EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

Book Looking Back  Memoir of a Psychoanalyst

Download or read book Looking Back Memoir of a Psychoanalyst written by Paul Ornstein and published by Plunkett Lake Press. This book was released on 2019-08-18 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking Back is the unusual memoir of a senior figure in the international psychoanalytic community. Dr. Paul Ornstein was one of the small and distinguished group of Holocaust survivors/physicians who came to the U.S. after the second world war and became prominent in American psychoanalysis. His memoir traces his route from a small town in Hungary, to Budapest’s Neolog Rabbinical Seminary, to a Hungarian forced labor battalion, through medical school in post-war Heidelberg to the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he became a prominent professor of psychiatry and a leader of the psychoanalytic Self Psychology movement. “How does one begin to identify and evaluate a well-lived life? I thought again of this question as I read Paul Ornstein’s lovely and surprisingly profound memoir titled simply Looking Back: Memoir of a Psychoanalyst. If you want to know what a life well lived looks like, read this book... Ornstein, all of his personal and professional accomplishments and contributions notwithstanding, possesses an endearing humility. Its tone colors the memoir... For entrée into a life history that spans the great events of the last century, that charts the growth and development of psychoanalysis into a humanistic and humane endeavor, and that depicts a life very well lived, I commendLooking Back: Memoir of a Psychoanalyst.” — Joye Weisel-Barth, International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology “Paul Ornstein's remarkable life has taken him from a cheder in a Hungarian town, to the Budapest Rabbinical Seminary through the Holocaust, to the summit of his psychoanalytic profession. This memoir tells this story in vivid and often moving fashion, including his dazed, postwar search for surviving family members, the tenderness of his romance and reunion with his beloved wife and collaborator Anna, their improbable postwar study of medicine among former Nazis at Heidelberg, his use of hypnosis to cure a paralyzed aide to a legendary congressman, to his development, along with Anna, into a towering figure in self-psychology. Paul, who has been fortunate to have Helen Epstein as his co-author, enriches the book by using his penetrating insight to analyze his own motivations and foibles, and those of colleagues and teachers. The reader comes away astonished by how Paul was able to transcend trauma and retain a spirited delight in living and a lifelong sense of optimism.” —Joseph Berger, veteran reporter, The New York Times and author, Displaced Persons: Growing Up American After the Holocaust. “In this memoir, Paul Ornstein describes his remarkable and moving personal, historical and professional life journey, losing many family members, his community, and his country in the Shoah, yet being blessed from the beginning with a resilient optimism and clear-eyed certainty about what he can accomplish and who and what matters to him: family first and foremost, friends, community and identity, and being a psychoanalyst. Looking Back, including photos and accounts of Ornstein’s close relationship with his long-lived survivor father, with Michael Balint, and with Hans Kohut, could be called ‘My Father’s Culture’. It serves as companion volume to his beloved Anna’s My Mother’s Eyes.” — Dr. Nancy J. Chodorow, Author, The Power of Feelings, Individualizing Gender and Sexuality and other works; Professor of Sociology Emerita, University of California, Berkeley; Lecturer on Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Training and Supervising Analyst, Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute. “Paul Ornstein was one of the psychoanalysts who came to the U.S. from Europe after the second world war and became a central figure in American psychoanalysis. He and his wife Anna have made an essential contribution to establishing Heinz Kohut’s self psychology as an important part of our pluralistic psychoanalytic world. The book is a portrait of a fine psychoanalyst and a fine human being.” — Dr. Arnold Richards, Editor InternationalPsychoanalysis.net, Publisher ipbooks.net, Former editor JAPA. “It is rare for a psychoanalyst of Paul Ornstein’s generation and stature to share his personal and professional history. Dr. Ornstein’s story is unique and, fluently written with journalist Helen Epstein, provides a way for mental health professionals and lay people alike to learn how one can overcome apocalyptic trauma. Students of psychoanalytic history will get a window onto the Hungarian tradition that stretches from Ferenczi to Balint to Ornstein as well as the politics of the American psychoanalytic community, chiefly in Cincinnati and Chicago. Dr. Ornstein’s story demonstrates how determination, perseverance and love can conquer all.” — Dr. Eva Fogelman, author of Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaustand co-producer of Breaking the Silence: The Generation After the Holocaust. “Looking Back is, like its author, direct, without frills, but leaves the reader thinking about some of the Big Questions. And like the story of Passover, Paul Ornstein's story is one that demands telling and retelling.” — Lester Lenoff, MSW, LCSW, Consulting Editor, Psychoanalytic Inquiry; Editorial Board, The International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. “As a survivor, Paul Ornstein is a model of resilience, turning his Shoah experience into a lesson in living. As a psychoanalyst, he was able to distance himself from ‘ego psychology’ and to acknowledge, under the influence of Kohut, the clinical importance of empathy, an evolution that had numerous equivalents in other countries, and especially in France. The result is an important book, both moving and intellectually challenging.” — Dr. Rachel Rosenblum, Paris Psychoanalytic Society, Recipient of the 2013 Hayman Award. “This memoir conveys one man's experience of the Holocaust and how he was able to reconstruct a life after the war. Uniquely, it also gives us a feel for what was a seismic event in analytic circles in the 20th century, the birth and growth of Self Psychology. From horror to empathy, not a bad journey to read about in a short, succinct book.” —Dr. Michael Rosenbluth, FRCPC Chief, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto East General Hospital, Associate Professor, University of Toronto. “This memoir is a gem, rich and deeply personal as well as a chronicle of a remarkable life lived during a remarkable time. And those photos! They are stunning.” — Dr. James Fisch, Editorial Board, International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology.

Book Looking Back

    Book Details:
  • Author : Paul Ornstein
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2015-11-20
  • ISBN : 9780961469634
  • Pages : 198 pages

Download or read book Looking Back written by Paul Ornstein and published by . This book was released on 2015-11-20 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking Back is the unusual memoir of a senior figure in the international psychoanalytic community. Dr. Paul Ornstein was one of the small and distinguished group of Holocaust survivors/physicians who came to the U.S. after the second world war and became prominent in American psychoanalysis. His memoir traces his route from a small town in Hungary, to Budapest's Neolog Rabbinical Seminary, to a Hungarian forced labor battalion, through medical school in post-war Heidelberg to the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he became a prominent professor of psychiatry and a leader of the psychoanalytic Self Psychology movement.

Book My Mother s Eyes

Download or read book My Mother s Eyes written by Anna Ornstein and published by Emmis Books. This book was released on 2004 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anna Ornstein is a Holocaust survivor. After emigrating to the U.S., she seldom spoke of the experiences she suffered while a young girl. Twenty-five years ago, at the family Seder gathering, her family asked for a story from her past. In an evocative, understated passage, she shared a bit of the tragedy she saw through the eyes of a child. Every year she has added to this tradition by sharing another chapter of the tragedies she witnessed and the small moments of grace in her survival. Through her family's support, Orenstein gained enough strength to share her experiences in My Mother's Eyes, in hopes of keeping the nightmare from ever happening again.

Book Final Analysis

Download or read book Final Analysis written by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson and published by Untreed Reads. This book was released on 2013-02-13 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: He was the rising star of psychoanalysis, an intimate associate of Anna Freud and Kurt Eissler, a member of the Freudian "inner circle" with unrestricted access to the Freud Archives. And then Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson threw it all away because he dared to break the psychoanalytic community's deepest taboo: he told the truth in public. As he unmasks the pretensions and abuses of this elite profession, Masson invites us to eavesdrop on the shockingly unorthodox analysis he was subjected to in the course of his analytic training. But the more prestige Masson attained, the more he came to doubt not only the integrity of his colleagues, but the validity of their method. In the end, he blew the whistle-fully aware of the personal and professional consequences. With wit, wonder, and unflinching candor, Masson brilliantly exposes the cult of psychoanalysis and recounts his own self-propelled fall from grace. A sensation when it first appeared, Final Analysis is even more provocative and engrossing today. Written with passion and humor, this is the book that revealed a revered profession for what it was-and launched Masson on his true career.

Book Looking Back

Download or read book Looking Back written by Lou Andreas-Salomé and published by Marlowe & Company. This book was released on 1994-04-01 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the memoirs of the great spirit of her time, the legendary Lou Andreas-Salome, who defied convention as a feminist, psychoanalyst, and author.

Book Psychoanalytic Memoirs

Download or read book Psychoanalytic Memoirs written by Jeffrey Berman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-11-17 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book-length study of the psychoanalytic memoir, this book examines key examples of the genre, including Sigmund Freud's mistitled An Autobiographical Study, Helene Deutsch's Confrontations with Myself: An Epilogue, Wilfred Bion's War Memoirs 1917-1919, Masud Khan's The Long Wait, Sophie Freud's Living in the Shadow of the Freud Family, and Irvin D. Yalom and Marilyn Yalom's A Matter of Death and Life. Offering in each chapter a brief character sketch of the memoirist, the book shows how personal writing fits into their other work, often demonstrating the continuities and discontinuities in an author's life as well as discussing each author's contributions to psychoanalysis, whether positive or negative.

Book Divorcing Mom

    Book Details:
  • Author : Melissa Knox
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2019-01-22
  • ISBN : 9781947976061
  • Pages : 0 pages

Download or read book Divorcing Mom written by Melissa Knox and published by . This book was released on 2019-01-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychoanalysis was her family's religion-- instead of wafers and wine, there were Seconals, Nembutals, and gin. Baptized into the faith at fourteen, Melissa Knox endured her analyst's praise of her childlike, victimized mother -- who leaned too close, ate off Melissa's plate, and thought "pedophile" meant "silly person." Gaslighted with the notions that she'd seduced her father, failed to masturbate, and betrayed her mother, Melissa shouldered the blame. Her story of a family pulled into and torn apart by psychoanalysis exposes the abuse inherent in its authoritarianism as Melissa learns, with a startling sense of humor and admirable chagrin, that divorcing Mom is sometimes the least crazy thing to do.

Book The Search for the Self

Download or read book The Search for the Self written by Heinz Kohut and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heinz Kohut was born on May 3, 1913 in Vienna, Austria—a country whose culture, literature and music permeated his very being. He finished his medical studies in 1938, after Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany, giving him little time to escape the horrors that awaited the Jews in that country. He then spent a year in England, from where he emigrated to the United State and settled in Chicago in 1939.

Book Into the Inferno  The Memoir of a Jewish Paratrooper behind Nazi Lines

Download or read book Into the Inferno The Memoir of a Jewish Paratrooper behind Nazi Lines written by Yoel Palgi and published by Plunkett Lake Press. This book was released on 2019-08-16 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the spring of 1944, thirty-two young Palestinian Jews parachuted into Nazi-held Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Their goal was to encourage Jewish resistance where possible and to organize rescue schemes thwarting deportations to the death camps. Linking up in Yugoslavia and impelled by the hope that the Jews trapped in Hungary were still capable of fighting back, some of the volunteers set out for Budapest. Tragically, they were betrayed by their local guides, who turned out to be double agents also working for the Hungarian Fascists. The volunteers reached Budapest where the young woman volunteer, Hannah Szenes, was executed and another deported to a death camp. Into the Inferno is the remarkable first-hand account of this mission by the only member of the group who miraculously survived from among those who penetrated into Hungary. He endured imprisonment and torture both by the Gestapo and the Hungarian Fascists, escaped from a deportation train, and joined the Zionist youth rescue underground in Budapest. “In May 1944, Palgi was one of three Jews from Palestine who parachuted into Nazi-held Yugoslavia and headed for Hungary... His memoir... is an incredible account of this daring mission by its only survivor. Without a doubt, a vivid chronicle of bravery and compassion.” — George Cohen, Booklist “More than half a century has elapsed since [Yoel Palgi’s] paratrooper operations in occupied Europe. The world has appreciably changed since... Yet there are events, fragments of history, whose significance time and place do not alter. It seems that a special place in history is reserved for the story of this remarkable group of courageous Jews that did the impossible. It is vital that [this] story be told.” —Shimon Peres, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Israel “Palgi describes in riveting human terms an excruciatingly painful piece of Israeli and world history, and does so with extraordinary psychological and ethical insight.” —Robert J. Lifton, author of The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide “This gripping account of a desperate rescue mission goes beyond conveying the horror of the Holocaust and the brutality of the Nazis. The rescuers worked within an ambiguity where every alliance was questionable and noble decisions could prove fatal. This is the illuminating story of a thoughtful man, driven by history to courageous improvisation and ethical struggle, acting and remembering in spite of uncertainty.” —Mary Catherine Bateson, author of Full Circles, Overlapping Lives “Yoel Palgi’s story is one of heroism, inner conflict and questioning. His readiness to go behind the Nazi lines to rescue the Jews of Hungary reflected his extraordinary courage. He paints a vivid picture of the danger of his effort both behind enemy lines and the emotional scars that were left after the war. This is a must-read for any student of the Holocaust.” — Dennis Ross, Director, Washington Institute for Near East Policy

Book Memoir of a Psychoanalyst   s Wife

Download or read book Memoir of a Psychoanalyst s Wife written by Jane Linker Schwartz and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2018-11-10 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much has been written about the lives of male physician psychoanalysts, but little has been recorded about their wives and families who travel with them through their long medical training experience. In Memoir of a Psychoanalyst’s Wife, author Jane Linker Schwartz offers a look at her life and how psychoanalysis helped shape her during the twentieth century. As a nonagenarian and part-time psychotherapist, her long life reaches back to 1925. Schwartz lived through the Great Depression, the Second World War, and the aftermath of those turbulent years. During the 1960s and 1970s, she was a young, white, middle-class American woman married to a psychiatrist-psychoanalyst. Her collected memories throughout the years are mixed with a strong flavor of the history of American psychoanalysis. While sharing Schwartz’ personal story, this memoir also chronicles the changes that took place in the twentieth century when the Women’s Movement questioned the role of the traditional wife and mother as it was affected by professional ambitions outside the home. It examines competition between married partners regarding professional status and whose work was more important. It also traces changes in women’s behavior toward home responsibilities and children.

Book Ghosts in the Human Psyche

Download or read book Ghosts in the Human Psyche written by Vamik D. Volkan and published by Phoenix Publishing House. This book was released on 2019-02-04 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vamik Volkan examines the impact of past and present historical events, cultural elements, political movements and their mental images on the psyche of individuals. Beginning with the history of the debates concerning the relevance of external events to the human psyche, Volkan moves on to look at the spread of psychoanalysis worldwide and the need to become familiar with the cultural, historical, and political issues when working abroad. The remaining chapters follow the story of a successful businessman who calls himself a “Muslim Armenian”. His psychological journey clearly illustrates how ghosts from the past can remain alive and active in our lives, and how a clear understanding of his people’s history and culture allowed the analyst to understand some important causes of his symptoms and personality characteristics. By presenting a total case report, Volkan illustrates the methods applied to improve the analysand’s psychological health. By presenting a case from the viewpoint of a psychoanalytic supervisor, including the supervisor’s reactions to the individual being analysed, he has exposed another rich topic to consideration. With this book, Vamik Volkan has given us much to reflect upon.

Book Decentering Relational Theory

Download or read book Decentering Relational Theory written by Lewis Aron and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decentering Relational Theory: A Comparative Critique invites relational theorists to contemplate the influence, overlaps, and relationship between relational theory and other perspectives. Self-critique was the focus of De-Idealizing Relational Theory. Decentering Relational Theory pushes critique in a different direction by explicitly engaging the questions of theoretical and clinical overlap – and lack thereof – with writers from other psychoanalytic orientations. In part, this comparison involves critique, but in part, it does not. It addresses issues of influence, both bidirectional and unidimensional. Our authors took up this challenge in different ways. Like our authors in De-Idealizing, writers who contributed to Decentering were asked to move beyond their own perspective without stereotyping alternate perspectives. Instead, they seek to expand our understanding of the convergences and divergences between different relational perspectives and those of other theories. Whether to locate relational thought in a broader theoretical envelope, make links to other theories, address critiques leveled at us, or push relational thinking forward, our contributors thought outside the box. The kinds of comparisons they were asked to make were challenging. We are grateful to them for having taken up this challenge. Decentering Relational Theory: A Comparative Critique will appeal to psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists across the theoretical spectrum.

Book Reading Freud   s Patients

Download or read book Reading Freud s Patients written by Anat Tzur Mahalel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-06-01 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2021 ABAPsa Book Prize Award! What would the story of analysis look like if it were told through the eyes of the analysand? How would the patient write and present the analytic experience? How would the narrative as written by the analysand differ from the analytic narrative commonly offered by the analyst? What do the actual analytic narratives written by Freud’s patients look like? This book aims to confront these intriguing questions with an innovative reading of memoirs by Freud’s patients. These patients—including Sergei Pankejeff, known as the Wolf Man; the poet H. D.; and the American psychoanalyst Abram Kardiner—all came to Vienna specially to meet Freud and embark with him on the intimate and thrilling journey of deciphering the unconscious and unravelling the secrets of the psyche. A broad psychoanalytic and literary-historical reading of their memoirs is offered in this new entry to the popular Routledge History of Psychoanalysis Series, with the purpose of presenting the analysands' narratives as they themselves recounted them. This makes it possible to re-examine the links among psychoanalysis, literature, and translation and sheds new light on the complex challenge of coming to know oneself through the encounter with otherness. This book is unique in its focus on multiple memoirs by patients of Freud and presents a fresh, even startling, close-up look at psychoanalysis as a clinical practice and as a rigorous discourse and offers a new vision of Freud’s strengths and, at times, defects. It will be of considerable interest to scholars of psychoanalysis and intellectual history, as well as those with a wider interest in literature and memoir.

Book From That Place and Time  A Memoir  1938 1947

Download or read book From That Place and Time A Memoir 1938 1947 written by Lucy S. Dawidowicz and published by Plunkett Lake Press. This book was released on 2019-08-17 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this memoir, Lucy S. Dawidowicz recounts her time in Vilna where she went to study in 1938-39. She also reconstructs the history of Vilna Jews through the centuries and gives a first-hand account of Vilna’s Jewish community right before its destruction by the Nazis. Dawidowicz fled days before the German invasion of Poland, and returned to the American zone in Germany in 1946-47 to help Jews in Displaced Persons camps with the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. It was in that role that Dawidowicz helped salvage remnants of YIVO’s Vilna archives that were shipped to New York. “Dawidowicz, a well-known historian of the Jews, has presented us... a memoir on Vilna, a city she left on Aug. 24, 1939, just before World War II began. It is a tremendous collection of facts and names. There are sketches depicting the everyday life of a thriving community and reflections upon its unique culture. But the book is more than that: it is a monument to the community destroyed, not by forces of nature, but by the evil human hand.” — Tomas Venclova, The New York Times “In this deeply moving personal reminiscence, eminent historian Dawidowicz recounts the year she spent in Vilna, Poland [in 1938-39]... [a] poignant memoir... Her piercingly eloquent narrative gives us a sharp first-hand impression of a world in ruins and of the irreparable losses suffered by European Jewry.” — Publishers Weekly “The story of Dawidowicz’s early years and a tribute to the Jewish community and culture of Vilna... Crammed with descriptive details of a people and culture now destroyed and of WW II's chaotic aftermath: chastening, compelling, powerful.” —Kirkus Reviews “A leading historian of the Holocaust, Dawidowicz transports the reader from 1938, when she studied in Vilna, Poland, through 1946, when she returned to Europe to assist Jewish survivors. This is a powerful and absorbing memoir” — Library Journal “Lucy Dawidowicz's memoir comprises several books for the price of one: it portrays Jewish Vilna as the plucky American student encountered it in 1938, describes the fate of Jewish cultural treasures as she helped recover them after the War, and exposes the mind and spirit of an intrepid historian-in-the making.” — Ruth R. Wisse, Harvard University “Lucy Dawidowicz was an historian of monumental importance, best known for her classic The War Against the Jews. But she was also a vital chronicler of the world of European Jewry before its destruction... [A] compelling memoir of Vilna on the brink of destruction.” — Jonathan Rosen, author of The Talmud and the Internet: A Journey Between Worlds

Book In the Shadow of Freud   s Couch

Download or read book In the Shadow of Freud s Couch written by Mark Gerald and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-08-09 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Shadow of Freud’s Couch: Portraits of Psychoanalysts in Their Offices uses text and images to form a complex portrait of psychoanalysis today. It is the culmination of the authors 15-year project of photographing psychoanalysts in their offices across 27 cities and ten countries. Part memoir, part history, part case study, and part self-analysis, these pages showcase a diversity of analysts: male and female and old-school and contemporary. Starting with Freud’s iconic office, the book explores how the growing diversity in both analysts and patient groups, and changes in schools of thought have been reflected in these intimate spaces, and how the choices analysts make in their office arrangements can have real effects on treatment. Along with the presentation of images, Mark Gerald explores the powerful relational foundations of theory and clinical technique, the mutually vulnerable patient-analyst connection, and the history of the psychoanalytic office. This book will be of great interest to psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists, as well as psychotherapists, counsellors, and social workers interested in understanding and innovating the spaces used for mental health treatment. It will also appeal to interior designers, office architects, photographers, and anyone who ever considered entering a psychoanalyst's office.

Book Franci s War

Download or read book Franci s War written by Franci Rabinek Epstein and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-03-17 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The engrossing memoir of a spirited and glamorous young fashion designer who survived World War ll, with an afterword by her daughter, Helen Epstein. In the summer of 1942, twenty-two year-old Franci Rabinek--designated a Jew by the Nazi racial laws--arrived at Terezin, a concentration camp and ghetto forty miles north of her home in Prague. It would be the beginning of her three-year journey from Terezin to the Czech family camp in Auschwitz-Birkenau, to the slave labor camps in Hamburg, and Bergen Belsen. After liberation by the British in April 1945, she finally returned to Prague. Franci was known in her group as the Prague dress designer who lied to Dr. Mengele at an Auschwitz selection, saying she was an electrician, an occupation that both endangered and saved her life. In this memoir, she offers her intense, candid, and sometimes funny account of those dark years, with the women prisoners in her tight-knit circle of friends. Franci's War is the powerful testimony of one incredibly strong young woman who endured the horrors of the Holocaust and survived.

Book Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Man

Download or read book Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Man written by Donald Moss and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the never-ending effort of men to shape themselves in relation to shifting and elusive notions of "masculinity".