Download or read book Leverage Debt Maturity and Corporate Performance written by Ratnam Vijayakumaran and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper aims to examine the relationship between leverage, debt maturity and firm performance, employing a large panel of Chinese non-financial listed firms. The corporate finance literature widely recognizes that the debt and maturity structure are important mechanisms for addressing the agency problems in modern corporations. We apply the system GMM estimator to control for endogeneity concerns in the study. We find a positive association between leverage and the proportion of long term debt, on one hand, and firm performance, on the other. Our results indicate that leverage and its maturity structure are important determinants of profitability of Chinese listed firms. Our research has significant policy implications in that it suggests that, since China's financial system is dominated by a large banking system, lenders (mainly banks) may extend more long term credit to more productive private sector, which helps to improve performance of these firms. Furthermore, the findings of this study imply that the Chinese government's efforts to improve the governance of its banking system have been successful in enhancing efficiency and prudence in bank's lending and monitoring behavior.

Download or read book Leverage and Debt Maturity of Chinese Listed Firms written by Sunitha Vijayakumaran and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Leverage Debt Maturity and Firm Investment written by Viet Anh Dang and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper, we examine the potential interactions of corporate financing and investment decisions in the presence of incentive problems. We develop a system-based approach to investigate the effects of growth opportunities on leverage and debt maturity as well as the effects of these financing decisions on firm investment. Using a panel of UK firms between 1996 and 2003, we find that high-growth firms control underinvestment incentives by reducing leverage but not by shortening debt maturity. There is a positive relation between leverage and debt maturity as predicted by the liquidity risk hypothesis. Leverage has a negative effect on firm investment levels, which is consistent with the overinvestment hypothesis regarding the disciplining role of leverage for firms with limited growth opportunities.

Download or read book The COVID 19 Impact on Corporate Leverage and Financial Fragility written by Sharjil M. Haque and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-11-05 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the impact of the COVID-19 recession on capital structure of publicly listed U.S. firms. Our estimates suggest leverage (Net Debt/Asset) decreased by 5.3 percentage points from the pre-shock mean of 19.6 percent, while debt maturity increased moderately. This de-leveraging effect is stronger for firms exposed to significant rollover risk, while firms whose businesses were most vulnerable to social distancing did not reduce leverage. We rationalize our evidence through a structural model of firm value that shows lower expected growth rate and higher volatility of cash flows following COVID-19 reduced optimal levels of corporate leverage. Model-implied optimal leverage indicates firms which did not de-lever became over-leveraged. We find default probability deteriorates most in large, over-leveraged firms and those that were stressed pre-COVID. Additional stress tests predict value of these firms will be less than one standard deviation away from default if cash flows decline by 20 percent.

Download or read book The Maturity Structure of Debt written by Fabio Schiantarelli and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Debt Maturity and Firm Performance written by Fabio Schiantarelli and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Debt Maturity and Firm Performance written by Fabio Schiantarelli and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is long-term debt better than short-term debt in its effect on firm performance? The answer appears to be yes for privately owned companies in India.Economic policymakers traditionally hold the view that, because of imperfections in capital markets, a shortage of long-term finance acts as a barrier to industrial performance and growth. Long-term finance is thought to allow firms to invest in more productive technologies, even when they do not produce immediate payoffs, without the fear of premature liquidation. As a result, special state-supported term-lending institutions have been established, especially in developing countries.But some believe that short-term finance may offer better incentives because it allows suppliers of finance to monitor and control firms more effectively, thus improving the firms' performance.Schiantarelli and Srivastava empirically investigate the determinants and consequences of the term structure of debt. Using a rich panel of data on privately owned companies in India, they also examine the influence of debt maturity structures on those firms` performance, especially on productivity.The results are not conclusive, but seem to support conventional beliefs about the importance of long-term finance to firm performance. Heavy leveraging, however, has a strong negative impact on productivity.They base their econometric evidence on estimates of a maturity equation and of a production function augmented by financial variables.The data on which these results are based have been generated by a financial system in which there is little competition, in which state-owned financial institutions are not guided by the profit motive and have no control over interest rates, so one cannot say whether short term finance would have been more beneficial in a less regulated system.Moreover, by the end of the 1980s, the capital base of India's government-owned financial institutions had been severely eroded and they carried a heavy burden of nonperforming assets. This means that the benefits of long term finance must be weighed against the costs.This paper - a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Division, Policy Research Department - was prepared for the conference Firm Finance: Theory and Evidence held on June 14, 1996. The study was funded by the Bank`s Research Support Budget under research project Term Finance (RPO 679-62).

Download or read book Leverage and Debt Maturity written by Eilnaz Kashefi Pour and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis aims to add empirical evidence to the corporate finance literature by looking at the financing decisions with a specific application to small companies in the context of the UK relatively highly regulated Main market, versus the lightly regulated Alternative Investment Market (AIM). I do this by gathering data on all quoted dead and alive companies in both markets from 1995 to 2008. I then split my sample firms in each market into different size groups and test my hypothesis within and across each group and each market. The thesis consists of six chapters. After an introductory chapter, I review the existing literature on capital structure and debt maturity controversies with an emphasis on recent empirical work. The next three chapters consist of three research papers. The first paper looks at the capital structure decisions of companies quoted in AIM and Main market across different size groups. In the second research paper, the maturity structure of debt is investigated in both markets. The third research paper tests the determinants of the delisting decision, particularly the effect of leverage using a sample of AIM companies. In the last chapter, I provide a summary of the main conclusions of the study and highlight some promising ideas for future research. The first empirical chapter analyses the drivers of leverage across firms' sizes and market of quotation. I find that companies that are listed on the Main market have higher leverage than those listed on AIM. My results show that AIM companies are subject to higher business risk and tend to have lower profitability and tangible assets. In addition, in both markets, small companies are different from large firms in their level of leverage, tangibility of assets, and profitability, suggesting that the drivers of the financing choice are size dependent. Interestingly, the impact of taxation is limited to only large companies in both markets. Similarly, the impact of the agency conflict is also limited to large companies, as for small firms I find a positive relationship between leverage and growth opportunities, in contrast to the predictions of the agency theory. These results suggest that size rather than market of quotation is more likely to explain firms' leverage. However, I find that the market of quotation affects their speed of adjustment toward target leverage ratios. Using the dynamic model of capital structure, I find that in the Main market, small companies adjust more rapidly than large firms, suggesting that they rely more on bank debt and thus result in lower costs of adjustment. In contrast, large firms on the AIM adjust more rapidly than small companies, suggesting that small AIM companies are subject to the highest costs of adjustment as they have the highest business risk and the lowest profitability. The second empirical paper investigates the determinants of the structure of debt maturity across firms' size groups in both markets. I find that firms quoted in the Main market use longer maturity of debt in contrast to their AIM counterparts. However, the structure of debt maturity is different between small and large companies, as small companies use shorter debt maturity. Moreover, I find that the determinants of debt maturity are relatively different across the two sets of markets, suggesting that the market of quotation, are likely to affect the structure of debt maturity. Particularly, the effect of leverage is mixed in those markets. In the Main market, companies with higher leverage use more long-term debt in contrast to those quoted in the AIM. In line with my results in the previous chapter, I find that the speed of adjustment depends on the market of quotation. Using a dynamic framework, I find that companies have a target debt maturity, but, while in the AIM large companies adjust more rapidly than small companies, I find the opposite in the Main market. I also contribute to the literature by assessing the impact of firm's life cycle on its choice of debt maturity. I use a sample of newly listed firms and assess the evolution of the maturity structure of their debt four years after their IPO. I find strong differences across the two markets. In the Main market, my empirical evidence shows that in contrast with small companies, large companies change the structure of their debt maturity significantly as they are more likely to use longer maturity of debt in the post-IPO period. While in the AIM, the structure of debt maturity is not affected by size as neither large companies nor small companies change their debt maturity significantly. In the last empirical chapter, I study the impact of leverage on the delisting decision. I address the following questions: Do firms delist from the stock market because they are unable to raise equity capital and redress their balance sheet? Previous studies state that raising equity capital is one of the main benefits of stock market quotation. I expect firms that are not likely to take advantage of this benefit to have higher listing costs and more likely to delist. I use leverage as a proxy variable and a sample of voluntary delisting from AIM. I find that delisted companies have higher leverage as they did not raise equity capital over their public life. My results suggest that companies with higher leverage are more likely to delist voluntarily. These results hold even after controlling for agency conflicts, liquidity, and asymmetric information. I also investigate how the market reacts to the delisting announcement. I find that on the announcement date, stock prices decrease significantly. However, this reaction is not consistent with previous studies that report positive excess returns for companies that go private through different forms of buyouts. The voluntary delisting does not deliver good news to the market and hence voluntary delisting leads to a decrease in stock prices. I also find that firms that increased their leverage in the year prior to the delisting decision generate significantly lower excess returns than other firms. I compare my results to firms that delisted from the AIM but moved to the Main market. I find that that these firms generate statistically higher and positive returns than the remaining firms that delisted voluntarily. My results highlight the negative impact of leverage and a lack of equity financing on firms' market valuation. My results contribute to the literature and to policy making in several ways. First, I test various controversial and new hypotheses by focussing on differences in institutional settings between the AIM and the Main market. The former is less regulated and it is more likely to attract younger, high growth, and riskier companies. These differences allow me to test various hypotheses developed in previous literature relating to the financing choices of firms. In addition, I provide a deeper analysis of the impact of size on the firms' financing choices. I focus on the differences in leverages across the two, markets, changes in maturity from the IPQ dates, and the drivers of the decision and timing from the IPQ date of companies in the UK. Unlike previous studies, I show that the theoretical determinants of leverage, such as taxation and agency costs, across firms' size groups are not homogeneous, independently of the market quotation. However, I find significant differences across the two markets in terms of dynamic changes in leverage. In addition, my results highlight the impact of leverage on the decision to delist, and imply that policy makers need to facilitate the financing of companies when they list on the market, so that the benefits of listings outweigh the costs, and firms will not rush to voluntary delisting.

Download or read book Risk and the Corporate Structure of Banks written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2010-02-01 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We identify different sources of risk as important determinants of banks' corporate structures when expanding into new markets. Subsidiary-based corporate structures benefit from greater protection against economic risk because of affiliate-level limited liability, but are more exposed to the risk of capital expropriation than are branches. Thus, branch-based structures are preferred to subsidiary-based structures when expropriation risk is high relative to economic risk, and vice versa. Greater cross-country risk correlation and more accurate pricing of risk by investors reduce the differences between the two structures. Furthermore, the corporate structure affects bank risk taking and affiliate size.

Download or read book Report on the Corporate Debt written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Maturity Structure of Debt Determinants and Effects on Firms Performance Evidence from the United Kingdom and Italy written by Fabio Schiantarelli and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: January 1997 Firms tend to match assets with liabilities, and more profitable firms have more long-term debt. Long-term debt has a positive effect on firms' performance, but this is not true when a large fraction of that debt is subsidized. The authors empirically investigate the determinants and consequences of the maturity structure of debt, using data from a panel of UK and Italian firms. They find that in choosing a maturity structure for debt, firms tend to match assets and liabilities, as both conventional wisdom and some recent theoretical models suggest. They conclude that more profitable firms (as measured by the ratio of cash flow to capital) tend to have more long-term debt. This finding is consistent with the dominant role played by firms' fear of liquidation and loss of control associated with short-term debt. It may also reflect the willingness of financial markets to provide long-term finance only to quality firms. The data do not support the hypothesis that short-term debt, through better monitoring and control, boosts efficiency and growth -rather, the opposite can be concluded. In both countries, the data suggest a positive relationship between initial debt maturity and the firms' subsequent medium-term performance (i.e., profitability and growth in real sales). In both countries total factor productivity (TFP) depends positively on the length of debt maturity when the maturity variable is entered both contemporaneously and lagged. But in Italy the positive effect of the length of maturity on productivity is substantially reduced or even reversed when the proportion of subsidized credit increases. The authors document the relationship between firms' characteristics and their choice of shorter or long-term debt by estimating a maturity equation and interpreting the results in light of insights from theoretical literature, and by analyzing the effects of maturity on firms' later performance in terms of profitability, growth, and productivity; assess how TFP depends on the degree of leverage and the proportion of longer and shorter-term debt; and analyze the relationship between firms' debt maturity and investment. This paper--a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Division, Policy Research Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to study the effects of financial structure on economic performance. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Term Finance: Theory and Evidence (RPO 679-62).

Download or read book The Determinants of Corporate Debt Maturity Structure written by Antonios Antoniou and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the determinants of corporate debt maturity structure decisions of French, German and UK firms using panel data. These countries are characterised by different financial systems and traditions that have implications on how firms decide their debt maturity structure. We apply several alternative estimation methods and show that in debt structure modelling endogeneity problem should be controlled for. We do so by using Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) estimation method. The GMM results suggest that firms in all three countries adjust their debt ratios to attain their target maturity structure. However, the speed at which firms adjust their maturity structure towards their target levels differs from one country to another. A direct association of debt maturity with leverage in all countries confirms the predictions of the liquidity risk argument. However, corporate tax rate, growth opportunities, liquidity, firm quality, earnings volatility, asset maturity and firm size have different degree and direction of effect on debt maturity across the sample countries. Apart from these firm-specific factors, we also find that the impact of market-related factors (term structure of interest rates, equity premium, share price performance, and interest rate volatility) on debt maturity is country dependent. Hence, the debt maturity structure of a firm is determined by both firm-specific factors and country-specific effects.

Download or read book Non Financial Corporate Debt in Advanced Economies 2010 17 written by Luiza Antoun de Almeida and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-07-03 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies the evolution of non-financial corporate debt among publicly listed companies in major advanced economies between 2010 and 2017. Since 2010, firms have started to rely more on corporate bond markets and have used part of their debt to increase their holdings of cash. In our sample of some 5,000 firms, we find substantial differences across countries, industries, firms, and years in leverage and debt maturity, and we also identify time factors that are common drivers of capital structures. Within countries, loosening an index of financial conditions seems to be associated with lengthening debt maturity after controlling for firms’ characteristics. Across firms and countries, leveraging and lengthening debt maturity have been greater where economic growth was stronger. Tighter financial conditions are positively associated with an increase in short-term debt financing. Quantile regressions suggest that there is substantial heterogeneity among firms on how they react to macro-financial conditions: large increases in long-term debt financing and large declines in short-term debt financing tend to be driven more by better macroeconomic performance, while large increases in short-term debt financing are more strongly impacted by tighter financial conditions. Since the paper uses data up to 2017, it does not reflect developments that occurred during the coronavirus pandemic. Nonetheless, sensitivity analysis shows that a significant amount of corporate debt, representing more than 5 percent of GDP, could be at risk in some countries, with an adverse spillover to the financial system if financial conditions tighten or economic growth slows down. This suggests that vulnerabilities should be closely monitored and policy action taken if warranted.

Download or read book Debt Maturity Leverage and Political Uncertainty written by Wei-Fong Pan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates the effects of political uncertainty (PU) on corporate debt maturity and leverage using a novel measure of firm-specific PU. We find that PU is negatively associated with debt maturity and leverage. Furthermore, the negative effects of PU on debt maturity and leverage are more pronounced for firms with greater investment reversibility and a lower credit rating. PU affects debt maturity and leverage at least five quarters into the future. Both domestic PU and global PU have effects on debt maturity and leverage. Overall, our results suggest that PU deteriorates the external financing environment, leading to firms using more short-term debt and having lower leverage.

Download or read book Debt Maturity and the Dynamics of Leverage written by Thomas Dangl and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper shows that short debt maturities commit equityholders to leverage reductions when refinancing expiring debt in low-profitability states. However, shorter maturities lead to higher transactions costs since larger amounts of expiring debt need to be refinanced. We show that this tradeoff between higher expected transactions costs against the commitment to reduce leverage in low-profitability states, motivates an optimal maturity structure of corporate debt. Since firms with high costs of financial distress and risky cash flows benefit most from committing to leverage reductions, they have a stronger motive to issue short-term debt. Empirical evidence supports the model predictions.

Download or read book Corporate Debt Maturity and Future Firm Performance Volatility written by Meg Adachi-Sato and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We propose a simple idea that corporate debt maturity should serve as a good indicator of future firm performance volatility. We show in a simple two-period model that the riskiness of corporate investment is a decreasing function of corporate debt maturity. If “observable” corporate debt maturity and ex ante “unobservable” corporate risk-taking is highly correlated, corporate debt maturity should be highly correlated with “ex post” realized firm performance volatility in following years. Using data on publicly listed firms in 10 developing and developed countries over the period 1991-2013, we find that future firm operating performance volatility decreases as corporate debt maturity increases and that future firm value volatility is not associated with corporate debt maturity. In addition, banking sector development and export intensity of a country play an important role in determining firm operating performance volatility.

Download or read book Leverage and the Maturity Structure of Debt in Emerging Markets written by Cesario Mateus and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this paper is to analyse for a multi-country large emerging market sample the choice between debt and equity simultaneously with the decision between short-and long-term debt. In order to investigate the joint decision among leverage and maturity we examine an unique sample of 986 firms and 13,490 firm-year observations from Latin America and 686 firms and 7,919 firm-year observations from Eastern Europe for the period 1990-2003. We employ dynamic panel data analysis using Generalized Method of moments. The empirical results support three main findings. First, the cross-effects between leverage and maturity behave exactly the opposite between Latin America and Eastern Europe sub-samples. Capital structure and debt maturity are policy complements in Latin America and substitutes in Eastern Europe. Second, there is a significant dynamic effects component in the determination of leverage and maturity. Finally, adjustment to the target maturity is by no means costless and instantaneous with firm's facing moderate adjustment costs.