Download or read book Memory Hierarchy Using Row based Compression written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A system includes a first memory and a device coupleable to the first memory. The device includes a second memory to cache data from the first memory. The second memory includes a plurality of rows, each row including a corresponding set of compressed data blocks of non-uniform sizes and a corresponding set of tag blocks. Each tag block represents a corresponding compressed data block of the row. The device further includes decompression logic to decompress data blocks accessed from the second memory. The device further includes compression logic to compress data blocks to be stored in the second memory.

Download or read book A Primer on Compression in the Memory Hierarchy written by Somayeh Sardashti and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This synthesis lecture presents the current state-of-the-art in applying low-latency, lossless hardware compression algorithms to cache, memory, and the memory/cache link. There are many non-trivial challenges that must be addressed to make data compression work well in this context. First, since compressed data must be decompressed before it can be accessed, decompression latency ends up on the critical memory access path. This imposes a significant constraint on the choice of compression algorithms. Second, while conventional memory systems store fixed-size entities like data types, cache blocks, and memory pages, these entities will suddenly vary in size in a memory system that employs compression. Dealing with variable size entities in a memory system using compression has a significant impact on the way caches are organized and how to manage the resources in main memory. We systematically discuss solutions in the open literature to these problems. Chapter 2 provides the foundations of data compression by first introducing the fundamental concept of value locality. We then introduce a taxonomy of compression algorithms and show how previously proposed algorithms fit within that logical framework. Chapter 3 discusses the different ways that cache memory systems can employ compression, focusing on the trade-offs between latency, capacity, and complexity of alternative ways to compact compressed cache blocks. Chapter 4 discusses issues in applying data compression to main memory and Chapter 5 covers techniques for compressing data on the cache-to-memory links. This book should help a skilled memory system designer understand the fundamental challenges in applying compression to the memory hierarchy and introduce him/her to the state-of-the-art techniques in addressing them.

Download or read book Cache and Memory Hierarchy Design written by Steven A. Przybylski and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 1990 with total page 1017 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A widely read and authoritative book for hardware and software designers. This innovative book exposes the characteristics of performance-optimal single- and multi-level cache hierarchies by approaching the cache design process through the novel perspective of minimizing execution time.

Download or read book High performance Memory System Architectures Using Data Compression written by Seungcheol Baek and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chip Multi-Processor (CMP) paradigm has cemented itself as the archetypal philosophy of future microprocessor design. Rapidly diminishing technology feature sizes have enabled the integration of ever-increasing numbers of processing cores on a single chip die. This abundance of processing power has magnified the venerable processor-memory performance gap, which is known as the "memory wall". To bridge this performance gap, a high-performing memory structure is needed. An attractive solution to overcoming this processor-memory performance gap is using compression in the memory hierarchy. In this thesis, to use compression techniques more efficiently, compressed cacheline size information is studied, and size-aware cache management techniques and hot-cacheline prediction for dynamic early decompression technique are proposed. Also, the proposed works in this thesis attempt to mitigate the limitations of phase change memory (PCM) such as low write performance and limited long-term endurance. One promising solution is the deployment of hybridized memory architectures that fuse dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and PCM, to combine the best attributes of each technology by using the DRAM as an off-chip cache. A dual-phase compression technique is proposed for high-performing DRAM/PCM hybrid environments and a multi-faceted wear-leveling technique is proposed for the long-term endurance of compressed PCM. This thesis also includes a new compression-based hybrid multi-level cell (MLC)/single-level cell (SLC) PCM management technique that aims to combine the performance edge of SLCs with the higher capacity of MLCs in a hybrid environment.

Download or read book Innovations in the Memory System written by Rajeev Balasubramonian and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The memory system has the potential to be a hub for future innovation. While conventional memory systems focused primarily on high density, other memory system metrics like energy, security, and reliability are grabbing modern research headlines. With processor performance stagnating, it is also time to consider new programming models that move some application computations into the memory system. This, in turn, will lead to feature-rich memory systems with new interfaces. The past decade has seen a number of memory system innovations that point to this future where the memory system will be much more than dense rows of unintelligent bits. This book takes a tour through recent and prominent research works, touching upon new DRAM chip designs and technologies, near data processing approaches, new memory channel architectures, techniques to tolerate the overheads of refresh and fault tolerance, security attacks and mitigations, and memory scheduling.

Download or read book The Fractal Structure of Data Reference written by Bruce McNutt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-11-24 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The architectural concept of a memory hierarchy has been immensely successful, making possible today's spectacular pace of technology evolution in both the volume of data and the speed of data access. Its success is difficult to understand, however, when examined within the traditional "memoryless" framework of performance analysis. The `memoryless' framework cannot properly reflect a memory hierarchy's ability to take advantage of patterns of data use that are transient. The Fractal Structure of Data Reference: Applications to the Memory Hierarchy both introduces, and justifies empirically, an alternative modeling framework in which arrivals are driven by a statistically self-similar underlying process, and are transient in nature. The substance of this book comes from the ability of the model to impose a mathematically tractable structure on important problems involving the operation and performance of a memory hierarchy. It describes events as they play out at a wide range of time scales, from the operation of file buffers and storage control cache, to a statistical view of entire disk storage applications. Striking insights are obtained about how memory hierarchies work, and how to exploit them to best advantage. The emphasis is on the practical application of such results. The Fractal Structure of Data Reference: Applications to the Memory Hierarchy will be of interest to professionals working in the area of applied computer performance and capacity planning, particularly those with a focus on disk storage. The book is also an excellent reference for those interested in database and data structure research.

Download or read book The Design and Implementation of Modern Column Oriented Database Systems written by Daniel Abadi and published by Now Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Design and Implementation of Modern Column-Oriented Database Systems discusses modern column-stores, their architecture and evolution as well the benefits they can bring in data analytics.

Download or read book A Quantitative Evaluation of Data Compression in the Memory Hierarchy written by Morten Kjelso and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Redesigning the Memory Hierarchy to Exploit Static and Dynamic Application Information written by Po-An Tsai and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Memory hierarchies are crucial to performance and energy efficiency, but current systems adopt rigid, hardware-managed cache hierarchies that cause needless data movement. The root cause for the inefficiencies of cache hierarchies is that they adopt a legacy interface and ignore most application information. Specifically, they are structured as a rigid hierarchy of progressively larger and slower cache levels, with sizes and policies fixed at design time. Caches expose a flat address space to programs that hides the hierarchy's structure and transparently move data across cache levels in fixed-size blocks using simple, fixed heuristics. Besides squandering valuable application-level information, this design is very costly: providing the illusion of a flat address space requires complex address translation machinery, such as associative lookups in caches. This thesis proposes to redesign the memory hierarchy to better exploit application information. We take a cross-layer approach that redesigns the hardware-software interface to put software in control of the hierarchy and naturally convey application semantics. We focus on two main directions: First, we design reconfigurable cache hierarchies that exploit dynamic application information to optimize their structure on the fly, approaching the performance of the best application-specific hierarchy Hardware monitors application memory behavior at low overhead, and a software runtime uses this information to periodically reconfigure the system. This approach enables software to (i) build single- or multi-level virtual cache hierarchies tailored to the needs of each application, making effective use of spatially distributed and heterogeneous (e.g., SRAM and stacked DRAM) cache banks; (ii) replicate shared data near-optimally to minimize on-chip and off-chip traffic; and (iii) schedule computation across systems with heterogeneous hierarchies (e.g., systems with near-data processors). Specializing the memory system to each application improves performance and energy efficiency, since applications can avoid using resources that they do not benefit from, and use the remaining resources to hold their data at minimum latency and energy. For example, virtual cache hierarchies improve full-system energy-delay-product (EDP) by up to 85% over a combination of state-of-the-art techniques. Second, we redesign the memory hierarchy to exploit static application information by managing variable-sized objects, the natural unit of data access in programs, instead of fixed-size cache lines. We present the Hotpads object-based hierarchy, which leverages object semantics to hide the memory layout and dispense with the flat address space interface. Similarly to how memory-safe languages abstract the memory layout, Hotpads exposes an interface based on object pointers that disallows arbitrary address arithmetic. This avoids the need for associative caches. Instead, Hotpads moves objects across a hierarchy of directly addressed memories. It rewrites pointers to avoid most associative lookups, provides hardware support for memory management, and unifies hierarchical garbage collection and data placement. Hotpads also enables many new optimizations. For instance, we have designed Zippads, a memory hierarchy that leverages Hotpads to compress objects. Leveraging object semantics and the ability to rewrite pointers in Hotpads, Zippads compresses and stores objects more compactly, with a novel compression algorithm that exploits redundancy across objects. Though object-based languages are often seen as sacrificing performance for productivity, this work shows that hardware can exploit this abstraction to improve performance and efficiency over cache hierarchies: Hotpads reduces dynamic memory hierarchy energy by 2.6x and improves performance by 34%; and Zippads reduces main memory footprint by 2x while improving performance by 30%.

Download or read book Using Compression for Energy optimized Memory Hierarchies written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In multicore processor systems, last-level caches (LLCs) play a crucial role in reducing system energy by i) filtering out expensive accesses to main memory and ii) reducing the time spent executing in high-power states. Increasing the LLC size can improve system performance and energy by reducing memory accesses, but at the cost of high area and power overheads. In this dissertation, I explored using compression to effectively improve the LLC capacity and ultimately system performance and energy consumption. Cache compression is a promising technique for expanding effective cache capacity with little area overhead. Compressed caches can achieve the benefits of larger caches using the area and power of smaller caches by fitting more cache blocks in the same cache space. However, previous compressed cache designs have demonstrated only limited benefits due to internal fragmentation, limited tags, and metadata overhead. In addition, most previous proposals targeted improving system performance even at high power and energy overheads. In this dissertation, I propose two novel compressed cache designs that are optimized for energy: Decoupled Compressed Cache (DCC) [21] [22] and Skewed Compressed Cache (SCC) [23]. DCC and SCC tightly pack variable size compressed blocks to reduce internal fragmentation. They exploit spatial locality to track compressed blocks while reducing tag overheads by tracking super-blocks. Compared to conventional uncompressed caches, DCC and SCC improve the cache miss rate by increasing the effective capacity and reducing conflicts. Compared to DCC, SCC further lowers area overhead and design complexity. In addition to proposing efficient compressed cache designs, I take another step forward to study compression benefits for real applications running on real machines. Since most proposals on compressed caching are on non-existing hardware, architects evaluate those using detailed simulators with small benchmarks. So, whether cache compression would benefit real applications running on real machines is not clear. In this dissertation, I address this question by analyzing the compressibility of several real applications, including production servers of the Computer Sciences Department of UW-Madison. I show that compression could in fact be beneficial to many real applications.

Download or read book Cache memory Interfaces in Compressed Memory Systems written by International Business Machines Corporation. Research Division. (IBMRD) and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: "We consider a number of cache/memory hierarchy design issues in systems with compressed random access memories (C-RAMs), in which compression and decompression occur automatically to and from main memory. Using a C-RAM as main memory, segments of main memory are stored in a compressed format, and dynamically decompressed to handle cache misses at the next higher level of memory. Design of main memory directory structures and storage allocation methods in such systems are described elsewhere; here we focus on issues related to cache-memory interfaces. In particular, if the cache line size (of the cache or caches to which main memory data is transferred) is different than the size of the unit of compression in main memory, bandwidth and latency problems can occur. Another issue is that of guaranteed forward progress, that is ensuring that modified lines can be written to the compressed main memory so that the system can continue operation even if overall compression deteriorates. We study several approaches for solving these problems, using trace-driven analysis to evaluate alternatives."

Download or read book In Memory Data Management written by Hasso Plattner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-03-08 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last 50 years the world has been completely transformed through the use of IT. We have now reached a new inflection point. Here we present, for the first time, how in-memory computing is changing the way businesses are run. Today, enterprise data is split into separate databases for performance reasons. Analytical data resides in warehouses, synchronized periodically with transactional systems. This separation makes flexible, real-time reporting on current data impossible. Multi-core CPUs, large main memories, cloud computing and powerful mobile devices are serving as the foundation for the transition of enterprises away from this restrictive model. We describe techniques that allow analytical and transactional processing at the speed of thought and enable new ways of doing business. The book is intended for university students, IT-professionals and IT-managers, but also for senior management who wish to create new business processes by leveraging in-memory computing.

Download or read book Architectural Techniques to Enable Reliable and High Performance Memory Hierarchy in Chip Multi processors written by Amin Jadidi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Constant technology scaling has enabled modern computing systems to achieve high degrees of thread-level parallelism, making the design of a highly scalable and dense memory hierarchy a major challenge. During the past few decades SRAM has been widely used as the dominant technology to build on-chip cache hierarchies. On the other hand, for the main memory, DRAM has been exploited to satisfy the applications demand. However, both of these two technologies face serious scalability and power consumption problems. While there has been enormous research work to address the drawbacks of these technologies, researchers have also been considering non-volatile memory technologies to replace SRAM and DRAM in future processors. Among dierent non-volatile technologies, Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM) and Phase Change Memory (PCM) are the most promising candidates to replace SRAM and DRAM technologies, respectively. Researchers believe that the memory hierarchy in future computing systems will consist of a hybrid combination of current technologies (i.e., SRAM and DRAM) and non-volatile technologies (e.g., STT-RAM, and PCM). While each of these technologies have their own unique features, they have some specic limitations as well. Therefore, in order to achieve a memory hierarchy that satises all the system-level requirements, we need to study each of these memory technologies.In this dissertation, the author proposes several mechanisms to address some of the major issues with each of these technologies. To relieve the wear-out problem in a PCM-based main memory, a compression-based platform is proposed, where the compression scheme collaborates with wear-leveling and error correction schemes to further extend the memory lifetime. On the other hand, to mitigate the write disturbance problem in PCM, a new write strategy as well as a non-overlapping data layout is proposed to manage the thermal disturbance among adjacent cells.For the on-chip cache, however, we would like to achieve a scalable low-latency conguration. To this end, the author proposes a morphable SLC-MLC STT-RAM cache which dynamically trade-os between larger capacity and lower latency, based on the applications demand. While adopting scalable memory technologies, such as STT-RAM, improves the performance of cache-sensitive applications, the cache thrashing problem will stil exist in applications with very large data working-set. To address this issue, the author proposes a selective caching mechanism for highly parallel architectures. And, also introduces a criticality-aware compressed last-level cache which is capable of holding a larger portion of the data working-set while the access latency is kept low.

Download or read book The Compiler Design Handbook written by Y.N. Srikant and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-09-25 with total page 930 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The widespread use of object-oriented languages and Internet security concerns are just the beginning. Add embedded systems, multiple memory banks, highly pipelined units operating in parallel, and a host of other advances and it becomes clear that current and future computer architectures pose immense challenges to compiler designers-challenges th

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology Fourth Edition written by Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A., Mehdi and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-06-20 with total page 8356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, our world has experienced a profound shift and progression in available computing and knowledge sharing innovations. These emerging advancements have developed at a rapid pace, disseminating into and affecting numerous aspects of contemporary society. This has created a pivotal need for an innovative compendium encompassing the latest trends, concepts, and issues surrounding this relevant discipline area. During the past 15 years, the Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology has become recognized as one of the landmark sources of the latest knowledge and discoveries in this discipline. The Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition is a 10-volume set which includes 705 original and previously unpublished research articles covering a full range of perspectives, applications, and techniques contributed by thousands of experts and researchers from around the globe. This authoritative encyclopedia is an all-encompassing, well-established reference source that is ideally designed to disseminate the most forward-thinking and diverse research findings. With critical perspectives on the impact of information science management and new technologies in modern settings, including but not limited to computer science, education, healthcare, government, engineering, business, and natural and physical sciences, it is a pivotal and relevant source of knowledge that will benefit every professional within the field of information science and technology and is an invaluable addition to every academic and corporate library.

Download or read book High Performance Embedded Computing written by Marilyn Wolf and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2014-03-17 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-Performance Embedded Computing, Second Edition, combines leading-edge research with practical guidance in a variety of embedded computing topics, including real-time systems, computer architecture, and low-power design. Author Marilyn Wolf presents a comprehensive survey of the state of the art, and guides you to achieve high levels of performance from the embedded systems that bring these technologies together. The book covers CPU design, operating systems, multiprocessor programs and architectures, and much more. Embedded computing is a key component of cyber-physical systems, which combine physical devices with computational resources for control and communication. This revised edition adds new content and examples of cyber-physical systems throughout the book, including design methodologies, scheduling, and wide-area CPS to illustrate the possibilities of these new systems. - Revised and updated with coverage of recently developed consumer electronics architectures and models of computing - Includes new VLIW processors such as the TI Da Vinci, and CPU simulation - Learn model-based verification and middleware for embedded systems - Supplemental material includes lecture slides, labs, and additional resources

Download or read book In Memory Analytics with Apache Arrow written by Matthew Topol and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2024-09-30 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Harness the power of Apache Arrow to optimize tabular data processing and develop robust, high-performance data systems with its standardized, language-independent columnar memory format Key Features Explore Apache Arrow's data types and integration with pandas, Polars, and Parquet Work with Arrow libraries such as Flight SQL, Acero compute engine, and Dataset APIs for tabular data Enhance and accelerate machine learning data pipelines using Apache Arrow and its subprojects Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBook Book DescriptionApache Arrow is an open source, columnar in-memory data format designed for efficient data processing and analytics. This book harnesses the author’s 15 years of experience to show you a standardized way to work with tabular data across various programming languages and environments, enabling high-performance data processing and exchange. This updated second edition gives you an overview of the Arrow format, highlighting its versatility and benefits through real-world use cases. It guides you through enhancing data science workflows, optimizing performance with Apache Parquet and Spark, and ensuring seamless data translation. You’ll explore data interchange and storage formats, and Arrow's relationships with Parquet, Protocol Buffers, FlatBuffers, JSON, and CSV. You’ll also discover Apache Arrow subprojects, including Flight, SQL, Database Connectivity, and nanoarrow. You’ll learn to streamline machine learning workflows, use Arrow Dataset APIs, and integrate with popular analytical data systems such as Snowflake, Dremio, and DuckDB. The latter chapters provide real-world examples and case studies of products powered by Apache Arrow, providing practical insights into its applications. By the end of this book, you’ll have all the building blocks to create efficient and powerful analytical services and utilities with Apache Arrow.What you will learn Use Apache Arrow libraries to access data files, both locally and in the cloud Understand the zero-copy elements of the Apache Arrow format Improve the read performance of data pipelines by memory-mapping Arrow files Produce and consume Apache Arrow data efficiently by sharing memory with the C API Leverage the Arrow compute engine, Acero, to perform complex operations Create Arrow Flight servers and clients for transferring data quickly Build the Arrow libraries locally and contribute to the community Who this book is for This book is for developers, data engineers, and data scientists looking to explore the capabilities of Apache Arrow from the ground up. Whether you’re building utilities for data analytics and query engines, or building full pipelines with tabular data, this book can help you out regardless of your preferred programming language. A basic understanding of data analysis concepts is needed, but not necessary. Code examples are provided using C++, Python, and Go throughout the book.