Download or read book Metabolic Benefits of Plant based N 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brown Thermogenesis written by Kyung Ho Park and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are two essential fatty acids for humans, a-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), which should be taken from foods to maintain health. Once incorporated into cells, ALA and LA, which are omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) and n-6 PUFA respectively, undergo elongation and desaturation to generate longer and more unsaturated fatty acids influencing inflammation and immunological responses. Numerous studies showed a dietary reduction of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio improves cardiovascular health, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Fish oil, the main resource for n-3 PUFA, is shown to increase these health benefits. In our lab, we investigated the efficacy of ALA-enriched butter (n3Bu) as an alternative to fish oil for n-3 PUFA. n3Bufed mice showed increased bioconversion of ALA to long-chain n-3 PUFA (LC n-3 PUFA) and attenuated high fat (HF) diet-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. Besides, these health benefits, n-3 PUFA is shown to improve obesity and its related diseases by regulating lipid metabolism in both white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Fish oil abundant with n-3 PUFA promotes BAT formation and increases its thermogenic activity in cold acclimation. However, the impact of ALAenriched agricultural products on the BAT function is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of ALA-biofortified butter (n3Bu) on lipid metabolism and thermogenic functions in BAT. Intake of n3Bu significantly reduced the whitening of BAT and increased the thermogenesis in response to acute-cold treatment. Consumption of n3Bu promoted bioconversion of LC n-3 PUFA, fatty acid elongation and desaturation, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Taken together, our results support that ALA-biofortified butter is a novel source of n-3 PUFA that potentiates the BAT thermogenic function.

Download or read book Omega 3 Fatty Acids written by Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume argues for the importance of essential nutrients in our diet. Over the last two decades there has been an explosion of research on the relationship of Omega-3 fatty acids and the importance of antioxidants to human health. Expert authors discuss the importance of a diet rich in Omega-3 Fatty acids for successful human growth and development and for the prevention of disease. Chapters highlight their contribution to the prevention and amelioration of a wide range of conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, obesity, mental health and bone health. An indispensable text designed for nutritionists, dietitians, clinicians and health related professionals, Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Keys to Nutritional Health presents a comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge about the nutritional effects of Omega-3 fatty acids and their delivery in foods.

Download or read book The Role of Dietary Fatty Acids from Plant based Oils in Metabolic and Vascular Disease written by Jennifer Emily Enns and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dietary fat has long been implicated in the etiology of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, and both the amount of fat and the fatty acid composition of the diet play a role in disease progression. Although national health organizations have set guidelines for the recommended intake of dietary fats, questions remain regarding the optimal dietary lipid profile for maintaining health and improving disease conditions. Whether certain types of fatty acids from plant-based oils can improve metabolic and vascular disease has been studied and debated, but not fully determined. In this study, we investigated the role of dietary fatty acids from plant-based oils, and examined their effects on metabolic and vascular disease parameters. Obese fa/fa Zucker rats were fed a diet containing flaxseed oil, which resulted in smaller adipocytes and decreased adipose tissue T-cell infiltration. Obese-prone Sprague Dawley rats were fed high-fat diets with different proportions of mono- and polyunsaturated fats. Changes were observed in adipose tissue levels of fatty acid synthase, adiponectin and fatty acid receptors GPR41 and GPR43, but other metabolic and inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue and serum remained stable. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of n3 fatty acids on major cardiovascular endpoints showed that little evidence exists to support their role in peripheral arterial disease. Then again, very few studies on this topic have been conducted. To address this research gap, a clinical trial was designed to investigate the effects of a dietary intervention on blood vessel properties in people with peripheral arterial disease. Participants in the Canola-PAD Study consumed 25 g/day of canola oil or a Western diet oil mixture as part of their usual diet for 8 weeks. Although the intervention altered phospholipid fatty acids, vascular function, the lipid profile and inflammatory markers stayed relatively stable. Overall, this research demonstrates that dietary fatty acids from plant-based oils can be immunomodulatory, but at the physiological doses tested they are not potent mediators of functional changes in obesity or vascular physiology.

Download or read book Omega 6 omega 3 Essential Fatty Acid Ratio written by Artemis P. Simopoulos and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies on the evolutionary aspects of diet and molecular studies included in this volume indicate that human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in the essential fatty acids (EFA). In fact, the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 EFA was 1/1 whereas present day diets in both developed and developing countries have a much higher ratio, between 5/1 and 50/1. Additional studies show that a high ratio of omega-6/omega-3 EFA is detrimental to health and may lead to the development of chronic diseases. Improving the dietary ratio by decreasing the omega-6 fatty acids and increasing the omega-3 fatty acids is essential for brain function and for the management of cardiovascular disease, arthritis and cancer. A ratio of 4/1 or less leads to lower dosage and to the reduction of adverse effects of drugs. This volume should be of interest to a large and varied audience of researchers in academia, industry, and government; cardiologists, geneticists, immunologists, neuroscientists, and cancer specialists; as well as nutritionists, dietitians, food scientists, agriculturists, economists and regulators.

Download or read book Dietary Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cancer written by Gabriella Calviello and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-01-22 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cancer provides all the latest information on the possible benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) against a wide series of cancers. Several influential scientists in this field have contributed to make this book unique amongst the others published so far in this field. The chapters give detailed information about the results obtained in this field through experimental studies conducted on both animals and cultured cells, as well as through human intervention trials and epidemiological observational studies. This book represents an important tool for researchers working in nutrition and oncology, since it collects all the knowledge about omega-3 PUFAs and cancer, even the most recent, in a single publication. For the first time controversies among the different studies are also covered with great detail in this book. The book enables physicians to clearly understand on a scientific basis if their oncologic patients or patients at risk of cancer could actually benefit from a diet enriched in omega-3 PUFAs or from a dietary supplementation with these fatty acids. The book represents also a good resource for ordinary individuals as well as cancer patients to learn more about omega-3 PUFAs and understand how these dietary components may affect cancer growth.

Download or read book Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism written by Graham C. Burdge and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism explores a number of major roles of PUFA in the body, including its role as a component of cell membranes and how it provides substrates for the synthesis of lipid second messengers. Recent studies are unraveling the effect of interactions between diet and endocrine factors and genetic and epigenetic variation on the regulation of PUFA biosynthesis in animals. Together, these recent findings provide novel insights into the impact of differences in PUFA supply on health. This book captures these findings in a manner that marks the state-of-the-art, placing them in the wider context of PUFA metabolism and nutritional science. Users will find a comprehensive discussion on the topic that presents the contributions of leading researchers who combine their knowledge to create a cohesive academic resource for researchers, those involved in production, and health policymakers. - Provides a comprehensive view of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism - Describes underlying metabolism on lipids that include polyunsaturated fatty acids - Includes discussions on recent findings on the genetic and epigenetic regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism

Download or read book Nutritional and Metabolic Aspects of N 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Health and Disease written by Anne-Marie Tully and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids written by Brian Patrick Frushour and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nutraceutical Fatty Acids from Oleaginous Microalgae written by Alok Kumar Patel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past several years, extensive research has been done on the microbial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Regardless, research on the oleaginous microalgae used as feedstock for biofuels production and the overall story about the production of nutraceutical fatty acids from oleaginous microalgae has been very limited. This volume provides an exclusive insight on the production of nutraceutical fatty acids from oleaginous microalgae and their role on human health. Some saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids can be synthesized by humans, whereas long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid cannot and are deemed essential. The products of these acids, such as DHA, which is important for early visual and neurological development, are extremely important to human health. Replacing SFAs with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and prevent Alzheimer's, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, among other benefits. The ever-rising global demand for omega-3 & 6 PUFAs, however, cannot be met solely by fish oil, due to diminishing fish stocks and pollution of marine ecosystems, which has led to increased interest in alternative sustainable sources. Vegetable oils from genetically engineered plant oilseeds and microorganisms are two potential alternatives to fish oil, even though omega-3 PUFAs are highest in the latter. Although transgenic plants present numerous advantages, their production is dependent on seasonal and climatic conditions and the availability of arable land. Moreover, there are public concerns regarding the cultivation of transgenic crops in open ecosystems. These, together with regulatory issues restrict the large-scale production of genetically modified crops. Microorganisms, however, are known natural producers of microbial oils similar to those obtained from plants and animals and a possible source of nutritionally important omega-3 & 6 PUFAs. This groundbreaking volume presents invaluable new research on essential fatty acids, their production from various oleaginous microorganisms, biochemical and metabolic engineering to improve PUFAs content in oil, extraction and purification of omega 3 fatty acids, and the current market scenario. Whether a veteran engineer or scientist using it as a reference or a professor using it as a textbook, this outstanding new volume is a must-have for any engineer or scientist working in food science.

Download or read book Lipid Signaling and Metabolism written by James M. Ntambi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-08-09 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lipid Signaling and Metabolism provides foundational knowledge and methods to examine lipid metabolism and bioactive lipid signaling mediators that regulate a broad spectrum of biological processes and disease states. Here, world-renowned investigators offer a basic examination of general lipid, metabolism, intracellular lipid storage and utilization that is followed by an in-depth discussion of lipid signaling and metabolism across disease areas, including obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease and mood-related disorders. Throughout, authors demonstrate how expanding our understanding of lipid mediators in metabolism and signaling enables opportunities for novel therapeutics. Emphasis is placed on bioactive lipid metabolism and research that has been impacted by new technologies and their new potential to transform precision medicine. - Provides a clear, up-to-date understanding of lipid signaling and metabolism and the impact of recent technologies critical to advancing new studies - Empowers researchers to examine bioactive lipid signaling and metabolism, supporting translation to clinical care and precision medicine - Discusses the role of lipid signaling and metabolism in obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease and mood-related disorders, among others

Download or read book Nutraceuticals and Human Health written by Paul A Spagnuolo and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2020-03-17 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutraceuticals is a broad umbrella term used to describe any product derived from food sources with extra health benefits in addition to the basic nutritional value found in foods. This book is a comprehensive look at two themes in the area: technical and biological considerations. Technical considerations include an in-depth look at the process of bioactive identification and extraction and factors controlling bioactive concentrations in food. It also includes details of how these products are regulated and the steps necessary to utilize these products in human populations. Biological considerations include looking at how these products can be used in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, and a discussion on the process of formulations and how these influence bioavailability. This will be the first book to comprehensively examine the entire process of nutraceutical development from food to supplement creation and all the important considerations in between. This serves as an excellent and up-to-date reference for food scientists, food chemists, researchers in nutraceuticals and human nutrition.

Download or read book Free Fatty Acid Receptors written by Graeme Milligan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-08 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the important role free fatty acids (FFA) play as potential drug targets. While FFA have long been considered byproducts of cell metabolism, they are now recognized as ligands that regulate cell and tissue function via G-protein-coupled receptors. At least three receptors have been identified for which FFA appear to be the endogenous ligands.

Download or read book Evaluating Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Metabolism Using Targeted Metabolomics written by Alison Haller Keenan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids (n3 FAs) has gained wide-spread popularity as a consequence of their reported ability to improve multiple health outcomes. The benefits of n3 FAs have been linked to competition with omega-6 fatty acids (n6 FAs) in metabolism; however, the mechanisms of action of n3 and n6 FAs are not fully understood. Targeted metabolomics were utilized in 3 studies to investigate the role of n3 and n6 FAs in metabolism. Specifically, quantification of oxygenated lipid metabolites (oxylipins) from both n3 and n6 fatty acids were measured to explore their production based on dietary consumption. First, a human study was conducted where n3 FAs were given as a supplement, with measurements of fatty acids and plasma oxylipins before and after the 4 week trial. Following 4 weeks of n3 FAs supplementation, n3 FAs increased in red blood cells (RBCs), platelets and plasma at the expense of n6 FAs. Oxylipins derived from n3 FAs increased, but did not significantly decrease oxylipins from n6 FAs. The second study was in Syrian hamsters fed a diet containing a 20:1 ratio of n6:n3 FAs in a low fat (LF) and a high fat (HF) diet over 14 weeks. LF animals increased fatty acid synthesis, and the n6:n3 ratio was increased in plasma in LF animals relative to HF animals. Oxylipins derived from n3 FAs were increased in HF animals. The third study explored cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition in HF diets and HF diets supplemented with n3 FAs. Plasma oxylipin profiles of animals supplemented with n3 FAs were similar to animals on a high fat diet supplemented with aspirin. In sum, these three studies provide insight into the impact of n3 FAs on fat metabolism, which include increased n3 FAs incorporation into blood compartments, decreased n6 FAs in plasma and increased plasma n3 derived oxylipins. Physiological effects of n3 derived oxylipins are not yet fully elucidated, but documentation of their occurrence and abundance is a step towards understanding their role in health outcomes associated with n3 FAs intake.

Download or read book Elucidating the Metabolism of N 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Formation of Bioactive Lipid Mediators in Human Skin written by Magdalena Kiezel and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Dietary Intake of Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health Revealing Potentials of Functional Food written by Ines Drenjančević and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Functional food is a food containing components that show beneficial effects on one or more body functions and improve general condition and health or significantly affect lowering of disease risks. This chapter is aimed to examine the effect of dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) on cardiovascular health. This chapter presents current knowledge on functional poultry products and the reasons to consume them, omega-3 enrichment of eggs and poultry meat, and the differences in profile of fatty acids in conventional and omega-3-enriched eggs. The second part of the chapter focuses on the metabolism of fatty acids and effectiveness of n-3 PUFA in the improvement of endothelial function, improvement of elasticity of the vascular wall and the anti-inflammatory effects in patients with chronic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, and overall effect on cardiovascular health and protection. To achieve long-term protective effects, the functional food should be consumed on daily basis. There are no specific constrains in taking functional food; even more, it can be recommended to athletes and cardiovascular patients. General population can also benefit from eating functional food enriched with n-3 PUFA due to their anti-inflammatory and vascular-protective effects.

Download or read book Defining the Mechanisms of Uncoupling Protein 3 induced Thermogenesis and Metabolism in Brown Adipose Tissue written by Sonya Maria Veron and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) constitute a highly conserved subset of mitochondrial solute carriers. Discovered in small rodents in the early 1970's, UCPs and their homologs have since been found in nematodes, plants, birds, and, most recently, in significant depots within humans (Krauss et al. 2005, Van marken Lichtenbelt 2009). Following activation by long chain fatty acids (LCFA, e.g. oleic acid) and reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g. 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE)), UCPs form a proton channel within the inner mitochondrial membrane and permit the influx of hydrogen ions from the inter membrane space into the mitochondrial matrix. UCPs effectively uncouple oxidative phosphorylation (OX-PHOS) from ATP generation, resulting in increasing oxygen consumption and dissipating the chemical energy in the form of heat. Found primarily in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of small hibernating mammals, the canonical role of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in mammalian adaptive thermogenesis has been thoroughly studied. However, UCP1 is not the only member of the uncoupling family found within BAT. Also playing a key role in this tissue is uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), which is a close homolog to UCP1. However, in spite of the fact that UCP3 shares more than 50% amino acid homology and tissue localization with UCP1, the true function UCP3 is very poorly elucidated. Part of the difficulty in determining this function lies in the expression levels of the UCP3 protein, which are hundreds of folds less than UCP1 in this tissue. In addition, their homologous structure makes teasing apart UCP3-specific phenomena from UCP1-mediated mechanisms very difficult using conventional techniques in cell and molecular biology. While UCP1 is almost exclusively found in BAT, UCP3 is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle (SKM), which lacks UCP1 completely (Krauss et al. 2005). Because UCP3 is so enriched in SKM, many studies have focused on its role in that tissue and have then tried to transpose these functions into BAT. As a result, UCP3 has been implicated in facilitating numerous biological processes, including non-adaptive facultative thermogenesis, affecting SKM oxidative capacity by modulating LCFA export, and ameliorating elevated levels of ROS-mediated stress within the tissue via glutathionine (GSH) interacting moieties. Ultimately, however, little consensus exists on the function of UCP3 within SKM, and subsequently, even less is known about its purpose in BAT. Previous data has shown that murine UCP1 has the capacity to bind to itself and form homo-tetramers when expressed in vitro in recombinant E. coli (Hoang T. et al. 2013). Here we show that UCP1 interacts with UCP3 in BAT in vivo, supporting Hoang's research above by showing that UCP1 has the capacity to not only homodimerize but potentially oligomerize with other UCP homologs. While many groups using UCP3-null mice have reported no gross changes in physiologic responses, data previously published in the lab showed that mice lacking UCP3 were protected from potentially fatal hyperthermic effects when administered sympathomimetic agents such as 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine (METH), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or norepinephrine (NE) (Mills et al. 2003, Kenaston et al. 2010). This implies that UCP3 plays an intimate role in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) mediated thermogenesis. Based upon the foregoing, the primary goal of the research discussed in this thesis was to elucidate the functions of UCP3 within BAT. In this study, we recapitulated results seen by other students in this lab: that global UCP3-null mice do indeed exhibit a blunted thermogenic response when treated with sympathomimetic agonists. In addition, despite the near-ubiquitous expression of UCP2 throughout the mammalian organism, this UCP is not involved in SNS-mediated thermogenesis (Arsenijevic et al. 2000). Our data shows that UCP3 is vital to the catecholamine-mediated thermogenic responses following sympathomimetic drug administration. When challenged by METH, UCP3-null mice were able to respond, albeit with a blunted increase in body temperature. Furthermore, when challenged by NE, a key neurotransmitter involved in mediating the responses initiated by the SNS following METH exposure, UCP3-null mice were able to mount half the hyperthermic response seen in WT littermates. However, UCP1/UCP3 double-null animals exhibited an almost four-fold hypothermic effect compared to WT littermates when challenged with NE. In addition, UCP1/UCP3 double-null mice were unable to restore body temperatures back to baseline values, an effect seen in all the other genotypes. This implies that UCP3 plays an important role in restoring body temperatures to physiological norms. Therefore, while the mechanism underlying the decreased responsiveness to NE remains unclear, it is clear that whether localized to SKM or BAT, UCP3 is a major player in the mammalian response to SNS-mediated thermogenesis and global thermoregulation.

Download or read book Omega 3 Fatty Acid Research written by M. C. Teale and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids are contained in oily fish, such as salmon, lake trout, tuna and herring. These fatty acids are not essential to the diet; however, scientific evidence indicates that these fatty acids may be very beneficial in reducing Coronary Heart Disease among other things. This book brings together some of the recent studies on this important and interesting substance.