Download or read book Investigations of Age related Effects on the Neural Correlates of Recollection and Familiarity written by Tracy Hsiang-Yi Wang and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present research investigated age-related differences in the neural correlates of two putative processes (recollection and familiarity) supporting recognition memory. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) were utilized in concert with retrieval tasks that allow trials associated with recollection to be segregated from trials associated with familiarity. Some studies investigating age-related effects on the neural correlates of successful retrieval have reported that the neural correlates of retrieval are larger and more widespread in older subjects than in the young ('cortical over-recruitment'). These studies, however, vary widely in their methodologies, analyses, and even characterization of memory retrieval. The aim of the research described here is to elucidate the effects of age on the neural correlates of recognition memory. The second chapter of this dissertation describes an experiment that characterizes the neural correlates of episodic memory in subjects typically considered 'older' (between the ages of 63-77) and 'younger' (between the ages of 18-30) as indexed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The third chapter describes an analogous Event-related potential (ERP) study that investigated the electrophysiological correlates of recollection and familiarity in the same age groups as the study described in the second chapter. Finally, the fourth chapter describes the final experiment that investigated cortical reinstatement of material-specific recollection related effects in young and older subjects. This final study utilized univariate analysis to identify cortical reinstatement of material specific recollection-related activity, while using multivariate pattern analysis to quantify the amount of reinstatement in each age group. Overall, the findings provide evidence that there is no significant neural reorganization for the retrieval of episodic memory in the face of advancing age. Rather, the presented research suggests that under circumstances where encoding and retrieval are well controlled, the neural correlates of episodic retrieval remain largely invariant as a function of age.

Download or read book The Effects of Aging and Prefrontal Cortical Damage on the Neural Correlates of Recollection and Familiarity written by Audrey Laquita Duarte and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Recall to reject written by Caitlin Bowman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining accurate memory depends on both the ability to recognize old information and the ability to reject new information that has not been previously encountered. Research has shown that it is difficult to reject new information that bears resemblance to previously encountered information and individuals instead often falsely identify such new information as old. It has been posited that in the case of high relatedness between new and old information, recalling elements of old information can facilitate the rejection process as inconsistencies between new and old information can be identified. Recalling studied information to facilitate rejection of new items at retrieval has been termed 'recollection rejection' and is an excellent strategy for suppressing false memories. Despite the fact that recollection rejection is posited to engage a mechanism similar true recollection, previous neuroimaging studies have not evaluated to the overlap between the neural correlates of true recollection and recollection rejection. Thus, the present study sought to evaluate the neural basis of recollection rejection within a perceptual false memory paradigm. Results demonstrated that recollection rejection engaged a fronto-parietal network that has been posited to support retrieval monitoring processes. Critically, neural overlap between recollection rejection and true recollection was limited to one cluster in ventral visual cortex. Thus, there was little evidence that recollection rejection relies on a true recollection mechanism.Regarding aging, few behavioral studies have evaluated older adults' ability to use recollection rejection as a strategy for suppressing false memories, despite the wealth of research showing age-related increases in false memories. Further, no neuroimaging study has done so. In particular, given age deficits in true recollection processing, it is possible that difficulties engaging recollection represent a common cause of age-related deficits in true memories and age-related increases in false memories. However, while the present study revealed a behavioral age deficit that was specific to rejecting related lures using recollection rejection, very few neural differences between age groups were identified. While there was some evidence of age-related increases in neural activity associated with recollection rejection, there was far more neural activity that was common across age groups. Thus, when older adults make successful recollection rejection responses, they do so based on similar cognitive and neural processes as young adults.

Download or read book The Neural Correlates of Recollection and Post retrieval Monitoring in Younger and Older Adults written by Erin D. Horne and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Episodic retrieval is not a homogeneous process, but rather involves the engagement of several dissociable cognitive processes. These processes include those specialized for memory functions, such as hippocampally mediated pattern completion processes, as well as generic cognitive control processes linked with activity in the frontal cortex. Thus, age-related decline in episodic memory performance is not consistent across all aspects of retrieval, but dissociable subprocesses contributing to successful retrieval are affected to differing extents. To examine agerelated differences in processes contributing to retrieval, we investigated the neural correlates of recollection and post-retrieval monitoring in samples of younger and older adults using ERP (experiment 1: Ns 20 per group) and fMRI (experiment 2: Ns 28 per group). In experiment 1, we focused on modulation of recollection-related activity (operationalized as subjective report using the RKN procedure) as a function of source accuracy. In experiment 2, we examined how varying the global task demand of an associative recognition task by adding a secondary tone detection task might modulate prefrontal monitoring effects in younger and older adults. Across experiments, we found that both age groups activated a common set of regions supporting memory retrieval (in most cases), but that older adults demonstrated less modulation of recollection- and monitoring-related activity. This finding suggests that a breakdown in the ability to dynamically modulate activity supporting retrieval according to online task demands may be a key factor underlying the decline in memory performance with advancing age.

Download or read book The Influence of Study Context on Recollection written by Erin I. Skinner and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis examines how the context in which an item is studied affects the phenomenological experience of the rememberer. Previous research has extensively studied how the match between study and test context affect subsequent memory performance; however, little work has attempted to examine how visual context information provided at study affects later recollection when that context information is not re-presented at retrieval. In particular, the quality of the memory retrieved may be enhanced when highly meaningful visual context information is provided at study. In each of seven experiments in the current thesis, participants studied words presented with context information high or low in meaningful content, and on a later recognition memory test made a Remember, Know, or New response to the words presented alone. Experiment 1 showed that participants had better overall memory, specifically recollection, for words studied with pictures of intact as opposed to scrambled faces. In Experiment 2, these results were replicated and recollection was shown to be higher for words studied with versus without pictures of faces. Experiment 3 showed that participants had higher memory performance, and recollection in particular, for words studied with upright compared to inverted faces. In Experiment 4, participants showed equivalent memory for words studied with novel or familiar faces. These results suggest that recollection benefits when visual context information high in meaningful content accompanies study words, and that this benefit is not related to the novelty of the context. To further test the claim that participants engage in elaborative processes at study to bind item and context information, improving subsequent recollection, the subsequent set of experiments examined how normal, healthy aging affects participants' ability to use context information provided at study to benefit subsequent recollection. Older adults have been shown to experience deficits both in memory for context and in recollection, suggesting that they might fail to use context effectively to increase recollection, in contrast to younger adults. Experiment 5 found that younger, but not older, adults showed higher recollection for words studied with faces as compared to rectangles. To determine the type of cognitive processing required to obtain recollection benefits, and to examine whether instruction could alleviate age-related deficits, in Experiment 6, the type of processing engaged during the encoding of context-word pairs was manipulated. Younger and older adults studied words presented with a picture of a face under a surface feature or binding feature instruction condition. Both age groups showed higher recollection in the binding than surface instruction condition. Results suggest that older adults do not spontaneously engage in the processes required to boost recollection when visual context information is provided at study, although instructional manipulation during encoding lessens this deficit. The final experiment used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural correlates of recollection, specifically testing the hypothesis that sensory-specific reactivation of context information occurs during item recollection. In Experiment 7, brain activation for Remember responses given to words studied with and without meaningful context information was compared. Behaviourally, 8 of the 14 participants showed a higher proportion of Remember responses to words studied with faces than scrambled faces, and 6 did not. Whole brain analysis showed that, for only those participants who showed higher memory performance for words studied with faces, activation in the fusiform gyrus and hippocampus was higher, and a region-of-interest analysis showed increased activation in the functionally-defined FFA (identified in a localizer task), for Remember responses given to words studied with faces compared to scrambled faces. A regression analysis additionally showed that activation in the fusiform gyrus increased as the relative recollection benefit for words studied with meaningful (face) compared to non-meaningful (scrambled face) context information increased across participants. Results suggest that encoding v context can influence the pattern of recollection responses on a recognition task and that sensory-specific reactivation is related to behavioural performance. The findings of these experiments suggest that participants can use context information high in meaningful content at study to improve subsequent recollection and I suggest that this involves the use of elaborative processes at encoding that integrates item and meaningful contexts. Such recollection benefits can also be observed in older adults when they are provided experimental instructions to bind item and context at encoding. In addition, the brain regions used to process context information are reactivated at retrieval and, importantly, that this neural pattern determines whether a boost in recollection, from the encoding manipulation, is observed. Participants can thus use context information provided at study to boost subsequent recollection, and I suggest that this involves cognitive processes that bind item and context information at encoding and the reactivation of sensory-specific brain regions at retrieval.

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Aging written by Ayanna K. Thomas and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-28 with total page 1019 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decades of research have demonstrated that normal aging is accompanied by cognitive change. Much of this change has been conceptualized as a decline in function. However, age-related changes are not universal, and decrements in older adult performance may be moderated by experience, genetics, and environmental factors. Cognitive aging research to date has also largely emphasized biological changes in the brain, with less evaluation of the range of external contributors to behavioral manifestations of age-related decrements in performance. This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge cognitive aging research through the lens of a life course perspective that takes into account both behavioral and neural changes. Focusing on the fundamental principles that characterize a life course approach - genetics, early life experiences, motivation, emotion, social contexts, and lifestyle interventions - this handbook is an essential resource for researchers in cognition, aging, and gerontology.

Download or read book Effects of Age on Neural Correlates of Episodic Encoding and Brain Structure and Their Relation to Cognitive Performance written by Eleanor Liu and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Episodic memory – memory for unique personal events – is essential to our daily life. Relative to other forms of memory, episodic memory declines disproportionately with advancing age. One prominent account of such decline proposes a reduction in the efficacy of episodic encoding in older individuals. Numerous studies have employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of episodic encoding in young and older adults with the “subsequent memory procedure”. With this procedure, encoding related neural activity is contrasted based on subsequent memory performance for the study items. These studies have consistently reported that neural activity during encoding is predictive of later memory performance. Such subsequent memory effects (SMEs) take two forms: positive SMEs, where enhanced neural activity is associated with study items later remembered relative to study items that are less well remembered or forgotten; and negative SMEs, that take the opposite pattern. Studies have generally reported age-invariant positive SMEs whereas negative effects tend to be attenuated in older adults. Of importance, neural activity preceding the onset of a study item has also been shown to predict subsequent memory. Few studies have examined the effect of age on such pre-stimulus subsequent memory effects (pre-stimulus SMEs). Experiment 1 (Chapter 2) describes findings on pre-stimulus neural activity in healthy young and older adults. The results revealed age-invariant and age-dependent pre-stimulus SMEs in different brain regions, although age differences were mostly quantitative rather than qualitative. In contrast to prior reports of pre-stimulus SMEs, the effects in the present study were negative in direction. They could reflect allocation of neural resources in preparation of the upcoming study event. The study reported in Chapter 3 combined data from 2 independent experiments to examine age differences in poststimulus SMEs. The 2 regions of a priori interest were the hippocampus and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Positive and negative SMEs were evident in both age groups. Of importance, the hippocampal SMEs were equivalent across age groups; and there was no evidence of age-related right-frontal over-recruitment. There was an age-invariant relationship between hippocampal SMEs and memory performance, suggesting intact hippocampal encoding activity in healthy older adults, and consistent with the notion that hippocampal activity reflects the amount of information encoded. A positive relationship between left IFG SME and memory performance was observed in older adults only. The study in Chapter 4 took an integrated approach to examine the relationship between structural and functional measures, and memory performance in young and older adults. Consistent with the literature, robust age-related decline was evident in hippocampal volume and cortical thickness. Results from an integrated statistical model revealed that hippocampal encoding activity, but not hippocampal volume, was predictive of memory performance in both age groups. On the other hand, cortical thickness negatively correlated with performance in young adults, but positively correlated with performance in older adults. Both cortical thickness and cortical SMEs explained unique variance in memory performance. Of importance, IFG thickness-memory relationships were no longer significant after controlling for global thickness. In conclusion, both pre-stimulus and encoding-related neural activity can be resistant to the effects of age, although the left IFG acts as a ‘bottleneck’ in older adults. Age differences in pre-stimulus SMEs require a nuanced interpretation, rather than appeal to a generic construct. Moreover, age differences appear to be more robust in structural rather than in functional measures. Lastly, the age-dependent cortical thickness-memory relationship was general rather than region-specific.

Download or read book The Influence of Study Context on Recollection written by Erin I. Skinner and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis examines how the context in which an item is studied affects the phenomenological experience of the rememberer. Previous research has extensively studied how the match between study and test context affect subsequent memory performance; however, little work has attempted to examine how visual context information provided at study affects later recollection when that context information is not re-presented at retrieval. In particular, the quality of the memory retrieved may be enhanced when highly meaningful visual context information is provided at study. In each of seven experiments in the current thesis, participants studied words presented with context information high or low in meaningful content, and on a later recognition memory test made a Remember, Know, or New response to the words presented alone. Experiment 1 showed that participants had better overall memory, specifically recollection, for words studied with pictures of intact as opposed to scrambled faces. In Experiment 2, these results were replicated and recollection was shown to be higher for words studied with versus without pictures of faces. Experiment 3 showed that participants had higher memory performance, and recollection in particular, for words studied with upright compared to inverted faces. In Experiment 4, participants showed equivalent memory for words studied with novel or familiar faces. These results suggest that recollection benefits when visual context information high in meaningful content accompanies study words, and that this benefit is not related to the novelty of the context. To further test the claim that participants engage in elaborative processes at study to bind item and context information, improving subsequent recollection, the subsequent set of experiments examined how normal, healthy aging affects participants' ability to use context information provided at study to benefit subsequent recollection. Older adults have been shown to experience deficits both in memory for context and in recollection, suggesting that they might fail to use context effectively to increase recollection, in contrast to younger adults. Experiment 5 found that younger, but not older, adults showed higher recollection for words studied with faces as compared to rectangles. To determine the type of cognitive processing required to obtain recollection benefits, and to examine whether instruction could alleviate age-related deficits, in Experiment 6, the type of processing engaged during the encoding of context-word pairs was manipulated. Younger and older adults studied words presented with a picture of a face under a surface feature or binding feature instruction condition. Both age groups showed higher recollection in the binding than surface instruction condition. Results suggest that older adults do not spontaneously engage in the processes required to boost recollection when visual context information is provided at study, although instructional manipulation during encoding lessens this deficit. The final experiment used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural correlates of recollection, specifically testing the hypothesis that sensory-specific reactivation of context information occurs during item recollection. In Experiment 7, brain activation for Remember responses given to words studied with and without meaningful context information was compared. Behaviourally, 8 of the 14 participants showed a higher proportion of Remember responses to words studied with faces than scrambled faces, and 6 did not. Whole brain analysis showed that, for only those participants who showed higher memory performance for words studied with faces, activation in the fusiform gyrus and hippocampus was higher, and a region-of-interest analysis showed increased activation in the functionally-defined FFA (identified in a localizer task), for Remember responses given to words studied with faces compared to scrambled faces. A regression analysis additionally showed that activation in the fusiform gyrus increased as the relative recollection benefit for words studied with meaningful (face) compared to non-meaningful (scrambled face) context information increased across participants. Results suggest that encoding v context can influence the pattern of recollection responses on a recognition task and that sensory-specific reactivation is related to behavioural performance. The findings of these experiments suggest that participants can use context information high in meaningful content at study to improve subsequent recollection and I suggest that this involves the use of elaborative processes at encoding that integrates item and meaningful contexts. Such recollection benefits can also be observed in older adults when they are provided experimental instructions to bind item and context at encoding. In addition, the brain regions used to process context information are reactivated at retrieval and, importantly, that this neural pattern determines whether a boost in recollection, from the encoding manipulation, is observed. Participants can thus use context information provided at study to boost subsequent recollection, and I suggest that this involves cognitive processes that bind item and context information at encoding and the reactivation of sensory-specific brain regions at retrieval.

Download or read book Content specific Age related Effects on Recollection and Familiarity written by Patricia Marshall and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Investigation of the Human Neural Correlates of Memory for Sequences of Events and Their Changes in Typical Aging written by Veronique Kristin Boucquey and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Memory for sequences of events, an ability present in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents, is a critical component of episodic memory and is known to decline in typical aging (Allen and Fortin, 2013; Allen et al., 2015; Fabiani and Friedman, 1997; Pinto-Hamuy and Linck, 1965; Roberts et al., 2014; Tolentino et al., 2012; Tulving, 1984). The use of a crossspecies task allows for complementary approaches in the rat and human in order to provide a greater understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying sequence memory ability. Using a non-spatial sequence memory paradigm in combination with blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we present evidence that memory for sequences of events activates the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in humans, paralleling recording studies and temporary inactivations in rats performing the cross-species task. In addition, these areas show functional connectivity over the course of the task to a greater degree than other regions, supporting the hypothesis that sequence memory in the human is subserved by the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex and their functional interactions. After demonstrating homology for the neural substrates of sequence memory in the rat and human, we sought to investigate the behavioral and neural changes associated with typical aging. We found that typically aging older adults showed behavioral impairments on the sequence memory task. Equating performance between young and older adults, using BOLD fMRI we found evidence for similar neural substrates, but decreased activity in older adults. In addition, we found that functional connectivity between hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex decreased with age, as did connectivity between other regions that in young adults showed high connectivity. Future studies using variants of the cross-species task in both rats and humans, combined with additional imaging modalities, will further elucidate the underlying neurobiological changes in typical aging.

Download or read book Geriatric Psychiatry written by Leopold Bellak and published by Thomas Allen Publishers. This book was released on 1976 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging written by Roberto Cabeza and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-31 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of the popular Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging provides up-to-date coverage of the most fundamental topics in this discipline. Like the first edition, this volume accessibly and comprehensively reviews the neural mechanisms of cognitive aging appropriate to both professionals and students in a variety of domains, including psychology, neuroscience, neuropsychology, neurology, and psychiatry. The chapters are organized into three sections. The first section focuses on major questions regarding methodological approaches and experimental design. It includes chapters on structural imaging (MRI, DTI), functional imaging (fMRI), and molecular imaging (dopamine PET, etc), and covers multimodal imaging, longitudinal studies, and the interpretation of imaging findings. The second section concentrates on specific cognitive abilities, including attention and inhibitory control, executive functions, memory, and emotion. The third section turns to domains with health and clinical implications, such as the emergence of cognitive deficits in middle age, the role of genetics, the effects of modulatory variables (hypertension, exercise, cognitive engagement), and the distinction between healthy aging and the effects of dementia and depression. Taken together, the chapters in this volume, written by many of the most eminent scientists as well as young stars in this discipline, provide a unified and comprehensive overview of cognitive neuroscience of aging.

Download or read book The Wiley Handbook on The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory written by Donna Rose Addis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-02 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Wiley Handbook on the Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory presents a comprehensive overview of the latest, cutting-edge neuroscience research being done relating to the study of human memory and cognition. Features the analysis of original data using cutting edge methods in cognitive neuroscience research Presents a conceptually accessible discussion of human memory research Includes contributions from authors that represent a “who’s who” of human memory neuroscientists from the U.S. and abroad Supplemented with a variety of excellent and accessible diagrams to enhance comprehension

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Event Related Potential Components written by Steven J. Luck and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components provides a detailed and comprehensive overview of the major ERP components. It covers components related to multiple research domains, including perception, cognition, emotion, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and lifespan development.

Download or read book Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging written by Roberto Cabeza and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rapidly growing body of research has consituted a new discipline that may be called cognitive neuroscience of aging. This book offers an introduction to the topic, useful to both professionals & students in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, neuropsychology & neurology.

Download or read book Theories Of Memory written by Alan F. Collins and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2018-12-12 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a collection of chapters by some of the most influential memory researchers. Chapters focus on a wide range of key areas of research. The main emphasis throughout the book is on theoretical issues and how they relate to existing empirical work. The contributions reveal that memory continues to be an important research area and they provide a state-of- the-art perspective on this central aspect of cognitive psychology.

Download or read book The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory written by Amanda Parker and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005-08-18 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in techniques available to memory researchers have led to a rapid expansion in the field of cognitive neuroscience of memory. This book provides accessible coverage of four key areas of recent advance, including research on functional imaging, electrophysiological and lesion studies, and developments from the computational modelling approach. The first section reviews functional imaging studies in humans, with particular emphasis on how imaging methods have clarified the cortical areas involved in memory formation and retrieval. The second section describes electrophysiological and lesion research in monkeys, where lesion and disconnection studies are rapidly adding to our knowledge of both information processing and modulatory aspects of memory formation. In the third section, electrophysiological and lesion studies in rats are reviewed allowing for a detailed study of the role of novelty and exploration in memory formation. The final section reviews current research in computational modelling which has allowed the development of new theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of memory encoding and retrieval. This volume draws together the current developments in each field, allowing the synthesis of ideas and providing converging evidence from a range of sources. It will be a useful resource for both advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of psychology, as well as researchers in the field and anyone with an interest in cognitive neuroscience.