Download or read book Macrophage Polarization in Liver Disease written by Jenna Danielle Strickland and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In severe cases of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, acute liver injury rapidly progresses to acute liver failure (ALF), producing life threatening complications including, hepatic encephalopathy and multi-organ failure. Systemic levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) are highest in ALF patients with the poorest prognosis. However, the mechanistic basis for dysregulation of these cytokines, and their association with outcome in ALF remains poorly defined. Standard experimental settings of APAP hepatotoxicity in mice (i.e., 300 mg/kg) do not recapitulate key features of ALF in critically ill patients, including impaired hepatocyte proliferation, kidney injury, evidence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), and cytokine dysregulation. Further, in stark contrast to ALF patients, IL-6 and IL-10 limit liver injury, increase hepatocyte proliferation, and reduce mortality under these experimental conditions. Thus, to investigate cytokine dysregulation in true ALF, we used a robust experimental setting of failed liver repair after APAP overdose in which a high dose of APAP is administered. Under these experimental conditions, we detected high serum levels of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-10, and observed increased levels of PD-L1 on macrophages mimicking systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that occurs in critically ill ALF patients. Further, cerebral blood flow was markedly reduced in these mice, recapitulating a key feature of hepatic encephalopathy in ALF patients. Remarkably, neutralization of IL-6 in this setting restored cerebral blood flow, reduced mortality, and normalized levels of IL-10 and PD-L1. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-6 increased levels of Gas6, the primary ligand for the receptor Axl, which our studies revealed is essential for protection of the hepatic sinusoidal vasculature from injury after APAP overdose. In addition, our studies demonstrated that macrophage-mediated clearance of necrotic cells was prevented in mice with ALF, but was restored by neutralization of IL-10. Lastly, our studies identified Kupffer cells (KCs), the resident macrophages of the liver, as a primary source of IL-6, IL-10 and PD-L1 in APAP-induced ALF, and demonstrated further that the transcriptional regulator, NFKBIZ, may be responsible for enhanced IL-6 production in ALF. Collectively, our studies reveal that exaggerated levels of IL-6 are detrimental in APAP-induced ALF in mice, and suggest that therapies aimed at reducing IL-6 levels in patients with APAP-induced ALF may be beneficial. Additionally, as a part of this dissertation, we have developed a high-throughput assay that can detect differentiation of proinflammatory macrophages into pro-repair macrophages for use as a drug screening platform to identify chemicals/drugs that stimulate this process. Drugs identified from this screen could ultimately be used to restore macrophage function and liver repair in patients with both acute and chronic forms of liver failure.
Download or read book Macrophages in Liver Disease written by Ruchi Bansal and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Download or read book Macrophage Activation written by Khalid Hussain Bhat and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophages are the sentinels of the immune system whose role has evolved beyond providing aseptic conditions to homeostasis, immune regulation, development, and behaviour. These cells have varied ontogenetic origins which reflects in their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. Macrophage functions are fine-tuned by exogenous and endogenous signals and once tweaked, the information is included in their genetic makeup, albeit not indefinitely. Subversion of the macrophage functions is the hallmark of many pathogenic organisms and modulation of macrophage activity is pivotal to many therapeutic strategies. Fascinating and rapid developments in this field have necessitated the maintenance of currency of knowledge. This book provides a current account of information on varied topics in macrophage biology. Literature surveys have been presented in a captivating and lucid language. The contributing authors have also provided brief accounts of their own research. Every chapter provides a future perspective of what more could be achieved in the context of the current knowledge. The book will be of interest to students and researchers in microbiology, immunobiology, translational research, pathology, and related fields.
Download or read book M1 M2 Macrophages The Arginine Fork in the Road to Health and Disease written by Charles Dudley Mills and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-03-23 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophages have unique and diverse functions necessary for survival. And, in humans (and other species), they are the most abundant leukocytes in tissues. The Innate functions of macrophages that are best known are their unusual ability to either “Kill” or “Repair”. Since killing is a destructive process and repair is a constructive process, it was stupefying how one cell could exhibit these 2 polar – opposite functions. However, in the late 1980’s, it was shown that macrophages have a unique ability to enzymatically metabolize Arginine to Nitric Oxide (NO, a gaseous non – specific killer molecule) or to Ornithine (a precursor of polyamines and collagen for repair). The dual Arginine metabolic capacity of macrophages provided a functional explanation for their ability to kill or repair. Macrophages predominantly producing NO are called M1 and those producing Ornithine are called M2. M1 and M2 – dominant responses occur in lower vertebrates, and in T cell deficient vertebrates being directly driven by Damage and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP and PAMP). Thus, M1 and M2 are Innate responses that protect the host without Adaptive Immunity. In turn, M1/M2 is supplanting previous models in which T cells were necessary to “activate” or “alternatively activate” macrophages (the Th1/Th2 paradigm). M1 and M2 macrophages were named such because of the additional key findings that these macrophages stimulate Th1 and Th2 – like responses, respectively. So, in addition to their unique ability to kill or repair, macrophages also govern Adaptive Immunity. All of the foregoing would be less important if M1 or M2 – dominant responses were not observed in disease. But, they are. The best example to date is the predominance of M2 macrophages in human tumors where they act like wound repair macrophages and actively promote growth. More generally, humans have become M2 – dominant because sanitation, antibiotics and vaccines have lessened M1 responses. And, M2 dominance seems the cause of ever - increasing allergies in developed countries. Obesity represents a new and different circumstance. Surfeit energy (e.g., lipoproteins) causes monocytes to become M1 dominant in the vessel walls causing plaques. Because M1 or M2 dominant responses are clearly causative in many modern diseases, there is great potential in developing the means to selectively stimulate (or inhibit) either M1 or M2 responses to kill or repair, or to stimulate Th1 or Th2 responses, depending on the circumstance. The contributions here are meant to describe diseases of M1 or M2 dominance, and promising new methodologies to modulate the fungible metabolic machinery of macrophages for better health.
Download or read book The Role of Macrophage Polarization in Liver Repair Following an Acute Injury written by Akie Jessica Mochizuki and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Kr ppel like Factor 4 is a Transcriptional Regulator of M1 M2 Macrophage Polarization in Alcoholic Liver Disease written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Myeloid cells in health and liver disease written by Evangelos Triantafyllou and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-06-26 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cells of the myeloid lineage display diverse roles and functions both in tissue homeostatic conditions and during the development of liver diseases. Hepatic myeloid cells such asKupffer cells exert immune surveillance while maintaining immune tolerance. This helps to prevent excessive immune stimulation upon encounter with gut-derived antigens from food and commensal microbes, or rapidly identifying and eliminating pathogens. Myeloid cells also exhibit a dual role by contributing to both the initiation and progression of liver diseases. During liver inflammation, myeloid cells secrete cytokines and chemokines that promote chemotaxis and tissue damage. Further down the process they can undergo reprogramming into pro-resolving, anti-inflammatory cells. In extremis, these can lead to loss of liver function and development of fibrosis and cirrhosis. Liver myeloid cells can also dictate the progress of hepatic malignancy by either promoting the infiltration and activation or suppressing the activities of effector and/or cytotoxic T cells.
Download or read book Macrophages Biology and Role in the Pathology of Diseases written by Subhra K. Biswas and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-12 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophages are a key component of the innate immune system and play an integral role in host defense and homeostasis. On one hand, these cells contribute to host defence by triggering inflammation, displaying microbicidal/tumoricidal properties, regulating the activation of adaptive immunity and promoting resolution of inflammation. On the other hand, they contribute to essential trophic functions such as neural patterning, bone morphogenesis and ductal branching in mammary glands. Thus, macrophages are extremely versatile cells that can respond efficiently to tissue micro environmental cues by polarizing to distinct phenotypes, depending on the functions they need to perform. Indeed, functional diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of these cells. Macrophages may also play a detrimental role. An overwhelming body of literature has indicated their crucial role in pathogenesis. The list includes sepsis, cancer, metabolic syndrome, immunodeficiency, auto-immune disease-virtually impacting every major pathology that we know. These observations have suggested macrophages and their related molecules as potential targets in therapeutic applications. Available evidence proclaims macrophages as a key player in homeostasis, host defense and disease. Crucial developments in the past few years call for a re-evaluation and update of our understanding of macrophages. The present book is an endeavour that attempts provide state-of-the art knowledge of these cells in health and disease.
Download or read book Stellate Cells in Health and Disease written by Chandrashekhar Gandhi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-04-10 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stellate Cells in Health and Disease is a comprehensive reference providing the most up-to-date knowledge and perspectives on the function of stellate cells affecting the liver and other organs. The text presents comprehensive coverage of their already established role in hepatic fibrosis along with the newer emerging evidence for stellate cell participation in the liver cell (hepatocyte) survival and regeneration, hepatic immunobiology, transplant tolerance, and liver cancer. Chapters describe both animal and human research and the relevance of findings from animal research to human pathophysiology, and also contain sections on future directions which will be of special interest to basic and clinical researchers working on liver fibrosis, hepatic biology, and pathobiology. Presents coverage of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis with stellate cells as a target for therapy. Shows stellate cells as a major participant in hepatic immunobiology, including transplantation immunology. Key illustrations show the phenotypical changes in stellate cells in situ and tissue culture, their interactions with other cell types, signaling pathways and demonstrate the functions and roles of stellate cell in pathological processes.
Download or read book Liver X Receptors Command the Transcriptional and Functional Polarization of Humnan Macrophages written by Arturo González de la Aleja Molina and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophages populate every tissue in the body, where are determinant to theirhomeostasis. To develop this crucial task, macrophages display a quasi-infinite spectrum ofphenotypes or "polarization states", and these states are determined by tissue moleculesand substances present in their immediate surroundings. Thus, macrophages are extremelyplastic cells capable of sensing and adapting to their environment. During inflammation,macrophages exert pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory/resolving effector functions,which are crucial for tissue injury removal and return to homeostasis, and whose unbalancepromotes chronic inflammatory diseases.To simplify the study of macrophage polarization, we analyzed two extremepolarization states: proinflammatory and antiinflammatory macrophages. We differentiatedmonocytes in vitro from healthy blood donors to macrophages using GM-CSF and M-CSF,respectively. M-CSF primes macrophages for acquisition of an anti-inflammatory (IL10high)and immunosuppressive (protumoral) profile. GM-CSF is produced at sites of inflammationand primes macrophages for robust antigen-presenting, T cell-stimulatory (antitumoral) andpro-inflammatory activity (TNFhigh IL6high). Therefore, human proinflammatory macrophages(GM-MØ from now on) and human antiinflammatory macrophages (M-MØ from now on) resemble in vivo arthritis-related synovial macrophages and tumor associated macrophages, respectively...
Download or read book Macrophage Polarization in Lung Biology and Diseases written by Leema George and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophage Polarization in Lung Biology and Diseases.
Download or read book The M2 Macrophage written by Tamás Röszer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-03 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophages are core components of the innate immune system. Once activated, they may have either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects that include pathogen killing, safe disposal of apoptotic cells or tissue renewal. The activation state of macrophages is conceptualized by the so-called M1/M2 model of polarization. M2 macrophages are not simply antagonists of M1 macrophages; rather, they represent a network of tissue resident macrophages with roles in tissue development and organ homeostasis. M2 macrophages govern functions at the interfaces of immunity, tissue development and turnover, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Dysfunction in M2 macrophages can ruin the healthy interplay between the immune system and metabolic processes, and lead to diseases such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, M2 macrophages are essential for healthy tissue development and immunological self-tolerance. Worryingly, these functions of M2 macrophages can also be disrupted, resulting in tumor growth and autoimmunity. This book comprehensively discusses the biology of M2 macrophages, summarizes the current state of knowledge, and highlights key questions that remain unanswered.
Download or read book Immunomodulatory Biomaterials written by Stephen F. Badylak and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-07-30 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomaterials have existed for millennia as mechanical replacement structures following disease or injury. Biomaterial design has changed markedly from structural support with an “inert immune profile as the primary objective to designs that elicit an integrative local tissue response and a pro-repair immune cell phenotype. Immunomodulatory Biomaterials: Regulating the Immune Response with Biomaterials to Affect Clinical Outcome offers a single, comprehensive reference on biomaterials for modulation of the host response, for materials scientists, tissue engineers and those working in regenerative medicine. This book details methods, materials and strategies designed to regulate the host immune response following surgical implantation and thus facilitate specific local cell infiltration and tissue deposition. There has been a dramatic transformation in our understanding of the role of the immune system, both innate and adaptive; these changes include recognition of the plasticity of immune cells, especially macrophages, cross-talk between the immune system and stem cells, and the necessity for in situ transition between inflammatory and regulatory immune cell phenotypes. The exploitation of these findings and the design and manufacture of new biomaterials is occurring at an astounding pace. There is currently no book directed at the interdisciplinary principles guiding the design, manufacture, testing, and clinical translation of biomaterials that proactively regulate the host tissue immune response. The challenge for academia, industry, and regulatory agencies to encourage innovation while assuring safety and maximizing efficacy has never been greater. Given the highly interdisciplinary requirements for the design, manufacture and use of immunomodulatory biomaterials, this book will prove a useful single resource across disciplines. Holistically covers the design, manufacture, testing, and clinical translation of biomaterials that proactively regulate the host tissue immune response Provides a single reference for understanding and utilizing the host response in biomaterials design An international collaboration of leading researchers in the field offering a novel insight into this fast-growing area
Download or read book Biology of Myelomonocytic Cells written by Anirban Ghosh and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-05-10 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Myelomonocytes are the multipotent cells in the stage of blood cell differentiation, which mainly comprise blood monocytes, tissue macrophages and subset of dendritic cells. Actually, their position and ability of judgement of the health of tissue or organ environment are the key initiators of tissue-specific immune response in a local and global fashion. Interestingly, the morpho-functional aspects of this group of cells vary to a wide range with their positional diversity. Their ability to communicate or represent the tissue microenvironment to the peripheral immune system and efficiency to engage the system to effector activation hold the key for a successful immune endeavour. The present volume shows some glimpses of such an extensive area of current immunology research.
Download or read book Human Monocytes written by Marek Zembala and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monocytes represent one of the major types of white blood cells in man which prevent infection by ingesting and killing invading pathogens and by releasing factors which stimulate and regulate lymphocytes. Monocytes "purify" the blood, removing immune complexes, mediating inflammatory responses, and initiating tissue repair. Human Monocytes represents an up-to-date, definitive account of this important cell. It covers the cells biochemical, immunological, and inflammatory functionsand its role in many diseases, including asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and AIDS.
Download or read book Pathophysiology of Obesity Induced Health Complications written by Paramjit S. Tappia and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-17 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the World Health Organization, the epidemic of global obesity has nearly tripled since 1975. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight, over 650 million of which were obese. Being overweight and obese has been linked to a number of non-communicable, chronic diseases. Pathophysiology of Obesity-Induced Health Complications is a compilation of review articles dedicated to describe co-morbidities associated with obesity. The wide range that is covered is of significant interest to basic research scientists, clinicians and graduate students who are engaged in studying obesity-induced health complications. Furthermore, this book highlights the potential of novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of obesity and its related illnesses. Nineteen articles in this book are organized in four sections that are designed to provide an overview of obesity-induced health complications. The first section serves as an introductory section on the prevalence, causes, consequences, treatments and preventive approaches for obesity. Section two covers the metabolic disturbances and inflammation due to obesity. The third section is focused on neurological and visceral complications as a consequence of obesity. The final section covers strategies for the prevention of obesity-induced complications. The book illustrates that obesity can result in a diverse range of pathophysiological conditions that adversely affect health.
Download or read book The Macrophage written by Vernon-Roberts and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1972-07-27 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
