Download or read book Invariant Natural Killer T Cells written by Chaohong Liu and published by Humana. This book was released on 2021-10-16 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed book focuses on various aspects of Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells (iNKT), which are known to contribute to homeostasis and autoimmunity and can also cause various pathological responses such as allergy, infection, excessive autoimmune response, and cancer. The volume explores techniques for identification and isolation of iNKT cells, iNKT cell activation and transformation, as well as proliferation and differentiation and much more. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells: Methods and Protocols is an ideal guide for researchers working with and studying iNKT cells, perhaps to provide a deeper knowledge of the human immune system.

Download or read book Signaling Mechanisms Regulating T Cell Diversity and Function written by Jonathan Soboloff and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: T cells play a vital role mediating adaptive immunity, a specific acquired resistance to an infectious agent produced by the introduction of an antigen. There are a variety of T cell types with different functions. They are called T cells, because they are derived from the thymus gland. This volume discusses how T cells are regulated through the operation of signaling mechanisms. Topics covered include positive and negative selection, early events in T cell receptor engagement, and various T cell subsets.

Download or read book Natural Killer T cells written by Masaki Terabe and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-22 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will cover primary roles of NKT cells in immunity to cancer, in both mouse tumor models and cancer patients. There are several chapters describing general aspects of NKT cells.

Download or read book Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Activation by Fungi written by Nadia Rachel Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes recognizing self and foreign lipid antigens presented by CD1d, a trans-membrane glycoprotein closely related to MHC molecules. iNKT cells become rapidly activated during infection and play an important role in immunity against a spectrum of microbes. Unlike MHC-restricted T cells, however, iNKT cells express a semi-clonal T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, comprised of a canonical V[alpha] chain paired with a limited set of V[beta] chains. Furthermore, in contrast to MHC, CD1d is non-polymorphic. This suggests that the diversity of antigens that can be presented to and recognized by iNKT cells may be limited. Clarifying the mechanisms allowing iNKT cells to respond to different microbes is central to understanding the biology of these and other innate-like lymphocytes with restricted receptor diversity. In this dissertation, we address this question in the context of infection with fungi, a neglected class of pathogens with increasing clinical significance.

Download or read book Natural Killer T cells written by Nathan V. Fournier and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Many of these cells recognize the non-polymorphic CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that binds self- and foreign lipids and glycolipids. Upon activation, NK T cells are able to produce large quantities of interferon-gamma, IL-4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, as well as multiple other cytokines and chemokines (such as IL-2 and TNF-alpha). NKT cells seem to be essential for several aspects of immunity because their dysfunction or deficiency has been shown to lead to the development of autoimmune diseases (such as diabetes or atherosclerosis) and cancers. NKT cells have recently been implicated in the disease progression of human asthma. The clinical potential of NKT cells lies in the rapid release of cytokines (such as IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-4) that promote or suppress different immune responses.

Download or read book Immune and Structural Studies of Synthetic Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Glycosphingolipid Activators written by Alysia Marie Birkholz and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells comprise a small fraction of immune cells capable of responding within hours when stimulated by glycosphingolipid (GSL) antigens (Ags) and can impact the immune system months later. These iNKT cells respond to GSLs that are presented by the antigen presenting molecule CD1d. The iNKT cell driven immune cytokine response can alter depending on the GSL that is presented by CD1d. The GSL can lead to the production of a T helper type 1 (Th1) or a T helper type 2 (Th2) response characterized by IFN-gamma and IL-4 cytokines. Many synthetic GSL analogs of the most common iNKT cell antigen, alpha-Galactosylceramide (aGalCer) were used in this study to determine immunological and biochemical properties of Ags capable of activating iNKT cells. Studies consisted of in vitro Ag binding models, crystallographic structural models and in vivo immunological studies. Ags that are categorized as Th1 iNKT cell cytokine skewers have properties correlated with this response. The Th1 Ags studied are presented by CD1d on dendritic antigen presenting cells (APCs) and the CD1d and GSL seem to form more contacts according to structural studies and the CD1d-GSL complexes are more biologically stable in vivo. The work from these studies adds the to growing information in the field regarding the nature of iNKT cell immune system skewing.

Download or read book Immunologic Concepts in Transfusion Medicine written by Robert W Maitta and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunological Concepts in Transfusion Medicine provides a thorough discussion of the immune aspects of blood component transfusion, with in-depth information on the intricacies of immune responses to blood components and the immune processes that may be initiated in response to blood exposure. Written to increase knowledge and awareness of immune challenges such as alloimmunization and transfusion-related acute lung injury, this title bridges current basic scientific discoveries and the potential effects seen in blood recipients. - Complies the knowledge and expertise of Dr. Robert Maitta, an expert in immune responses and antibody function/structure studies. - Helps clinicians in the daily practice of caring for patients in need of transfusion support, as well as physicians in training when considering utilizing blood transfusions in a limited scope or in the setting of massive transfusion. - Includes an immunology primer as an introduction to in-depth chapters covering allergic immune reactions to blood components, transfusion-related immunomodulation, fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and neonatal neuthropenia, complications of haploidentical and mismatched HSC transplantation, chimeric antibody receptor therapies, and much more. - Consolidates today's available information on this timely topic into a single, convenient resource.

Download or read book Bacterial Activation of Invariant Natural Killer T iNKT Cells written by Thirumahal Selvanantham and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Primer to the Immune Response written by Tak W. Mak and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-12-23 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written in the same engaging conversational style as the acclaimed first edition, Primer to The Immune Response, 2nd Edition is a fully updated and invaluable resource for college and university students in life sciences, medicine and other health professions who need a concise but comprehensive introduction to immunology. The authors bring clarity and readability to their audience, offering a complete survey of the most fundamental concepts in basic and clinical immunology while conveying the subject's fascinating appeal. The content of this new edition has been completely updated to include current information on all aspects of basic and clinical immunology. The superbly drawn figures are now in full color, complemented by full color plates throughout the book. The text is further enhanced by the inclusion of numerous tables, special topic boxes and brief notes that provide interesting insights. At the end of each chapter, a self-test quiz allows students to monitor their mastery of major concepts, while a set of conceptual questions prompts them to extrapolate further and extend their critical thinking. Moreover, as part of the Academic Cell line of textbooks, Primer to The Immune Response, 2nd Edition contains research passages that shine a spotlight on current experimental work reported in Cell Press articles. These articles also form the basis of case studies that are found in the associated online study guide and are designed to reinforce clinical connections. - Complete yet concise coverage of the basic and clinical principles of immunology - Engaging conversational writing style that is to the point and very readable - Over 200 clear, elegant color illustrations - Comprehensive glossary and list of abbreviations

Download or read book Role of CD1 and MR1 restricted T cells in Immunity and Disease written by Kazuya Iwabuchi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-18 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CD1 and MR1 are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related proteins that bind and present non-peptide antigens to subsets of T cells with specialized functions. CD1 proteins typically present lipid antigens to CD1-restricted T cells, whereas MR1 presents vitamin B-based ligands and a variety of drugs and drug-like molecules to MR1-restricted T cells. The CD1 family of antigen presenting molecules has been divided into two groups: Group 1 contains CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, and Group 2 contains CD1d. Additionally, CD1e is expressed intracellularly and is involved in the loading of lipid antigens onto Group 1 CD1 proteins. Humans express both Groups 1 and 2 CD1 proteins, whereas mice only express CD1d. Group 1 CD1 proteins present lipid antigens to T cells that generally express diverse T cell receptors (TCRs) and exhibit adaptive-like functions, whereas CD1d presents lipid antigens to subsets of T cells that express either diverse or highly restricted TCRs and exhibit innate-like functions. CD1d-restricted T cells are called natural killer T (NKT) cells, which includes Type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells expressing semi-invariant TCRs, and Type II NKT cells expressing more diverse TCRs. CD1-restricted T cells have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, infections, and autoimmune, inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Additionally, NKT cells have been targeted for immunotherapy of disease with ligands such as α-galactosylceramide for iNKT cells, or sulfatide for Type II NKT cells. Like iNKT cells, MR1-restricted T cells express semi-invariant TCRs and display innate-like functions. MR1-restricted T cells, also called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, have been implicated in immune responses against a variety of pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus and influenza virus. Moreover, these cells contribute to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus, and diabetes.

Download or read book Community Series in the Role of CD1 and MR1 restricted T cells in Immunity and Disease Volume II written by Luc Van Kaer and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-09-26 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second volume in the series, the Role of CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells in Immunity and Disease. Please see volume I here. CD1 and MR1 are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related proteins that bind and present non-peptide antigens to subsets of T cells with specialized functions. CD1 proteins typically present lipid antigens to CD1-restricted T cells, whereas MR1 presents vitamin B-based ligands and a variety of drugs and drug-like molecules to MR1-restricted T cells. The CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules has been divided into two groups: Group 1 contains CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c, and Group 2 contains CD1d. Additionally, CD1e is expressed intracellularly and is involved in the loading of lipid antigens onto Group 1 CD1 proteins. Humans express both Groups 1 and 2 CD1 proteins, whereas mice only express CD1d. Group 1 CD1 proteins present lipid antigens to T cells that generally express diverse T cell receptors (TCRs) and exhibit adaptive-like functions, whereas CD1d presents lipid antigens to subsets of T cells that express either diverse or highly restricted TCRs and exhibit innate-like functions. CD1d-restricted T cells are called natural killer T (NKT) cells, which include Type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells expressing semi-invariant TCRs, and Type II NKT cells expressing more diverse TCRs. CD1-restricted T cells have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, infections, and autoimmune, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Additionally, NKT cells have been targeted for immunotherapy of disease with ligands such as ‎α or α-galactosylceramide for iNKT cells, or sulfatide for Type II NKT cells.

Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Regulation of Natural Killer T Cell Subset Development and Function by Slam Family Receptors written by Victoria DeVault and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semi-invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are critical components of the host immune response in peripheral tissues such as the lung, liver, and gut, and they play important roles in cancer, bacterial infections, autoimmunity, wound repair, and atherosclerosis. Tissue-resident iNKT cells exert their effects early in the developing immune response by rapidly producing a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines, and it was recently discovered that different tissues possess iNKT cell subsets that preferentially produce IFN-[Gamma] (NKT1), IL-4 (NKT2), or IL-17 (NKT17). Despite their critical role in the immune response, the mechanisms that regulate iNKT cell function in the periphery remain unclear. Signaling lymphocyte activation marker (SLAM) proteins are cell surface-expressed molecular switches that are expressed on all hematopoietic cells. The nine SLAM family receptors serve a variety of functions including promotion of cell-cell adhesion, regulation of cytokine production, co-stimulation, and inhibition. Importantly, SLAM family receptors are critical for the development of iNKT cells. Yet, numerous efforts to ascribe discrete roles of SLAM family receptors in iNKT cell function has proven difficult. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of SLAM family receptor co-expression on iNKT cell subsets in the lung, spleen, liver, and thymus and identified co-expression profiles that varied in a tissue and strain-dependent manner. Interestingly, we found that SLAM family receptor expression profiles varied among different iNKT cell subsets. In particular, we noted a close association of SLAMf6 expression with the NKT2 and NKT17 subsets in both the periphery and in the thymus. Further investigation using SLAMf6-deficient mice revealed a critical role for SLAMf6 in NKT2 and NKT17 subset development, and in iNKT IL-4 and IL-17 cytokine production in the periphery. This investigation also revealed that the SLAMf6 [superscript "high"] NKT2 and NKT17 subsets exhibited significantly higher proliferative capacity than the NKT1 subset and the NKT2 and NKT17 proliferation was dependent, in part, on SLAMf6 expression. Since Slam family genes are highly polymorphic, we next investigated whether these polymorphisms regulated iNKT function. We employed a B6.129 congenic mouse exhibiting impaired NKT cell function, in which a 6.6 Mbp 129/SvJ locus encompassing Slam genes was introgressed onto the C57BL/6 background. To test the hypothesis that Slam gene polymorphisms regulate iNKT cell function, we refined this genetic interval by generating B6.129 subcongenic lines and assessing iNKT cell function. Unexpectedly, we found that while Slam gene polymorphisms in this model do regulate iNKT cell function, the dominant regulator was in a 0.14 Mbp interval centromeric to the Slam genes. Further experimentation revealed that impaired iNKT cell development and function was associated with changes in the expression of Fcgr3 (Fc gamma receptor III) on iNKT cells, suggesting it as a novel candidate gene regulating iNKT cell function. Taken together, these data reveal for the first time a specific role for SLAMf6 on NKT2 and NKT17 subset development and function. In addition, these data identify Fcgr3 as a novel candidate gene that regulates iNKT cell subset development and cytokine production. Cumulatively, these data reveal the presence of discrete regulatory mechanisms at work in different iNKT subsets, a finding that has broad implications for our understanding of iNKT-cell mediated immunity.

Download or read book CD1 and MR1 restricted T Cells in Antimicrobial Immunity written by S.M. Mansour Haeryfar and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-01-21 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell-mediated immunity to extracellular and intracellular microbes has been traditionally linked to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that recognize pathogen-derived peptides in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and class I molecules, respectively. Recent progress in our understanding of early host defense mechanisms has brought ‘unconventional’, innate-like T cells into the spotlight. These are a heterogeneous population of non-MHC-restricted T cells that exhibit ‘memory-like’ properties and mount emergency responses to infection. They may directly detect and destroy infected cells, but are best known for their ability to regulate downstream effector cells including but not limited to conventional T cells. Innate-like T cells include among others CD1-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells and MR1-restricted mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. NKT cells recognize lipid antigens, and MAIT cells were recently demonstrated to respond to microbe-derived vitamin B metabolites. However, much remains to be learned about the antigen specificity range of these cells, their activation mode and their true potentials in immunotherapeutic applications. Like in many other areas of biology, uncertainties and controversies surrounding these cells and some of the experimental models, techniques and reagents employed to study them have brought about excitement and sometimes hot debates. This Special Topic was launched to provide updated reviews on protective and/or pathogenic roles of NKT and MAIT cells during infection. Leading experts discuss current controversies, pressing questions and the challenges that lie ahead for the advancement of this intriguing and rapidly evolving area of immunology. Unlike MHC, CD1 and MR1 display very limited polymorphism. Therefore, NKT and MAIT cells may be considered attractive targets for various diseases in diverse human populations. The potential benefits of NKT cell- and MAIT cell-based vaccination and treatment strategies in infectious diseases is an important subject that is also covered in this Topic.

Download or read book Activation and Manipulation of Invariant Natural Killer T iNKT Cells by Bacterial Superantigens written by Jacqueline Hayworth and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book In Vitro Differentiation of T Cells written by Shin Kaneko and published by Humana. This book was released on 2020-08-14 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the vital importance of T-cell differentiation in areas as wide-ranging as pathological analysis, drug development, and cell therapy of human T-cells. Focusing on human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, the chapters explore a variety of in vitro T-cell differentiation protocols as well as useful techniques to develop and evaluate cellular medicines. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, In Vitro Differentiation of T-Cells: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for researchers seeking to differentiate T-cells from pluripotent stem cells in order to achieve any number of significant goals.

Download or read book The Innate Effector Programmes of Invariant Natural Killer T cells written by Akshat Sharma and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: T-cell effector functions exemplify adaptive immunity in that they 'adapt' to the threat at hand via a programme of antigen recognition, clonal expansion and subsequent contraction, and the generation of long-lived memory cells as insurance against subsequent insult. Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a lipid-reactive lineage of T-lymphocyte which, via an invariant T-cell receptor and epigentically 'poised effector' status, combine both the specificity of adaptive immunity as well as the rapid 'trained' responses of innate immunity. While a lot has been written about adaptive, antigen-specific or TCR-driven mechanisms of iNKT functionality, less is known about non-TCR or innate cues that drive iNKT responses. This disquisition aims to explore the same via enquiring after the functional consequences of having unusually high cell-surface expression of the integrin and co-stimulatory molecule Leucocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 (LFA-1) as well as the means by which iNKT cells serve as cellular adjuvants in a humanised mouse model of EBV-driven lymphomagenesis. For the former, we stimulated clonal or short-term polyclonal lines of human iNKT cells with plate-bound ICAM-1-Fc in the absence of antigen-presenting cells, but in the presence or absence of exogenous IL-12p70 to investigate the role that LFA-1:ICAM-1 interactions play in co-stimulating TCR-independent means of cell responsiveness. Surprisingly, we found that ICAM-1-fc alone is sufficient to drive IFNg from iNKT cells, and does not require concurrent TCR or pro-inflammatory cytokine cues. Immunotherapy work was performed within an in vivo model of EBV-driven lymphomagenesis using humanised mice. iNKT cells appear to promote tumour clearance via the activation of endogenous MHC-restricted T-cells. Whether or not the iNKT-TCR is involved in potentiating this programme of adjuvanticity will be a topic for future experiments. Ultimately, the work curated here builds a case for the versatility of iNKT cells via their ability to be sensitive to changes in their milieu that do not always involve direct antigen presentation. This ability to 'stay current' is what posits iNKT cells as a vital conduit, bridging the 'communication gaps' between classically innate and adaptive immune responses.