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Book An Introduction to LTE

Download or read book An Introduction to LTE written by Christopher Cox and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following on from the successful first edition (March 2012), this book gives a clear explanation of what LTE does and how it works. The content is expressed at a systems level, offering readers the opportunity to grasp the key factors that make LTE the hot topic amongst vendors and operators across the globe. The book assumes no more than a basic knowledge of mobile telecommunication systems, and the reader is not expected to have any previous knowledge of the complex mathematical operations that underpin LTE. This second edition introduces new material for the current state of the industry, such as the new features of LTE in Releases 11 and 12, notably coordinated multipoint transmission and proximity services; the main short- and long-term solutions for LTE voice calls, namely circuit switched fallback and the IP multimedia subsystem; and the evolution and current state of the LTE market. It also extends some of the material from the first edition, such as inter-operation with other technologies such as GSM, UMTS, wireless local area networks and cdma2000; additional features of LTE Advanced, notably heterogeneous networks and traffic offloading; data transport in the evolved packet core; coverage and capacity estimation for LTE; and a more rigorous treatment of modulation, demodulation and OFDMA. The author breaks down the system into logical blocks, by initially introducing the architecture of LTE, explaining the techniques used for radio transmission and reception and the overall operation of the system, and concluding with more specialized topics such as LTE voice calls and the later releases of the specifications. This methodical approach enables readers to move on to tackle the specifications and the more advanced texts with confidence.

Book From LTE to LTE Advanced Pro and 5G

Download or read book From LTE to LTE Advanced Pro and 5G written by Moe Rahnema and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2017-09-30 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical hands-on new resource presents LTE technologies from end-to-end, including network planning and the optimization tradeoff process. This book examines the features of LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced Pro and how they integrate into existing LTE networks. Professionals find in-depth coverage of how the air interface is structured at the physical layer and how the related link level protocols are designed and work. This resource highlights potential 5G solutions as considered in releases 14 and beyond, the migration paths, and the challenges involved with the latest updates and standardization process. Moreover, the book covers performance analysis and results, as well as SON specifications and realization. Readers learn about OFDMA, and how DFT is used to implement it. Link budgeting, parameter estimations, and network planning and sizing is explained. Insight into core network architecture is provided, including the protocols and signaling used for both data and voice services. The book also presents a detailed chapter on the end-to-end data transfer optimization mechanisms based on the TCP protocol. This book provides the tools needed for network planning and optimization while addressing the challenges of LTE and LTE-advanced networks.

Book LTE Advanced

Download or read book LTE Advanced written by Sassan Ahmadi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-10 with total page 1152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an in-depth, systematic and structured technical reference on 3GPP's LTE-Advanced (Releases 10 and 11), covering theory, technology and implementation, written by an author who has been involved in the inception and development of these technologies for over 20 years. The book not only describes the operation of individual components, but also shows how they fit into the overall system and operate from a systems perspective. Uniquely, this book gives in-depth information on upper protocol layers, implementation and deployment issues, and services, making it suitable for engineers who are implementing the technology into future products and services. Reflecting the author's 25 plus years of experience in signal processing and communication system design, this book is ideal for professional engineers, researchers, and graduate students working in cellular communication systems, radio air-interface technologies, cellular communications protocols, advanced radio access technologies for beyond 4G systems, and broadband cellular standards. An end-to-end description of LTE/LTE-Advanced technologies using a top-down systems approach, providing an in-depth understanding of how the overall system works Detailed algorithmic descriptions of the individual components’ operation and inter-connection Strong emphasis on implementation and deployment scenarios, making this a very practical book An in-depth coverage of theoretical and practical aspects of LTE Releases 10 and 11 Clear and concise descriptions of the underlying principles and theoretical concepts to provide a better understanding of the operation of the system’s components Covers all essential system functionalities, features, and their inter-connections based on a clear protocol structure, including detailed signal flow graphs and block diagrams Includes methodologies and results related to link-level and system-level evaluations of LTE-Advanced Provides understanding and insight into the advanced underlying technologies in LTE-Advanced up to and including Release 11: multi-antenna signal processing, OFDM, carrier aggregation, coordinated multi-point transmission and reception, eICIC, multi-radio coexistence, E-MBMS, positioning methods, real-time and non-real-time wireless multimedia applications

Book 4G  LTE LTE Advanced for Mobile Broadband

Download or read book 4G LTE LTE Advanced for Mobile Broadband written by Erik Dahlman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-07 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on LTE with full updates including LTE-Advanced (Release-11) to provide a complete picture of the LTE system. Detailed explanations are given for the latest LTE standards for radio interface architecture, the physical layer, access procedures, broadcast, relaying, spectrum and RF characteristics, and system performance. Key technologies presented include multi-carrier transmission, advanced single-carrier transmission, advanced receivers, OFDM, MIMO and adaptive antenna solutions, radio resource management and protocols, and different radio network architectures. Their role and use in the context of mobile broadband access in general is explained, giving both a high-level overview and more detailed step-by-step explanations. This book is a must-have resource for engineers and other professionals in the telecommunications industry, working with cellular or wireless broadband technologies, giving an understanding of how to utilize the new technology in order to stay ahead of the competition. New to this edition: In-depth description of CoMP and enhanced multi-antenna transmission including new reference-signal structures and feedback mechanisms Detailed description of the support for heterogeneous deployments provided by the latest 3GPP release Detailed description of new enhanced downlink control-channel structure (EPDDCH) New RF configurations including operation in non-contiguous spectrum, multi-bands base stations and new frequency bands Overview of 5G as a set of well-integrated radio-access technologies, including support for higher frequency bands and flexible spectrum management, massive antenna configurations, and ultra-dense deployments Covers a complete update to the latest 3GPP Release-11 Two new chapters on HetNet, covering small cells/heterogeneous deployments, and CoMP, including Inter-site coordination Overview of current status of LTE release 12 including further enhancements of local-area, CoMP and multi-antenna transmission, Machine-type-communication, Device-to-device communication

Book Radio Protocols for LTE and LTE Advanced

Download or read book Radio Protocols for LTE and LTE Advanced written by SeungJune Yi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-08-23 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a unique focus on radio protocols for LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) Giving readers a valuable understanding of LTE radio protocols, this book covers LTE (Long-Term Evolution) Layer 2/3 radio protocols as well as new features including LTE-Advanced. It is divided into two sections to differentiate between the two technologies’ characteristics. The authors systematically explain the design principles and functions of LTE radio protocols during the development of mobile handsets. The book also provides essential knowledge on the interaction between mobile networks and mobile handsets. Among the first publications based on the 3GPP R10 specifications, which introduces LTE-A Beginning with an overview of LTE, topics covered include: Idle Mode Procedure; Packet Data Convergence Protocol and Public Warning Systems Presents the LTE radio interface protocol layers in a readable manner, to enhance the material in the standards publications From an expert author team who have been directly working on the 3GPP standards It is targeted at professionals working or intending to work in the area and can also serve as supplementary reading material for students who need to know how theory on the most extensively used mobile radio interface today is put into practice

Book LTE for UMTS

Download or read book LTE for UMTS written by Harri Holma and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-04-25 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by experts actively involved in the 3GPP standards and product development, LTE for UMTS, Second Edition gives a complete and up-to-date overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) in a systematic and clear manner. Building upon on the success of the first edition, LTE for UMTS, Second Edition has been revised to now contain improved coverage of the Release 8 LTE details, including field performance results, transport network, self optimized networks and also covering the enhancements done in 3GPP Release 9. This new edition also provides an outlook to Release 10, including the overview of Release 10 LTE-Advanced technology components which enable reaching data rates beyond 1 Gbps. Key updates for the second edition of LTE for UMTS are focused on the new topics from Release 9 & 10, and include: LTE-Advanced; Self optimized networks (SON); Transport network dimensioning; Measurement results.

Book LTE Advanced

Download or read book LTE Advanced written by Harri Holma and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-08-20 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the editors of the highly successful LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, this new book examines the main technical enhancements brought by LTE-Advanced, thoroughly covering 3GPP Release 10 specifications and the main items in Release 11. Using illustrations, graphs and real-life scenarios, the authors systematically lead readers through this cutting-edge topic to provide an outlook on existing technologies as well as possible future developments. The book is structured to follow the main technical areas that will be enhanced by the LTE-Advanced specifications. The main topics covered include: Carrier Aggregation; Multiantenna MIMO Transmission, Heterogeneous Networks; Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP); Relay nodes; 3GPP milestones and IMT-Advanced process in ITU-R; and LTE-Advanced Performance Evaluation. Key features: Leading author and editor team bring their expertise to the next generation of LTE technology Includes tables, figures and plots illustrating the concepts or simulation results, to aid understanding of the topic, and enabling readers to be ahead of the technological advances

Book LTE Advanced and Next Generation Wireless Networks

Download or read book LTE Advanced and Next Generation Wireless Networks written by Guillaume de la Roche and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-11-05 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LTE- A and Next Generation Wireless Networks: Channel Modeling and Performance describes recent advances in propagation and channel modeling necessary for simulating next generation wireless systems. Due to the radio spectrum scarcity, two fundamental changes are anticipated compared to the current status. Firstly, the strict reservation of a specific band for a unique standard could evolve toward a priority policy allowing the co-existence of secondary users in a band allocated to a primary system. Secondly, a huge increase of the number of cells is expected by combining outdoor base stations with smaller cells such as pico/femto cells and relays. This evolution is accompanied with the emergence of cognitive radio that becomes a reality in terminals together with the development of self-organization capabilities and distributed cooperative behaviors. The book is divided into three parts: Part I addresses the fundamentals (e.g. technologies, channel modeling principles etc.) Part II addresses propagation and modeling discussing topics such as indoor propagation, outdoor propagation, etc. Part III explores system performance and applications (e.g. MIMO Over-the-air testing, electromagnetic safety, etc).

Book LTE   The UMTS Long Term Evolution

Download or read book LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution written by Stefania Sesia and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-29 with total page 793 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Where this book is exceptional is that the reader will not just learn how LTE works but why it works" Adrian Scrase, ETSI Vice-President, International Partnership Projects Following on the success of the first edition, this book is fully updated, covering the latest additions to LTE and the key features of LTE-Advanced. This book builds on the success of its predecessor, offering the same comprehensive system-level understanding built on explanations of the underlying theory, now expanded to include complete coverage of Release 9 and the developing specifications for LTE-Advanced. The book is a collaborative effort of more than 40 key experts representing over 20 companies actively participating in the development of LTE, as well as academia. The book highlights practical implications, illustrates the expected performance, and draws comparisons with the well-known WCDMA/HSPA standards. The authors not only pay special attention to the physical layer, giving an insight into the fundamental concepts of OFDMA-FDMA and MIMO, but also cover the higher protocol layers and system architecture to enable the reader to gain an overall understanding of the system. Key New Features: Comprehensively updated with the latest changes of the LTE Release 8 specifications, including improved coverage of Radio Resource Management RF aspects and performance requirements Provides detailed coverage of the new LTE Release 9 features, including: eMBMS, dual-layer beamforming, user equipment positioning, home eNodeBs / femtocells and pico cells and self-optimizing networks Evaluates the LTE system performance Introduces LTE-Advanced, explaining its context and motivation, as well as the key new features including: carrier aggregation, relaying, high-order MIMO, and Cooperative Multi-Point transmission (CoMP). Includes an accompanying website containing a complete list of acronyms related to LTE and LTE-Advanced, with a brief description of each (http://www.wiley.com/go/sesia_theumts) This book is an invaluable reference for all research and development engineers involved in implementation of LTE or LTE-Advanced, as well as graduate and PhD students in wireless communications. Network operators, service providers and R&D managers will also find this book insightful.

Book LTE Advanced Air Interface Technology

Download or read book LTE Advanced Air Interface Technology written by Xincheng Zhang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-09-05 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Opportunities are at hand for professionals eager to learn and apply the latest theories and practices in air interface technologies. Written by experienced researchers and professionals, LTE-Advanced Air Interface Technology thoroughly covers the performance targets and technology components studied by 3GPP for LTE-Advanced. Besides being an explanatory text about LTE-Advanced air interface technology, this book exploits the technical details in the 3GPP specification, and explains the motivation and implication behind the specifications. After a general description of wireless cellular technology evolution and the performance targets and major technical features of LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Air Interface Technology discusses various innovative technical features in detail, including Innovative concepts in carrier aggregation techniques Collaborative multipoint (CoMP) theory and performance analysis Enhanced multiantenna solutions or multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) technology, in particular, multiuser and multilayer MIMO Relaying issues Self-organizing and heterogeneous networks Interference suppression and enhanced intercell interference coordination (eICIC) technology This book opens the door of LTE-A technology for practitioners in any stage of wireless communications. Beginning with basic communication principles, the book demonstrates how a complete wireless theory is built. Readers can work independently on original case studies and simulation programming examples, with an emphasis on technology and performance. Designed for professionals interested in gaining an upper hand, this book is the ideal educational and informative resource in the emerging field of air interface technology.

Book LTE and LTE Advanced

Download or read book LTE and LTE Advanced written by André Pérez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the technical characteristics of the two radio network interfaces of mobile 4G, LTE and LTE Advanced, based on Release 8, 9 and 10 of the 3GPP specifications. Points covered include a detailed description of various components of the radio interface. RRC signaling messages used to establish the connection, enabling the security, the paging, the establishment and the release of dedicated and default support and the handover. The PDCP ensures the security of the transmission and allows the recovery during handover and the compression of the headers. The RLC protocol defines the transmission modes with or without acknowledgment. The MAC protocol determines the random access, the data transfer, the timing advance, the scheduling and the discontinuous reception. The physical layer includes a description of the methods of multiplexing (time, frequency and space) and the various signals and physical channels.

Book 4G  LTE LTE Advanced for Mobile Broadband

Download or read book 4G LTE LTE Advanced for Mobile Broadband written by Erik Dahlman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-03-21 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 3GPP's (3rd Generation Partnership Project) new standard and accompanying technologies that mobile network operators such as ATT, Verizon and TeliaSonera are adopting for their networks. To move to higher-speed networks that can cater to customer demand for mobile broadband multimedia applications, the 3GPP has developed the latest LTE-Advanced (LTE Release 10) standard, which will be fixed in December 2010. This book focuses on LTE and LTE-Advanced, and provides engineers with real insight and understanding into the why and how of the standard and its related technologies. This book is written by engineers from Ericsson--the world's leading telecommunications supplier--who was heavily involved in the development of the standard. Follow-up to the very successful 3G Evolution, now focusing on LTE and LTE Advanced standard and its accompanying technologies Complete and clear explanation of LTE Advanced by the people who played a leading role in its development, which will enable engineers to quickly grasp the latest 3GPP Release 10 standard and implement it in their products Not a contributed book as most others on this topic are: this book gives an integrated introduction to the technologies and the standard

Book LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless

Download or read book LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless written by Agilent Technologies and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-01 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide to LTE design, test and measurement, this new edition has been updated to include the latest developments This book presents the latest details on LTE from a practical and technical perspective. Written by Agilent’s measurement experts, it offers a valuable insight into LTE technology and its design and test challenges. Chapters cover the upper layer signaling and system architecture evolution (SAE). Basic concepts such as MIMO and SC-FDMA, the new uplink modulation scheme, are introduced and explained, and the authors look into the challenges of verifying the designs of the receivers, transmitters and protocols of LTE systems. The latest information on RF and signaling conformance testing is delivered by authors participating in the LTE 3GPP standards committees. This second edition has been considerably revised to reflect the most recent developments of the technologies and standards. Particularly important updates include an increased focus on LTE-Advanced as well as the latest testing specifications. Fully updated to include the latest information on LTE 3GPP standards Chapters on conformance testing have been majorly revised and there is an increased focus on LTE-Advanced Includes new sections on testing challenges as well as over the air MIMO testing, protocol testing and the most up-to-date test capabilities of instruments Written from both a technical and practical point of view by leading experts in the field

Book Essentials of LTE and LTE A

Download or read book Essentials of LTE and LTE A written by Amitabha Ghosh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-04 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical, one-stop guide will quickly bring you up to speed on LTE and LTE-Advanced. With everything you need to know about the theory and technology behind the standards, this is a must-have for engineers and managers in the wireless industry. • First book of its kind describing technologies and system performance of LTE-A • Covers the evolution of digital wireless technology, basics of LTE and LTE-A, design of downlink and uplink channels, multi-antenna techniques and heterogeneous networks • Analyzes performance benefits over competing technologies, including WiMAX and 802.16m • Reflects the latest LTE Release-10 standards • Includes numerous examples, including extensive system and link results • Unique approach is accessible to technical and non-technical readers alike

Book From GSM to LTE Advanced Pro and 5G

Download or read book From GSM to LTE Advanced Pro and 5G written by Martin Sauter and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-10-23 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comparative introduction to major global wireless standards, technologies and their applications From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband, 3rd Edition provides technical descriptions of the various wireless technologies currently in use. It explains the rationales behind their differing mechanisms and implementations while exploring the advantages and limitations of each technology. This edition has been fully updated and substantially expanded to reflect the significant evolution in mobile network technology occurring over the past several years. The chapter on LTE has been extensively enhanced with new coverage of current implementations of LTE carrier aggregation, mobility management, cell reselection and handover procedures, as well as the latest developments in 5G radio and core networks in 3GPP. It now features additional information on the TD-LTE air interface, IPv6 in mobile networks, Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IOT). Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE) is now treated extensively in a separate chapter featuring coverage of the VoLTE call establishment process, dedicated bearer setup, header compression, speech codec and bandwidth negotiation, supplementary service configuration and VoLTE emergency calls. In addition, extensive coverage of Voice-over-Wifi and mission critical communication for public safety organizations over LTE has been added. The WLAN chapter now provides coverage of WPA2-Professional with certificates for authentication in large deployments, such as the global Eduroam network and the new WLAN 60 GHz air interface. Bluetooth evolution has been addressed by including a detailed description of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in the chapter devoted to Bluetooth. Describes the different systems based on the standards, their practical implementation and design assumptions, and the performance and capacity of each system in practice is analyzed and explained Questions at the end of each chapter and answers on the accompanying website make this book ideal for self-study or as course material.

Book From Gsm to Lte advanced

Download or read book From Gsm to Lte advanced written by Martin Sauter and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition of Communication Systems from GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networksand Mobile Broadband Second Edition (Wiley 2010) contains not only a technical description of thedifferent wireless systems available today, but also explains the rationale behind the different mechanisms and implementations; not only the 'how' but also the 'why'. In this way, the advantages and also limitations of each technology become apparent. Offering a solid introduction to major global wireless standards and comparisons of the different wirelesstechnologies and their applications, this edition has been updated to provide the latest directions andactivities in 3GPP standardization up to Release 12, and importantly includes a new chapter on Voiceover LTE (VoLTE). There are new sections on Building Blocks of a Voice Centric Device, Building Blocks of a Smart Phone, Fast Dormancy, IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, and Wi-Fi-Protected Setup. Other sections have been considerably updated in places reflecting the current state of the technology. Describes the different systems based on the standards, their practical implementation and design assumptions, and the performance and capacity of each system in practice is analyzed and explained Questions at the end of each chapter and answers on the accompanying website make this book ideal for self-study or as course material.

Book Heterogeneous Networks in LTE Advanced

Download or read book Heterogeneous Networks in LTE Advanced written by Joydeep Acharya and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-02-18 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive summary of theoretical and practical developments in LTE Heterogeneous Networks The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of mobile broadband data and the trend is likely to increase in the coming years. Current cellular networks are ill equipped to deal with this surge in demand. To satisfy user demand and maximize profits, a new paradigm to operate networks is needed. Heterogeneous networks, that deploy an overlay of small cells with limited coverage and transmit power, over a macro coverage area is the solution by providing capacity and coverage where it is needed. This book presents a comprehensive overview of small cell based heterogeneous networks within the framework of 3GPP LTE-Advanced which is the major enabler of current and future heterogeneous networks. The book first establishes the basics of LTE standards 8 -10. Wherever relevant, the underlying theory of wireless communications is explained and the signaling and protocol aspects of LTE Releases 8-10 are presented. Next the book presents a systematic study of the inter cell interference (eICIC and FeICIC) mechanisms that have been standardized in LTE releases 10 and 11 to mitigate the interference arising in heterogeneous networks. From simple blank subframe design and implementation, the book discusses more advanced transceiver signal processing and carrier aggregation (CA) based mechanisms to improve performance. Besides data, control channel enhancements such as enhanced PDCCH (ePDCCH) are also discussed. Subsequently the book discusses the possibility of base stations being allowed to coordinate to manage interference. This technique, called CoMP, has the potential of vastly improving network performance. However several practical challenges first have to be overcome before this potential can be realized. The book presents the different CoMP categories introduced in LTE release 11, the required signal processing and the changes that were introduced in Release-11 for supporting CoMP. The book then presents the state of the art developments in heterogeneous networks that are currently taking place in 3GPP with the initiation of Release 12. A whole array of new technologies have been introduced such as dynamic switching of small cells, new carrier types with reduced control signaling, dynamic reconfiguration of TDD-LTE, joint configuration of TDD and FDD via carrier aggregation and lastly advanced MIMO signal processing with three dimensional beamforming. All these technologies will work in unison leading to efficient operations of small cells. The authors thus comprehensively summarize the advances in heterogeneous networks over the last couple of years as reflected in various LTE releases and then look ahead at what to expect in the future. Fully illustrated throughout and with an accompanying website including Matlab code for simulating heterogeneous networks, LTE channel models, and References to 3GPP specifications, contributions, and updates on recent standardization activities. The authors, being involved in LTE standardization, are well placed to give an excellent view on this topic, including valuable background and design rationale. A comprehensive summary of wireless communications theory and practical developments in LTE heterogeneous networks. Authors are experts in this field and are active members in standardization proceedings, enabling up-to-date coverage of current developments Multiple case studies explain network design optimization of various heterogeneous network deployments. Accompanying website includes Matlab code for simulating heterogeneous networks, LTE channel models, and References to 3GPP specifications, contributions, and updates on recent standardization activities Essential reading for Engineers and practitioners in wireless industry.