Download or read book Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Activation by Fungi written by Nadia Rachel Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes recognizing self and foreign lipid antigens presented by CD1d, a trans-membrane glycoprotein closely related to MHC molecules. iNKT cells become rapidly activated during infection and play an important role in immunity against a spectrum of microbes. Unlike MHC-restricted T cells, however, iNKT cells express a semi-clonal T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, comprised of a canonical V[alpha] chain paired with a limited set of V[beta] chains. Furthermore, in contrast to MHC, CD1d is non-polymorphic. This suggests that the diversity of antigens that can be presented to and recognized by iNKT cells may be limited. Clarifying the mechanisms allowing iNKT cells to respond to different microbes is central to understanding the biology of these and other innate-like lymphocytes with restricted receptor diversity. In this dissertation, we address this question in the context of infection with fungi, a neglected class of pathogens with increasing clinical significance.
Download or read book Natural Killer T cells written by Nathan V. Fournier and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Many of these cells recognize the non-polymorphic CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that binds self- and foreign lipids and glycolipids. Upon activation, NK T cells are able to produce large quantities of interferon-gamma, IL-4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, as well as multiple other cytokines and chemokines (such as IL-2 and TNF-alpha). NKT cells seem to be essential for several aspects of immunity because their dysfunction or deficiency has been shown to lead to the development of autoimmune diseases (such as diabetes or atherosclerosis) and cancers. NKT cells have recently been implicated in the disease progression of human asthma. The clinical potential of NKT cells lies in the rapid release of cytokines (such as IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-4) that promote or suppress different immune responses.
Download or read book The Influence of Toll like Receptors on Murine Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Activation written by Alexander Ian Villanueva and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book T Lymphocytes Advances in Research and Application 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-12-26 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: T-Lymphocytes—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about T-Lymphocytes in a concise format. The editors have built T-Lymphocytes—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about T-Lymphocytes in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of T-Lymphocytes—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Download or read book Invariant Natural Killer T Cells iNKT in Alternaria induced Type 2 Innate Lung Inflammation written by Noelia Azalde García and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Background: Skin positivity to Alternaria alternata (ALT), a ubiquitous fungal allergen, is linked to asthma severity, a respiratory disease affecting over 300 million people worldwide. Airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation, two hallmarks of allergic asthma, are associated with the overproduction of Type 2 cytokines, IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5. In several murine models of allergic inflammation with ALT, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are a dominant source of Type 2 cytokines induced in response to IL-33, an epithelial derived alarmin. The role of invariant Natural Killer T cells (iNKT), a CD1d-restricted innate T cell population that recognizes glycolipids, does not appear to have been elucidated in this allergen model. Moreover, it is unknown whether there is an established immune axis between ILC2 and iNKT potentially shaping early immune responses before the onset of adaptive immunity. We hypothesize that iNKT activation promotes ILC2 proliferation and cytokine production, enhancing Type 2 innate inflammation in response to acute ALT exposure.Methodology: Female mice were euthanized 72 hours after intranasal exposure to 50ug ALT. Immunophenotyping with cell surface markers was employed to identify ILC2, iNKT, and eosinophils (Eos) amongst other innate immune cells. Using intracellular cytokine staining, cytokine profiles from ILC2 and iNKT were characterized. A lipid antagonist, DPPE-PEG350, was used in vitro to inhibit iNKT activation. Furthermore, using fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS), individual lymphocyte populations of ILC2 and iNKT (CD4+ and DN [CD4- CD8-]) were purified and co-cultured to study cell-cell interactions between these two innate cell types. Sorted cells were cultured under several conditions that included cytokines IL-7 (20ng/ml), several doses of IL-33 (0.4-10ng/ml), the glycolipid [alpha]-galactosyl ceramide ([alpha]-GC) (50 ng/ml), and lipid antagonist DPPE-PEG350 (50ug/ml). ELISA was performed to detect Type 2 cytokine secretion (IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4) in these cultures. Results: CD4+ and DN iNKT and a newly defined population of CD1d-expressing ILC2 expanded in vivo after acute exposure to ALT. Moreover, the fungal allergen induced activation of CD1d+ ILC2 and total ILC2 to increase IL-5 and IL-13 production, that was accompanied by Eos recruitment and activation in the lungs. A greater number of IL-4+ and IL-13+ iNKT were found in lungs from ALT-treated mice. In the co-culture system, ILC2 were able to present exogenous ([alpha]-GC) and possibly endogenous lipids to iNKT, activating them to release more IL-4. iNKT activation by ILC2 was dependent upon CD1d, as it was inhibited by DPPE-PEG350. On the contrary, iNKT significantly dampened IL-5 release from co-cultured ILC2, providing evidence that iNKT inhibit ILC2 effector function, at least in vitro. Conclusions: Our findings support data from others showing that ALT increases ILC2 expansion and Eos recruitment and expand upon these findings to show that ALT also induces expansion of iNKT. Moreover, we have characterized early innate immune responses from iNKT and ILC2 by their release of IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5, respectively. More importantly, we have characterized a novel effector role for ILC2 in Type 2 immunity that gives them the advantage of interacting with and activating iNKT in the lungs, while iNKT may provide a protective role against exacerbated Type 2 cytokine release in ILC2. These data provide a basis for exploring ALT-induced ILC2 activation in the absence of iNKT, with the use of mice lacking CD1d1"--
Download or read book The Fungal Cell Wall written by Jean-Paul Latgé and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-12 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illustrates, that the fungal cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of all fungi and especially for human fungal pathogens. Readers will learn, that the composition of the fungal cell wall is a unique structure, which cannot be found in the human host. Consequently, the chapters outline, how the immune systems of both animals and humans have evolved to recognize conserved and unique elements of the fungal cell wall. As an application example, the authors also show, that the three-dimensional structures of the cell wall are excellent targets for the development of antifungal agents and chemotherapeutic strategies. With the combination of biological findings and medical outlooks, this volume is a fascinating read for scientists, clinicians and biomedical students.
Download or read book Bacterial Activation of Invariant Natural Killer T iNKT Cells written by Thirumahal Selvanantham and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Regulation of Natural Killer T Cell Subset Development and Function by Slam Family Receptors written by Victoria DeVault and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semi-invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are critical components of the host immune response in peripheral tissues such as the lung, liver, and gut, and they play important roles in cancer, bacterial infections, autoimmunity, wound repair, and atherosclerosis. Tissue-resident iNKT cells exert their effects early in the developing immune response by rapidly producing a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines, and it was recently discovered that different tissues possess iNKT cell subsets that preferentially produce IFN-[Gamma] (NKT1), IL-4 (NKT2), or IL-17 (NKT17). Despite their critical role in the immune response, the mechanisms that regulate iNKT cell function in the periphery remain unclear. Signaling lymphocyte activation marker (SLAM) proteins are cell surface-expressed molecular switches that are expressed on all hematopoietic cells. The nine SLAM family receptors serve a variety of functions including promotion of cell-cell adhesion, regulation of cytokine production, co-stimulation, and inhibition. Importantly, SLAM family receptors are critical for the development of iNKT cells. Yet, numerous efforts to ascribe discrete roles of SLAM family receptors in iNKT cell function has proven difficult. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of SLAM family receptor co-expression on iNKT cell subsets in the lung, spleen, liver, and thymus and identified co-expression profiles that varied in a tissue and strain-dependent manner. Interestingly, we found that SLAM family receptor expression profiles varied among different iNKT cell subsets. In particular, we noted a close association of SLAMf6 expression with the NKT2 and NKT17 subsets in both the periphery and in the thymus. Further investigation using SLAMf6-deficient mice revealed a critical role for SLAMf6 in NKT2 and NKT17 subset development, and in iNKT IL-4 and IL-17 cytokine production in the periphery. This investigation also revealed that the SLAMf6 [superscript "high"] NKT2 and NKT17 subsets exhibited significantly higher proliferative capacity than the NKT1 subset and the NKT2 and NKT17 proliferation was dependent, in part, on SLAMf6 expression. Since Slam family genes are highly polymorphic, we next investigated whether these polymorphisms regulated iNKT function. We employed a B6.129 congenic mouse exhibiting impaired NKT cell function, in which a 6.6 Mbp 129/SvJ locus encompassing Slam genes was introgressed onto the C57BL/6 background. To test the hypothesis that Slam gene polymorphisms regulate iNKT cell function, we refined this genetic interval by generating B6.129 subcongenic lines and assessing iNKT cell function. Unexpectedly, we found that while Slam gene polymorphisms in this model do regulate iNKT cell function, the dominant regulator was in a 0.14 Mbp interval centromeric to the Slam genes. Further experimentation revealed that impaired iNKT cell development and function was associated with changes in the expression of Fcgr3 (Fc gamma receptor III) on iNKT cells, suggesting it as a novel candidate gene regulating iNKT cell function. Taken together, these data reveal for the first time a specific role for SLAMf6 on NKT2 and NKT17 subset development and function. In addition, these data identify Fcgr3 as a novel candidate gene that regulates iNKT cell subset development and cytokine production. Cumulatively, these data reveal the presence of discrete regulatory mechanisms at work in different iNKT subsets, a finding that has broad implications for our understanding of iNKT-cell mediated immunity.
Download or read book Role of CD1 and MR1 restricted T cells in Immunity and Disease written by Kazuya Iwabuchi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-18 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CD1 and MR1 are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related proteins that bind and present non-peptide antigens to subsets of T cells with specialized functions. CD1 proteins typically present lipid antigens to CD1-restricted T cells, whereas MR1 presents vitamin B-based ligands and a variety of drugs and drug-like molecules to MR1-restricted T cells. The CD1 family of antigen presenting molecules has been divided into two groups: Group 1 contains CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, and Group 2 contains CD1d. Additionally, CD1e is expressed intracellularly and is involved in the loading of lipid antigens onto Group 1 CD1 proteins. Humans express both Groups 1 and 2 CD1 proteins, whereas mice only express CD1d. Group 1 CD1 proteins present lipid antigens to T cells that generally express diverse T cell receptors (TCRs) and exhibit adaptive-like functions, whereas CD1d presents lipid antigens to subsets of T cells that express either diverse or highly restricted TCRs and exhibit innate-like functions. CD1d-restricted T cells are called natural killer T (NKT) cells, which includes Type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells expressing semi-invariant TCRs, and Type II NKT cells expressing more diverse TCRs. CD1-restricted T cells have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, infections, and autoimmune, inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Additionally, NKT cells have been targeted for immunotherapy of disease with ligands such as α-galactosylceramide for iNKT cells, or sulfatide for Type II NKT cells. Like iNKT cells, MR1-restricted T cells express semi-invariant TCRs and display innate-like functions. MR1-restricted T cells, also called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, have been implicated in immune responses against a variety of pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus and influenza virus. Moreover, these cells contribute to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus, and diabetes.
Download or read book NKT Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy 2nd Edition written by Tonya J. Webb and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-11-20 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Download or read book Mucosal Vaccines written by Hiroshi Kiyono and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1996-10-23 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive, authoritative treatise covers all aspects of mucosal vaccines including their development, mechanisms of action, molecular/cellular aspects, and practical applications. The contributing authors and editors of this one-of-a-kind book are very well known in their respective fields. Mucosal Vaccines is organized in a unique format in which basic, clinical, and practical aspects of the mucosal immune system for vaccine development are described and discussed. This project is endorsed by the Society for Mucosal Immunology. - Provides the latest views on mucosal vaccines - Applies basic principles to the development of new vaccines - Links basic, clinical, and practical aspects of mucosal vaccines to different infectious diseases - Unique and user-friendly organization
Download or read book Immunology of Fungal Infections written by Gordon D. Brown and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-10 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text covers all aspects of the immunology of fungal infection. Beyond the basics, coverage includes recent developments in innate and adaptive immunological mechanisms involved in the host response to fungal infection. The volume’s topical sections provide an immunological perspective on the cells, soluble factors and receptors involved in recognising and combating fungal infections. Discussion includes descriptions of immunity to specific pathogens, immune-escape mechanisms used by fungi, and therapeutic strategies.
Download or read book Immunopharmacology written by Manzoor M. Khan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-19 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past decades, with the introduction of the recombinant DNA, hybridoma and transgenic technologies there has been an exponential evolution in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of a large number of human diseases. The technologies are evident with the development of cytokines and monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents and the techniques used in gene therapy. Immunopharmacology is that area of biomedical sciences where immunology, pharmacology and pathology overlap. It concerns the pharmacological approach to the immune response in physiological as well as pathological events. This goals and objectives of this textbook are to emphasize the developments in immunology and pharmacology as they relate to the modulation of immune response. The information includes the pharmacology of cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, mechanism of action of immune-suppressive agents and their relevance in tissue transplantation, therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AIDS and the techniques employed in gene therapy. The book is intended for health care professional students and graduate students in pharmacology and immunology.
Download or read book Paul s Fundamental Immunology written by Martin Flajnik and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2022-07-19 with total page 3597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected as a Doody's Core Title for 2022! Defining the field of immunology for 40 years, Paul’s Fundamental Immunology continues to provide detailed, authoritative, up-to-date information that uniquely bridges the gap between basic immunology and the disease process. The fully revised 8th edition maintains the excellence established by Dr. William E. Paul, who passed away in 2015, and is now under new editorial leadership of Drs. Martin F. Flajnik, Nevil J. Singh, and Steven M. Holland. It’s an ideal reference and gold standard text for graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, basic and clinical immunologists, microbiologists and infectious disease physicians, and any physician treating diseases in which immunologic mechanisms play a role.
Download or read book The T Cell Receptor FactsBook written by Marie-Paule Lefranc and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-07-13 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The T Cell Receptor FactsBook contains entries on all the 176 functional variable, diversity, joining, and constant regions of the human T cell receptor, including alpha, beta, gamma, and delta loci. Introductory chapters summarize information of T cell receptor chain synthesis, chromosomal location, and an overview of the human T cell receptor loci.
Download or read book Immunogenetics of Fungal Diseases written by Agostinho Carvalho and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-03 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides up-to-date information on immunogenetics of fungal diseases in the context of primary and acquired immunodeficiencies. Different aspects of this emerging field are covered, including epidemiology of fungal diseases, innate and adaptive antifungal immunity, and the role of immunogenetics in defining susceptibility to fungal diseases in primary (CMC, CGD, etc.) immunodeficiencies and hematologic patients. The available information will also be discussed in the scope of new biomarker discovery and development of immunotherapeutic approaches for personalized diagnostics and therapy. The book addresses Professors, researchers and advanced students of Medicine, Immunology, Microbiology and Genetics.
Download or read book CD1 and MR1 restricted T Cells in Antimicrobial Immunity written by S.M. Mansour Haeryfar and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-01-21 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell-mediated immunity to extracellular and intracellular microbes has been traditionally linked to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that recognize pathogen-derived peptides in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and class I molecules, respectively. Recent progress in our understanding of early host defense mechanisms has brought ‘unconventional’, innate-like T cells into the spotlight. These are a heterogeneous population of non-MHC-restricted T cells that exhibit ‘memory-like’ properties and mount emergency responses to infection. They may directly detect and destroy infected cells, but are best known for their ability to regulate downstream effector cells including but not limited to conventional T cells. Innate-like T cells include among others CD1-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells and MR1-restricted mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. NKT cells recognize lipid antigens, and MAIT cells were recently demonstrated to respond to microbe-derived vitamin B metabolites. However, much remains to be learned about the antigen specificity range of these cells, their activation mode and their true potentials in immunotherapeutic applications. Like in many other areas of biology, uncertainties and controversies surrounding these cells and some of the experimental models, techniques and reagents employed to study them have brought about excitement and sometimes hot debates. This Special Topic was launched to provide updated reviews on protective and/or pathogenic roles of NKT and MAIT cells during infection. Leading experts discuss current controversies, pressing questions and the challenges that lie ahead for the advancement of this intriguing and rapidly evolving area of immunology. Unlike MHC, CD1 and MR1 display very limited polymorphism. Therefore, NKT and MAIT cells may be considered attractive targets for various diseases in diverse human populations. The potential benefits of NKT cell- and MAIT cell-based vaccination and treatment strategies in infectious diseases is an important subject that is also covered in this Topic.
