutions to control chemistry-related issues and mitigation strategies for potential challenges from an industry list of experts and contributors Delivers both up-to-date research developments and practical applications, featuring various case studies
Download or read book Clay Mineral Cements in Sandstones written by Richard Worden and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-03-05 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clay minerals are one of the most important groups of minerals thatdestroy permeability in sandstones. However, they also react withdrilling and completion fluids and induce fines migration duringhydrocarbon production. They are a very complex family of mineralsthat are routinely intergrown with each other, contain a wide rangeof solid solutions and form by a variety of processes under a widerange temperatures and rock and fluid compositions. In this volume, clay minerals in sandstones are reviewed interms of their mineralogy and general occurrence, their stable andradiogenic isotope geochemistry, XRD quantification, their effectson the petrophysical properties of sandstones and theirrelationships to sequence stratigraphy and palaeoclimate. Thecontrols on various clay minerals are addressed and a variety ofgeochemical issues, including the importance of mass flux, links tocarbonate mineral diagenesis and linked clay mineral diagenesis ininterbedded mudstone-sandstone are explored. A number of casestudies are included for kaolin, illite and chlorite cements, andthe occurrence of smectite in sandstone is reviewed. Experimentalrate data for clay cements in sandstones are reviewed and there aretwo model-based case studies that address the rates of growth ofkaolinite and illite. The readership of this volume will include sedimentologists andpetrographers who deal with the occurrence, spatial and temporaldistribution patterns and importance of clay mineral cements insandstones, geochemists involved in unraveling the factors thatcontrol clay mineral cement formation in sandstones and petroleumgeoscientists involved in predicting clay mineral distribution insandstones. The book will also be of interest to geologistsinvolved in palaeoclimate studies basin analysis. Latest geochemical data on clays in sandstones Provides important information for geologists involved inbasin analysis, sandstone petrology and petroleum geology If you are a member of the International Association ofSedimentologists (IAS), for purchasing details, please see:http://www.iasnet.org/publications/details.asp?code=SP34
Download or read book A Century of Excellence in Measurements Standards and Technology written by David R. Lide and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-10-30 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Established by Congress in 1901, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has a long and distinguished history as the custodian and disseminator of the United States' standards of physical measurement. Having reached its centennial anniversary, the NBS/NIST reflects on and celebrates its first century with this book describing some of its seminal contributions to science and technology. Within these pages are 102 vignettes that describe some of the Institute's classic publications. Each vignette relates the context in which the publication appeared, its impact on science, technology, and the general public, and brief details about the lives and work of the authors. The groundbreaking works depicted include: A breakthrough paper on laser-cooling of atoms below the Doppler limit, which led to the award of the 1997 Nobel Prize for Physics to William D. Phillips The official report on the development of the radio proximity fuse, one of the most important new weapons of World War II The 1932 paper reporting the discovery of deuterium in experiments that led to Harold Urey's1934 Nobel Prize for Chemistry A review of the development of the SEAC, the first digital computer to employ stored programs and the first to process images in digital form The first paper demonstrating that parity is not conserved in nuclear physics, a result that shattered a fundamental concept of theoretical physics and led to a Nobel Prize for T. D. Lee and C. Y. Yang "Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor," a 1995 paper that has already opened vast new areas of research A landmark contribution to the field of protein crystallography by Wlodawer and coworkers on the use of joint x-ray and neutron diffraction to determine the structure of proteins
Download or read book Sediment hosted Gas Hydrates written by D. Long and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2009 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is much interest in gas hydrates in relation to their potential role as an important driver for climate change and as a major new energy source; however, many questions remain, not least the size of the global hydrate budget. Much of the current uncertainty centres on how hydrates are physically stored in sediments at a range of scales. This volume details advances in our understanding of sediment-hosted hydrates, and contains papers covering a range of studies of real and artificial sediments containing both methane hydrates and CO2 hydrates. The papers include an examination of the techniques used to locate, sample and characterize hydrates from natural, methane-rich systems, so as to understand them better. Other contributions consider the nature and stability of synthetic hydrates formed in the laboratory, which in turn improve our ability to make accurate predictive models.
Download or read book Interfacial Phenomena written by J.T. Davies and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interfacial Phenomena examines the fundamental properties of various liquid interfaces. This book discusses the physics of surfaces; electrostatic and electrokinetic phenomena; and adsorption at liquid interfaces. The properties of monolayers; reactions at liquid surfaces; diffusion through interfaces; and disperse systems and adhesion are also deliberated. Other topics include the vapor pressures over curved surfaces; electrical capacity of the double layer; applications of electrophoresis; and thermodynamics of adsorption and desorption. The experimental methods of spreading films at the oil-water interface; penetration into monolayers; experiments on dynamic systems; and spontaneous emulsification are likewise covered in this text. This book is beneficial to chemical engineers and students concerned with interfacial phenomena.
