Download or read book Metabolic Responses to Supramaximal Exercise and Training written by Clare L. Weber and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the gender-specific responses to supramaximal cycling and to examine the changes in anaerobic and aerobic metabolism that occur in response to high-intensity interval training (HIT). All subjects in the present experiments were untrained, healthy young adults aged between 18 and 35 yr. Cycle ergometry was used for all experimental test procedures and training programs. The accumulated oxygen (AO2) deficit was used to quantify the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via anaerobic metabolism during supramaximal cycling. In addition, pulmonary oxygen uptake measured at the onset of exercise was described using mathematical modeling to determine the rate response of the aerobic energy system during exercise. The purpose of experiment one was to examine the test-retest reliability of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) measured at 110% and 120% of peak oxygen uptake for cycling in seven untrained male and seven untrained female subjects. After one familiarization trial, all subjects performed two MAOD tests at a power output corresponding to 110% and two tests at 120% of peak oxygen uptake in random order. MAOD was calculated for each subject as the difference between the estimated AO2 demand and the AO2 uptake measured during the exercise bout. The meanplus or minusstandard error time to exhaustion (TE) for the group was not significantly different between trial one (226plus or minus13 s) and trial two (223plus or minus14 s) of the 110% test. Likewise, the difference in the TE between trial one (158plus or minus11 s) and trial two (159plus or minus10 s) was not significant for the 120% test. The intra-class correlation coefficients for the TE were 0.95 for the 110% test and 0.98 for the 120% test. The mean MAOD value obtained in trial one (2.62plus or minus0.17 L) was not significantly different from the mean value obtained in trial two (2.54plus or minus0.19 L) for the 110% test. Additionally, the mean values for the two trials did not differ significantly for MAOD (2.64plus or minus0.21 L for trial one and 2.63plus or minus0.19 L for trial two) in the 120% test. The intra-class correlation coefficients for MAOD were 0.95 for the 110% test and 0.97 for the 120% test. All intra-class correlation coefficients were significant at p less than 0.001. When conducted under standardized conditions, the determination of MAOD for cycling was highly repeatable at both 110% and 120% of peak oxygen uptake in untrained male and female subjects. The results observed in experiment one suggest that the MAOD may be used to compare the anaerobic capacity (AC) of men and women and to examine changes in the contribution of the anaerobic energy systems before and after training. Experiment two examined the gender-specific differences in MAOD before and after 4 and 8 wk of HIT. Untrained men (n=7) and women (n=7) cycled at 120% of pre-training peak oxygen uptake to exhaustion (MAOD test) pre-, mid-, and post-training. A post-training timed test was also completed at the MAOD test power output, but this test was stopped at the TE achieved during the pre-training MAOD test. The 14.3plus or minus5.2% increase in MAOD observed in males after 4 wk of training was not different from the 14.0plus or minus3.0% increase seen in females (p greater than 0.05). MAOD increased by a further 6.6plus or minus1.9% in males and this change was not different from the additional 5.1plus or minus2.3% increase observed in females after the final 4 wk of training. Peak oxygen uptake measured during incremental cycling increased significantly (p less than 0.01) in male but not in female subjects after 8 wk of training. Moreover, the AO2 uptake was higher in men during the post-training timed test compared to the pre-training MAOD test (p less than 0.01). In contrast, the AO2 uptake was unchanged from pre- to post-training in female subjects. The increase in MAOD with training was not different between men and women suggesting an enhanced ability to produce ATP anaerobically in both groups. However, the increase in peak oxygen uptake and AO2 uptake obtained in male subjects following training indicates improved oxidative metabolism in men but not in women. It was concluded that there are basic gender differences that may predispose males and females to specific metabolic adaptations following an 8-wk period of HIT. Increases in AO2 uptake during supramaximal cycling demonstrated in men after training led to the hypothesis that peak oxygen uptake kinetics are speeded in male subjects with short-term HIT. It was suggested that training does not improve peak oxygen uptake kinetics in women as no change in AO2 uptake was found after 8 wk of HIT in female subjects. The purpose of experiment three was to examine peak oxygen uptake kinetics before and after 8 wk of HIT in six men and six women during cycling at 50% (50% test) and 110% (110% test) of pre-training peak oxygen uptake. A single-term exponential equation was used to model the peak oxygen uptake response (after phase I) during the 50% and 110% tests pre- and post-training. In addition, phase II and III of the peak oxygen uptake response during the 110% tests were examined using a two-term equation. The end of the phase I peak oxygen uptake response was identified visually and omitted from the modeling process. The duration of phase I determined during all experimental tests was not different between men and women and did not change with training in either group. Before training, men obtained a phase II peak oxygen uptake time constant (t2) of 29.0plus or minus3.3 s during the 50% test which was not different to the t2 of 28.8plus or minus2.2 s attained by women. In addition, the t2 determined during the 50% test was unchanged after 8 wk of HIT in both groups. The peak oxygen uptake kinetics examined during the 110% tests before training were well described by a single-term model in all male and female subjects. The t2 determined before training for the 110% test was significantly faster in men than in women. Furthermore, peak oxygen uptake was unchanged in female subjects and the t2 remained unaltered with 8 wk HIT (pre 45.5plus or minus2.2; post 44.8plus or minus2.3 s). In contrast, male subjects achieved a significantly higher peak oxygen uptake after training and the t2 determined for men during the 110% test was faster after training (36.4plus or minus1.6 s) than before training (40.1plus or minus 1.9 s). Improved model fits were obtained with the two-term equation compared to the single-term equation in two of the six male subjects during the 110% test post-training. It was found that the onset of the peak oxygen uptake slow component occurred at a mean time of 63.5plus or minus2.5 s and the t2 was reduced to 18.4plus or minus1.7 s. Using a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks z-test, the t2 described by the single-term equation in the remaining four subjects was determined to be significantly faster after training than before training, thus confirming the results obtained from the original group (n=6) of male subjects. End exercise heart rate (HREE) values obtained during the 50% and 110% tests were not different between men and women. During the 50% test, HREE values were unchanged, whereas HREE was significantly decreased during the 110% test after training in both groups. These data show that HIT might improve oxidative metabolism in men but not in women as reflected by a greater peak oxygen uptake and faster peak oxygen uptake kinetics during supramaximal work rates. We further suggest that the faster peak oxygen uptake kinetics demonstrated in men after training are probably not due to an improvement in cardiac function. Finally, the augmentation of oxidative metabolism during exercise after HIT in men might be dependent on the intensity of the exercise bout at which the peak oxygen uptake response is examined. The findings presented in this thesis suggest that MAOD is a reliable measure in both male and female subjects and can be used to monitor changes in anaerobic ATP production during supramaximal cycling. Moreover, these data suggest that 4 and 8 wk of HIT produce similar changes in anaerobic ATP generation in men and women. Finally, 8 wk of HIT results in the increase of peak oxygen uptake and AO2 uptake as well as the speeding of peak oxygen uptake kinetics during supramaximal cycling in male subjects. There was no evidence to suggest that oxidative metabolism was improved in women after short-term HIT. -- In conclusion, improvement in supramaximal exercise performances should be examined specifically for changes in the anaerobic and aerobic contributions to energy production. In addition, it is suggested that gender should be of primary consideration when designing exercise-training programs where improvement in both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism is required.

Download or read book Anaerobic Metabolic Responses of Males and Females to Supramaximal Exercise written by Marianne Vest and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolic Responses and Adaptations to Exercise written by Simone Luti and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-05-16 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Worldwide, individuals are living longer. As such, the number of older adults in society is increasing. By 2050, it is estimated that there will be more than two billion individuals aged over 60. This aging population is associated with an anticipated increase in the burden of the leading causes of death in modern societies, including chronic and degenerative diseases that are largely driven by age-related declines in physiological function. Physical activity is an essential regulator of energy homeostasis and helps improve metabolic health. In fact, it is well known that regular exercise lowers the risk of a broad variety of health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer in the aged. The beneficial effect of exercise is particularly evident in older people, but it is present in all stages of life, from children to the elderly. In this regard, regular exercise and physical activity are considered key first line strategies for a healthy life.

Download or read book Metabolic Responses of Upper Body Training on Arm Leg and Combined Arm leg Exercise written by John W. Grogan and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Muscle Metabolism written by Timothy Riley Anderson and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 1290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hormonal and Metabolic Adaptation to Exercise written by Henrik Galbo and published by Thieme Medical Publishers. This book was released on 1983 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Influence of Diet and Training on the Metabolic Responses to Maximal Exercise in Man written by Stephen A. Wootton and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the studies reported in this thesis was to use an all-out cycle ergometer test (the Anaerobic Work Test - AWT) as a laboratory test of fatigue during truly maximal dynamic exercise in the attempt to determine how the body copes with the challenge of maximal exercise and what factors govern the ability of an individual to perform maximal exercise. Whilst differences in musculature accounted for a major portion of the variance in the ability to perform maximal cycle ergometer exercise, much of the remaining variance may be attributable to differences in training status. The differences in the ability to generate power over the AWT observed between male and female subjects could be principally attributed to differences in body size and musculature. Although there was little relationship between functional capacity and the aerobic capacity of the individual, an enhanced ability to generate power could also be associated with a high aerobic capacity. Maximal cycle ergometer training was found to result in marked improvements in the ability to perform maximal exercise, whilst endurance training neither impaired nor enhanced performance. The ability to perform a second bout of maximal exercise was found to be dependent apon the duration of recovery between bouts, although not influenced by alterations in either carbohydrate-status or blood acid-base status. Attempts to perform repeated 65 bouts of maximal exercise with either 30 or 60s recovery resulted in pronounced fatigue-induced decrements in performance and marked increases in blood lactate. Peak plasma adrenaline, plasma noradrenaline, blood lactate and blood glucose concentrations following 6s of maximal exercise averaged 1.7 nmolll, 3.30 nmolll, 2.68 mmolll and 4.63 mmolll respectively whilst the corresponding values after 30s averaged 4.31 nmolll, 12.91 nmolll, 11.93 mmolll and 5.35 nmol/l./on the basis of the changes in muscle metabolites over the AWT, the greatest power outputs generated 6ver the initial seconds of maximal exercise were associated with the greatest rates of ATP turnover from non-oxidative metabolism (7.7-12.4 mmollkg dm/sl) and was the p=d,uct of maximal rates of phosphagenolysis and glycolysis. The rate of ATP turnover appeared to decrease in association with a reduction in power output as exercise preceded, primarily as a result of a reduction in the rate of CP utilisation. ATP turnover over 30s of maximal exercise ranged from 5.15-7.59 mmol/kg dm/s. The metabolic condition following 30s of maximal elercise wa~ comparable to that observed following a wide variety of exhaustive high-intensity exercise tasks: muscle ATP, CP and lactate concentrations averaged 13.7, 28.8 and 89.3 mmol/kg dm respectively. Whilst interval training resulted in an enhanced ability to perform single and repeated bouts of maximal exercise, the imporvements in performance could not be attributed to a greater provision of energy from non-oxidative metabolism. The storage and utilisation of CP and ATP, and the accumulation of lactate, were unaltered; however, glycogen storage and mobilisation of glucosyl units increased by 341 and 631 respectively resulting in a greater accumulation of hexose monophosphates. A metabolic basis of muscular fatigue during maximal cycle ergometer exercise, and the influence of training on these processes, was then discussed. The accumulation of hydrogen ions within the working muscle was proposed as a common factor that would influence both the rate at which ATP was resynthesised and utilised.

Download or read book The Metabolic Response to Submaximal Exercise Over the Course of a Training detraining Program written by Elizabeth M. Thacker and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Warm Up on Metabolic Responses to Exercise written by Bruce Joseph Martin and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolic Responses to Feeding and Exercise in Men and Women written by Nurul Fadhilah Abdullah and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Muscle Mass on Metabolic Responses and Perceived Exertion During Prolonged Exercise written by Michael Faine Shipe and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolic Responses During Recovery from Prolonged Exercise written by Tracy Anne Gautsch and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolic Responses of Young Females to Training and Maintenance detraining written by Robert Michael Otto and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Adrenodemedullation on Metabolic Responses to High Intenesity Exercise written by James C. Marker and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolic responses in highly experienced male and female athletes performing exercises with different muscle groups written by Grażyna Lutosławska and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolic Responses and Mechanisms During Water Immersion Running and Exercise written by D. Frangolias and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery E Book written by Kenneth W Hinchcliff and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2023-12-15 with total page 1442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get evidence-based guidelines to keeping athletic horses healthy and physically fit! Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, 3rd Edition provides a comprehensive guide to exercise physiology and training within a clinical context, along with a detailed review of all diseases affecting horses participating in racing and competition. Not only does this text discuss the physiological responses of each body system to exercise, but it covers nutritional support, the prevention of exercise-induced disorders and lameness, and modification of training regimens. New to this edition are topics such as drug effects on performance and the use of cloud-based technologies for monitoring performance, as well as new content on exercise physiology, welfare, conditioning, farriery, behavior, and vision. Written by an expert team of international authors, each print purchase of this this authoritative, all-in-one resource comes with an ebook! NEW! Chapters in this edition include: History of Equine Exercise Physiology Welfare of Equine Athletes in Sport and the Social License to Operate The Connected Horse (focusing on innovative, cloud-based technologies used to monitor athletic horses) Conditioning of the Equine Athlete Principles of Sport Horse Farriery Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Respiratory Disease in Populations of Athletic Horses Behavior and Behavioral Abnormalities in Athletic Horses Vision and Disorders of Vision in Performance Horses Detection of Drug Use in Athletic Horses Drug Effects on Performance of the Equine Athlete Comprehensive coverage is based on sound research and evidence-based practice and provides an understanding of the physiologic processes underlying the responses of horses to exercise and physical conditioning — from musculoskeletal and respiratory disorders to nutrition and physical rehabilitation. International perspective on equine athletics includes guidelines pertinent to different geographic areas and racing jurisdictions. More than 1,000 images include medical illustrations and clinical photos depicting equine anatomy, testing, and treatment scenarios, as well as radiographic, ultrasonographic, CAT, and MRI imaging to support understanding and diagnosis. Coverage of abnormalities of the upper airway is now divided into two chapters: Disease of the Nasopharynx and Diseases of the Larynx and Trachea. Coverage of diseases of the heart is divided into two chapters: Arrhythmias and Abnormalities of the Cardiac Conduction System and Structural Heart Disease, Cardiomyopathy, and Diseases of Large Vessels. eBook version, included with print purchase, gives you the power to access all the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.