Download or read book Methodology for Calculating Cost per Mile for Current and Future Vehicle Powertrain Technologies with Projections to 2024 written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, several cost-per-mile calculators exist that can provide estimates of acquisition and operating costs for consumers and fleets. However, these calculators are limited in their ability to determine the difference in cost per mile for consumer versus fleet ownership, to calculate the costs beyond one ownership period, to show the sensitivity of the cost per mile to the annual vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and to estimate future increases in operating and ownership costs. Oftentimes, these tools apply a constant percentage increase over the time period of vehicle operation, or in some cases, no increase in direct costs at all over time. A more accurate cost-per-mile calculator has been developed that allows the user to analyze these costs for both consumers and fleets. The calculator was developed to allow simultaneous comparisons of conventional light-duty internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, mild and full hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). This paper is a summary of the development by the authors of a more accurate cost-per-mile calculator that allows the user to analyze vehicle acquisition and operating costs for both consumer and fleets. Cost-per-mile results are reported for consumer-operated vehicles travelling 15,000 miles per year and for fleets travelling 25,000 miles per year.
Download or read book Digital Transformation in Industry written by Vikas Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-29 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a selection of the best papers presented at the annual international scientific conference “Digital Transformation in Industry: Trends, Management, Strategies,” which was held by the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg, Russia) on October 28, 2022. The book focuses on concepts for initiating digitalization processes and identifying successful digital transformation strategies in all sectors of industry. Key topics include the sustainability of digital transformation in uncertain dynamics; conditions of uncertainty and barriers; industrial logistics in the new reality; best practices for implementing digital solutions to ensure sustainable, barrier-free and flexible supply chains; the achievement of sustainability in the process of digital transition; the adaptation of enterprises to the ESG concept through digital solutions; assessing the impact of industrial digital transformation on society and the environment; and clarifying how ESG aspects affect the economy. The experiences of various countries, regions and types of enterprise implementing IT and other technological innovations are also included, making the book a valuable asset for researchers and managers alike.
Download or read book Future Powertrain Technologies written by Stephan Rinderknecht and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the various factors greatly influencing the development process of future powertrain technologies, the trends in climate change and digitalization are of huge public interest. To handle these trends, new disruptive technologies are integrated into the development process. They open up space for diverse research which is distributed over the entire vehicle design process. This book contains recent research articles which incorporate results for selecting and designing powertrain topology in consideration of the vehicle operating strategy as well as results for handling the reliability of new powertrain components. The field of investigation spans from the identification of ecologically optimal transformation of the existent vehicle fleet to the development of machine learning-based operating strategies and the comparison of complex hybrid electric vehicle topologies to reduce CO2 emissions.
Download or read book Cost Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.
Download or read book Cost Per Mile written by Cost Per Mile and published by . This book was released on 1998-12 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-14 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.
Download or read book Cost Performance Estimating Relationships for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Components written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) component cost performance estimating relationships (CPER) developed by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) for the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Cost and Economics under contract DASW0l-97-D-0061 (Delivery Order 6). These CPER are tools that support cost estimation of HEV components. While this technology is still developing, recent advances make it likely that future military vehicles will contain HE systems. This technology is a significant departure from the power package and drive train technology seen on current generation vehicles. Estimation methods based upon these older technologies would miss important insight into the current state of technology. These estimating tools develop methodologies for energy storage components, drive system components, and a supplemental armor solution. Using these, cost estimates for different combinations of components can be generated. This provides the basis for cost comparisons among those alternative configurations. It does not include the traditional vehicle components such as the frame, weaponry, C41, wheels or tracks, crew stations, NBC, or special equipment. Separate estimates of these other vehicle systems would be combined with the hybrid electric system estimate to arrive at a vehicle cost estimate. The report is divided into three sections. Section 1, which encompasses chapter 1, provides the organization of the report and outlines the general methodology used to collect the data and develop the estimates contained in this report. Section II, encompassing chapters 2 through 5, describes the primary designs for hybrid electric power designs and provides estimates for the individual components of a hybrid electric vehicle system. Section III, which includes chapters 6 and 7, provides additional considerations for the cost estimation and modeling of hybrid electric vehicles.
Download or read book A Simulative Approach to Predict Energy Consumption of Future Powertrain Configurations for the Year 2040 written by Tobias Stoll and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-29 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the simulative prediction of efficiency and CO2-emissions of future powertrain systems for the year 2040. For this purpose, a suitable simulation environment is first created. This is followed by a technology extrapolation of all relevant powertrain systems, for example: combustion engines, electric drives, fuel cells as well as all relevant additional components. These components are then used to build 57 vehicle variants for the simulation. Finally, extensive simulations of the vehicle variants are carried out, evaluated and compared. Comprehensive tables of results are available for all simulated vehicle variants. The evaluations are of interest to anyone concerned with energy consumption and CO2-emissions of future vehicles.
Download or read book FASTSim written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim) is a high-level advanced vehicle powertrain systems analysis tool supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Vehicle Technologies Office. FASTSim provides a quick and simple approach to compare powertrains and estimate the impact of technology improvements on light- and heavy-duty vehicle efficiency, performance, cost, and battery batches of real-world drive cycles. FASTSim's calculation framework and balance among detail, accuracy, and speed enable it to simulate thousands of driven miles in minutes. The key components and vehicle outputs have been validated by comparing the model outputs to test data for many different vehicles to provide confidence in the results. A graphical user interface makes FASTSim easy and efficient to use. FASTSim is freely available for download from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's website (see www.nrel.gov/fastsim).
Download or read book Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-30 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.
Download or read book Evaluating Trends in Light Duty Vehicle Technologies to Project Fuel Economy written by Christiane Adcock and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predicting the fuel economy of future light-duty vehicles provides insight into the expected greenhouse gas emissions, oil consumption, and operating costs in the transportation sector. Fuel economy is difficult to directly predict, however, due to the large number of vehicle characteristics that influence fuel economy. These characteristics include curb weight, powertrain efficiency, tire properties, and aerodynamic properties. In addition, the characteristics vary by powertrain technology and vehicle class. This study evaluates past trends and literature projections for each attribute. It then projects fuel economy for three powertrain technologies and eight vehicle classes using current values, past trends, and literature projections for the vehicle characteristics and the Environmental Protection Agency's drive cycles. Fuel economy for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are projected to increase at rates similar to past years. At these rates, average HEVs and BEVs will significantly exceed Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for 2021 and 2025, and ICEVs will fall significantly short of these standards. This analysis provides an easily adaptable framework to project fuel economy that accounts for the large number of contributing vehicle characteristics.
Download or read book Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy CAFE Standards written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-01-29 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since CAFE standards were established 25 years ago, there have been significant changes in motor vehicle technology, globalization of the industry, the mix and characteristics of vehicle sales, production capacity, and other factors. This volume evaluates the implications of these changes as well as changes anticipated in the next few years, on the need for CAFE, as well as the stringency and/or structure of the CAFE program in future years.
Download or read book Fuel Economy Emission and Economics Analysis of Alternative Fueled Medium and Heavy duty Vehicles written by Lin Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US EPA and NHTSA jointly adopted greenhouse gas emission and fuel economy regulations for medium- and heavy-duty trucks. In the regulations, detailed advanced technology options are described with corresponding fuel economy and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission improvement goals. Alternative fuel/powertrains are the primary options available to satisfy the regulations.In this thesis, natural gas, electricity, and hydrogen fuels, as well as diesel-hybrid electric powertrains, are evaluated with respect to their fuel economy and cost. Detailed vehicle models were constructed for use with the ADVISOR models and typical driving cycles were used to simulate heavy-duty and medium-duty truck operation in urban and long haul applications. Breakeven fuel prices for various fuel/powertrain combinations were calculated and compared with reference fuel prices, in order to determine the economic attractiveness of each combination. Scenario based on Model Year (MY) 2010-2013 and projected MY 2025-2030 were developed in order to evaluate the current and future market potential for each fuel/powertrain combination. Using today's vehicle attributes (MY 2010-2013) for Class 8 trucks, the results indicated that CNG vehicles were more economically attractive than LNG vehicles for both conventional powertrains and hybrid-electric powertrains. For similar driving distances, CNG vehicles had slightly lower fuel economy than their LNG counterparts but a much lower initial cost difference because of the lower cost of CNG on-board gas storage. For medium-duty trucks, the economics results indicated that CNG conventional trucks are attractive in most urban applications for a broad range of VMT and payback time combinations. CNG-hybrid vehicles were attractive for annual travel less than 26,000 miles and paybacks of less than three years. The other fuel/powertrain combinations were not attractive because the fuel cost savings with fuels other than diesel did not compensate for the high initial cost differentials associated with the alternative powertrains. However, those EVs emit least GHG, reducing 35% and 45% CO2 emission compared to baseline vehicles, for heavy-duty and medium-duty vehicles, respectively.In the future scenarios (MY 2025-2030), future Class 8 trucks achieve 74% better fuel economy on average than today's vehicles (MY 2010-2013). The most economically attractive option for Class 8 trucks in the 2030 scenario was the diesel hybrid-electric. The natural gas conventional and natural gas hybrid-electric vehicles were also generally superior to the updated diesel technology, with the CNG SI vehicles being somewhat more attractive than the LNG vehicles. The fuel cell vehicles are attractive for most applications if the cost of hydrogen is less than about $5/kg. All the powertrains having low speed, electric drive capability are attractive for the port applications. For the medium-duty delivery trucks in 2030, the economics analyses indicated that most of the fuel/powertrain combinations were attractive with the advanced technologies, primarily due to the reductions in the component costs. The fuel cell trucks are economically attractive for almost all applications if the cost of hydrogen is less than about $6/kg. The CNG conventional and hybrid-electric trucks are also attractive under a number of circumstances especially in urban applications. Even the battery powered trucks are economically viable for a three year payback and electricity less than about 12 cents/kWh in urban applications. These results indicate that it is valuable to start investing in alternative fueled vehicles now with a view toward the future. Natural gas vehicles, especially those using compressed gas storage, are good alternative options in the short-term. Given expected technology and cost improvements in batteries and fuel cells, in the long run electric and fuel cell vehicles are the most promising future fuel/powertrain options.
Download or read book Comparison of Vehicle Choice Models written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Energy's Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) analysis team uses projections of market penetration of advanced-technology powertrains in light-duty vehicles to assess potential energy and emissions impacts and to understand how future conditions such as fuel prices, policies, and technology advancement might influence consumer adoption of these powertrain technologies.VTO has funded the development of several consumer vehicle choice models to give such projections. Five of these models were compared by running each of them on two scenario cases with, to the extent allowed by the diversity of the models, mutually agreed upon inputs for critical parameters such as future fuel costs, technology prices and efficiencies, and infrastructure growth. The models gave different market share projections. Comparing some of the features and algorithms used in the different models reveals some reasons to expect different projections and highlights the different approaches taken by model developers.This document describes the inputs used to define the two scenarios, the market shares projected by each model for these scenarios, and some of the similarities and differences between the five vehicle choice models. Finally, some recommendations are given for further work to elucidate differences in model algorithms and sensitivities.
Download or read book Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles A Technology Assessment Based on a Two stage Delphi Study written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To address the uncertainty regarding future costs and operating attributes of electric and hybrid electric vehicles, a two stage, worldwide Delphi study was conducted. Expert opinions on vehicle attributes, current state of the technology, possible advancements, costs, and market penetration potential were sought for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020. Opinions related to such critical components as batteries, electric drive systems, and hybrid vehicle engines, as well as their respective technical and economic viabilities, were also obtained. This report contains descriptions of the survey methodology, analytical approach, and results of the analysis of survey data, together with a summary of other factors that will influence the degree of market success of electric and hybrid electric vehicle technologies. Responses by industry participants, the largest fraction among all the participating groups, are compared with the overall responses. An evaluation of changes between the two Delphi stages is also summarized. An analysis of battery replacement costs for various types is summarized, and variable operating costs for electric and hybrid vehicles are compared with those of conventional vehicles. A market penetration analysis is summarized, in which projected market shares from the survey are compared with predictions of shares on the basis of two market share projection models that use the cost and physical attributes provided by the survey. Finally, projections of market shares beyond the year 2020 are developed by use of constrained logit models of market shares, statistically fitted to the survey data.
Download or read book Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy 2025 2035 written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-31 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From daily commutes to cross-country road trips, millions of light-duty vehicles are on the road every day. The transportation sector is one of the United States’ largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel is an important cost for drivers. The period from 2025-2035 could bring the most fundamental transformation in the 100-plus year history of the automobile. Battery electric vehicle costs are likely to fall and reach parity with internal combustion engine vehicles. New generations of fuel cell vehicles will be produced. Connected and automated vehicle technologies will become more common, including likely deployment of some fully automated vehicles. These new categories of vehicles will for the first time assume a major portion of new vehicle sales, while internal combustion engine vehicles with improved powertrain, design, and aerodynamics will continue to be an important part of new vehicle sales and fuel economy improvement. This study is a technical evaluation of the potential for internal combustion engine, hybrid, battery electric, fuel cell, nonpowertrain, and connected and automated vehicle technologies to contribute to efficiency in 2025-2035. In addition to making findings and recommendations related to technology cost and capabilities, Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy - 2025-2035 considers the impacts of changes in consumer behavior and regulatory regimes.
Download or read book On the Road in 2035 written by Anup Bandivadekar and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 2008 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
