Download or read book Investigation on the Pathogenicity of Fusarium Graminearum the Cause of Head Blight in Wheat written by Mary Wanjiru Wanyoike and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley written by Kurt J. Leonard and published by American Phytopathological Society. This book was released on 2003 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a comprehensive record of current knowledge on the nature of Fusarium head blight, the damage it causes, and current research on how to control it. The book begins with a historical account of Fusarium head blight epidemics that gives context to recent attempts to control epidemics in wheat and barley. A review of pathogen taxonomy and population biology helps scientists to see relationships among head blight pathogens and other Fusarium species. The information on epidemiology included in this review also provides an understanding of the weather conditions and cultural practices that promote explosive epidemics. New information on infection processes will lead the reader to a better understanding of how to breed for resistance in wheat and barley.
Download or read book Mitigation of Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat Caused by Fusarium Graminearum Through the Use of Host Resistance Genes and Biological Controls written by Gabrielle Nowakowski and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fungal pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, is a primary causal agent of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) disease Fusarium head blight in North America. Heavy infection from this pathogen leads to economic losses due to a decrease in the quality and quantity of grain. Infection by F. graminearum also leads to accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin that produces harmful side effects to both humans and animals when ingested. Development of resistant wheat cultivars is needed to maintain a sustainable, safe, food supply. In this study, a double haploid population derived from a cross between two winter wheat cultivars, Flourish and Emerson, was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB symptoms and DON accumulation in the grain. So far, there are no fully resistant cultivars of wheat to protect against FHB infection. Therefore, alternative methods need to be considered. A newly developed bio-fungicide containing a fungal antagonist to F. graminearum, Clonostachys rosea, was studied and compared to the commercially available fungicide, Caramba® (active ingredient, metconazole). These QTL were present on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 4D, 6D and 7A. Results from this study showed that there was some potential in using C. rosea in a bio-fungicide treatment plan. However, the fungi's sensitivity to environmental conditions may have contributed to poor and inconsistent control of F. graminearum in this study.
Download or read book Handbook of Secondary Fungal Metabolites written by Richard J. Cole and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2003 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This three-volume set is a desirable reference for a wide range of specialists who study secondary fungal metabolites ranging from pharmaceutical house researchers, agricultural researchers, those involved in food and feed control regulation, and veterinary researchers. It discusses in depth the molecular formula of, the molecular weights of, and fungal/plant source indexes of secondary fungal metabolites.
Download or read book A Genome Wide Association Study for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Southern Soft Red Winter Wheat written by Amanda Leigh Holder and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease of small grains caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. FHB poses potential economic losses and health risks due to the accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on infected seed heads. The objectives of this study are: 1) evaluate soft red winter wheat (SRWW) lines for resistance to FHB in terms of resistance to initial inoculum (incidence); resistance to spread within the head (severity); resistance to DON accumulation; and resistance to Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), 2) determine the frequency and effect of known FHB resistance genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL), and 3) identify novel resistance loci using a genome wide association (GWA) approach. From 2014-2017, 360 SRWW breeding lines were evaluated in inoculated misted FHB nurseries in Fayetteville and Newport, AR and Winnsboro, LA (2017 only) in a randomized complete block design. At all locations, lines were sown in two row plots, inoculated with F. graminearum infected corn (Zea mays L.) and overhead misted throughout the months of April and May to provide optimal conditions for FHB infection. In addition to visual ratings and DON analysis, lines were screened with KASP® markers linked to known FHB resistance genes, including Fhb1. The known resistance QTL, Qfhb.nc-2B.1 (Bess), on chromosome 3B was significantly associated with a reduction in incidence, severity, and DON accumulation. Genome wide SNP markers generated through genotype by sequencing (GBS) were used to perform GWA in order to identify marker-trait associations for FHB resistance. The GWA analysis identified 58 highly significant SNPs associated with the four disease traits. The most highly significant SNP was found on chromosome 4A and the minor allele was found to significantly reduce incidence by 1.17%. Results from this study will facilitate the development of SRWW cultivars with improved resistance to FHB.
Download or read book Role of Fusarium Graminearum SRNAs in Fusarium Head Blight Pathogenesis on Wheat written by Aravind Galla and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Wheat Blast written by Sudheer Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-04-09 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wheat Blast provides systematic and practical information on wheat blast pathology, summarises research progress and discusses future perspectives based on current understanding of the existing issues. The book explores advance technologies that may help in deciding the path for future research and development for better strategies and techniques to manage the wheat blast disease. It equips readers with basic and applied understanding on the identification of disease, its distribution and chances of further spread in new areas, its potential to cause yield losses to wheat, the conditions that favour disease development, disease prediction modelling, resistance breeding methods and management strategies against wheat blast. Features: Provides comprehensive information on wheat blast pathogen and its management under a single umbrella Covers disease identification and diagnostics which will be helpful to check introduction in new areas Discusses methods and protocol to study the different aspects of the disease such as diagnostics, variability, resistance screening, epiphytotic creation etc. Gives deep insight on the past, present and future outlook of wheat blast research progress This book’s chapters are contributed by experts and pioneers in their respective fields and it provides comprehensive insight with updated findings on wheat blast research. It serves as a valuable reference for researchers, policy makers, students, teachers, farmers, seed growers, traders, and other stakeholders dealing with wheat.
Download or read book Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol in Pathogenesis of Fusarium Head Light in Wheat written by Jane Gacheri Muriuki and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fusarium written by Tulin Askun and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-07-25 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fusarium species are ubiquitous environmental fungi and can cause severe invasive infections in plants. They are crop pathogens, and consumption of such infected crops can cause diseases in humans and animals. Furthermore, they act as spoilage organisms in stored products, such as wheat, sorghum, rice, and corn (maize). Fusarium species are mycotoxin producers and contaminate food and grains. Therefore, their eradication and management have economic importance as they can cause enormous economic and agricultural production losses. Despite the fact that the genus Fusarium Link (1809) has been known for over 200 years, new scientific information is being revealed by rapid advancements and breakthrough findings of interdisciplinary studies. This book presents an introductory overview of an update to the scientific knowledge about Fusarium. It discusses various aspects of Fusarium, such as its genetic diversity, root rot incidence and severity, genetic resistance, molecular markers, mycotoxins, diseases caused by Fusarium, and their management and the biological control of these phytopathogens. Furthermore, it also elaborates upon new plant secondary metabolites that are effective against Fusarium and the molecular interaction between Fusarium and the plant.
Download or read book Mycotoxins in Plant Disease written by A. Logrieco and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is an urgent need to expand our knowledge of both the nature of the toxigenic fungi that are widespread on economically-important plants and the effect of their toxic secondary metabolites on human health. Informa tion about the production of mycotoxins by plant pathogens, particularly by species of Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium, their occurrence in infected plants, as well as their role in the plant-pathogen interaction, for example as virulence/pathogenicity factors, is a pre-requisite for preventing plant disease and hence for reducing the Ievels of mycotoxin contamination. Fusarium infections in cereals and other crops are a particular problern world-wide and recent epidemics on wheat in Europe, the USA and Canada have again focused attention on this problem. Fur thermore, species ofAspergillus and Penicillium and their related mycotoxins, particularly Ochratoxin A, represent another consistent problern on cereals and grapes, especially in Europe where 40% of the global grape crop is grown. The aim of this publication is to gather together specialist updated reviews based on papers originally presented during a Workshop of EU Cost Action 835 entitled 'Agriculturally Important Taxigenie Fungi', held in Rome, 7-8 October 1999 at the Plant Pathology Research Institute. We hope the diversity of the contents will stimulate discussion, encourage the sharing of information and result in cross-fertilization of ideas needed for the solution of the present problems. This special issue will be of particular value to interdisciplinary scientists and especially mycologists, mycotoxicologists, plant pathologists and those concerned about the quality of food and food products.
Download or read book Mycotoxins written by John F. Leslie and published by CABI. This book was released on 2008 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an outcome of the MycoGlobe conference in Accra. Most of the chapters are based on invited oral presentations made at the conference. The chapters in this book touch on issues including health, trade, ecology, epidemiology, occurrence, detection, management, awareness and policy. This book serves as a source of information on the occurrence and impact of mycotoxins on everything from trade and health to agricultural production in addition to suggesting opportunities for their management in Africa and elsewhere by researchers, policy makers and development investors.
Download or read book The Genus Fusarium written by Wolfgang Gerlach and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Control of Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat I Evaluation of Host Plant Resistance and Fungicides II Molecular Markers Associated with QTL for Resistance written by Nathan H. Karplus and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat has become an increasingly important disease over the past 25 years. Significant grain and quality reductions due to FHB can be observed when there is a favorable environment for disease development. Fusarium graminearum, the primary fungal pathogen that causes FHB in the U.S. produces deoxynivalenol, a mycotoxin that can cause serious health problems for both humans and livestock when consumed in FHB infected grain. While cultural practices and fungicide treatments can suppress FHB, the use of resistant cultivars is also an essential tool for control of FHB. Breeding for resistance to FHB has become a very large part of wheat and barley breeding programs in temperate climates. Various sources of resistance have been used to develop new cultivars that have high levels of resistance. The primary objective of this study was to combine multiple sources of resistance using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from three FHB-resistant University of Illinois breeding lines (IL96-6472, IL97-6755 and IL97-1828) to obtain transgressive segregants that are significantly better than the three parents. The RIL population, consisting of 266 lines, was evaluated for FHB resistance in the greenhouse and in a mist irrigated, inoculated disease nursery. Forty-three simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 250 Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) polymorphic markers were used to create a linkage map using Joinmap 3.0. PlabQTL was used for composite interval mapping and detection of significant QTL. QTL were found for all measured traits except for mean severity in the 2009 greenhouse evaluation. QTL on the short arm of chromosome 3B were identified for all measured traits and accounted for 4.2% to 18.8% of the phenotypic variation, depending on the trait. We believe that these markers are associated with Fhb1 or QTL tightly linked to Fhb1. Minor QTL were also found on chromosomes 7B, 1A, 5D, 6B and 6A and explained a smaller amount of phenotypic variation (between 2.5% and 8.7%). A total of 13 transgressive segregants were found that were significantly better than the mean of the three FHB-resistant parents for more than one trait. These thirteen lines were found to carry many of the resistance alleles associated with the QTL found in the study. Although the population was derived from three FHB-resistant parents, and there were likely QTL that were not detected due to a lack of polymorphism, we believe that multiple genes for resistance were combined in the transgressive segregants observed in the RIL. The second study examined the performance of FHB-resistant and susceptible cultivars with three fungicide treatments. Until recently, there were few fungicides labeled for suppression of FHB. Numerous studies have shown that fungicides containing the active ingredient tebuconazole are very effective in reducing losses caused by FHB. While fungicides can be a useful tool for FHB suppression, they do not provide complete control, and their efficacy is greatly affected by timing. Planting cultivars that are resistant to FHB infection provides farmers with continual protection against the disease. The experiment was grown as a split plot with fungicide treatment (No Fungicide, Prosaro® (tebuconazole+prothioconazole) and Folicur® (tebuconazole) as the main plot and cultivar (6 susceptible and 6 resistant) as the sub-plots. Based on the results of this experiment, it is apparent that resistant cultivars are a necessity to provide the best control of FHB. Under the extremely heavy disease pressure of our FHB nursery, fungicides did not provide sufficient control of FHB on susceptible cultivars. Not surprisingly, we found the best method for controlling FHB is to plant a resistant cultivar in addition to applying a fungicide; however, we were interested to see how resistant cultivars alone would perform when compared to susceptible cultivars treated with a fungicide. Resistant cultivars performed impressively, and it was apparent that resistant cultivars are an essential first step of an effective program for controlling FHB. Resistant cultivars without fungicides were able to yield well and provide excellent net economic returns that were not significantly different than resistant cultivars that were treated with a fungicide. This would suggest that under low to moderate disease pressure there no need for fungicide application for FHB control. This experiment illustrated that resistant cultivars provide sufficient protection from FHB; however, to achieve high quality grain with low levels of FDK and DON, fungicide application may be needed in years when there is a high risk of severe disease pressure.
Download or read book Toxigenic Fusarium Species Identity and Mycotoxicology written by W. F. O. Marasas and published by Penn State University Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The taxonomy of fungi in the genus Fusarium is complex and confusing because of the different taxonomic systems in use in various parts of the world. Taxonomy of the genus is further complicated by its extreme variability in culture and by the fact that Fusarium species mutate and degenerate rapidly in culture. This situation has led to great confusion in the extensive literature on Fusarium mycotoxicoses because the same fungus is known under a variety of different names in different countries. This book, a comparative taxonomic study of Fusarium species reported to be toxigenic in published findings, represents the first serious attempt to clarify the confusion in the taxonomy and nomenclature of toxigenic Fusarium species. It is a catalog of the isolates in the International Toxigenic Fusarium Reference Collection, which is made up of isolates collected from research workers around the world. Information on each isolate includes the correct identification, references to publications in which the isolate is cited, and information on the toxic properties of and mycotoxins reported to be produced by each isolate. The nomenclature used follows the system given in Fusarium Species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. These two volumes will be useful to anyone interested in the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species.
Download or read book Exploring Fusarium Head Blight Disease Development and Biological Control written by Anita Behari and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease of wheat and other cereals caused by species of Fusarium, namely Fusarium graminearum. This disease is sporadic and highly weather dependent, and affects wheat production globally resulting in reduced grain quality and contamination with mycotoxins. The mycotoxin most commonly associated with FHB is deoxynivalenol (DON). DON is a virulence factor in disease, as well as toxic to plants, humans, and animals. Ultimately, reducing DON contamination in grain depends on preventing infection and subsequent disease. Current mitigation strategies for FHB include the use of moderately resistant cultivars and fungicides; however, when conditions are conducive to disease development even a combination of mitigation strategies offers limited control. Improving mitigation of FHB depends on an improved understanding of disease development, especially the effects of weather variables on facilitating infection, disease, and DON accumulation in cultivars with varying levels of resistance. Additionally, given that global wheat production is threatened by rust and wheat blast, identifying other mitigation strategies for FHB will support flexibility with disease control. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the effects of temperature on disease development and DON accumulation in cultivars varying in resistance to FHB, and to explore biological control (biocontrol) as an additional tool for FHB mitigation. The first objective was to examine the effects of cultivar (moderately resistant: Alsen and susceptible: Wheaton) and temperature (15C and 22C) on fungal spread, ergosterol accumulation, and DON accumulation in Fusarium head blight diseased wheat. Using the point inoculation technique, the florets of the central spikelet of wheat heads were inoculated with a macroconidia suspension. Wheat heads were harvested every two days over a period of thirty days, with one floret per spikelet used to collect data on incidence of F. graminearum, while the other floret was used for extraction of DON and ergosterol. The moderately resistant cultivar Alsen was found to have the least fungal spread, DON, and ergosterol, while 15C also reduced fungal spread, DON, and ergosterol. The combination of Alsen 15C had the lowest F. graminearum incidence, and the least DON and ergosterol. The second objective was to isolate, identify, and characterize microbes from environmental sources in Pennsylvania, with the abilities to inhibit F. graminearum and remove DON from liquid culture. Additionally, the third objective was to screen Bacillus isolates isolated from quinoa in Bolivia and Ecuador for the same abilities. Microbes (mostly bacteria) were isolated from soil and plant material using various media and selected based on morphology for co-culturing with F. graminearum, while samples of soil and plant material were incubated in mineral salt media with DON and tested individually using GC-ECD to monitor DON removal from liquid culture. A total of 151 microbes were screened for inhibition, 59 of which were isolated from mineral salt media containing DON. Of the 151 microbes, 12 were found to inhibit F. graminearum, of which 4 were also able to reduce DON levels in culture. Five other microbes from the mineral salt media incubations were found to significantly decrease DON in culture, but did not inhibit F. graminearum. The fourth objective was to field test spray treatments of two microbes, one able to inhibit F. graminearum and the other able to remove DON, separately and combined, for their effects on FHB disease incidence, head severity, Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), and DON accumulation in a FHB moderately resistant and a FHB susceptible cultivar of wheat. Using non-parametric two-way ANOVA analyses between medians, we found that treatment, cultivar, and treatment*cultivar were significant for all measured variables. Additionally, for some of the measured variables, microbe treatments were found to exacerbate disease and DON accumulation. Future research can further elucidate the effects of weather variables on affecting disease and DON accumulation in cultivars with varying degrees and types of resistance. Biocontrol research can focus on supporting the establishment and antagonistic activities of biocontrol agents in field environments. This dissertation contributes to furthering the understanding of factors influencing disease and DON levels, as well as the use of F. graminearum inhibition and DON removal for FHB biocontrol.
Download or read book A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of 3 ADON and 15 ADON Chemotypes of Fusarium Graminearum on Spring Wheat and Selected QTL Lines written by Victoria Margot Gauthier and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Virus Taxonomy written by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-10-25 with total page 1463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The practical need to partition the world of viruses into distinguishable, universally agreed upon entities is the ultimate justification for developing a virus classification system. Since 1971, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) operating on behalf of the world community of virologists has taken on the task of developing a single, universal taxonomic scheme for all viruses infecting animals (vertebrate, invertebrates, and protozoa), plants (higher plants and algae), fungi, bacteria, and archaea. The current report builds on the accumulated taxonomic construction of the eight previous reports dating back to 1971 and records the proceedings of the Committee since publication of the last report in 2005. Representing the work of more than 500 virologists worldwide, this report is the authoritative reference for virus organization, distinction, and structure.
