Download or read book Internal Versus External Capital Markets written by Robert H. Gertner and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents a framework for analyzing the costs and benefits of internal vs. external capital allocation. We focus primarily on comparing an internal capital market to bank lending. While both represent centralized forms of financing, in the former case the financing is owner-provided, while in the latter case it is not. We argue that the ownership aspect of internal capital allocation has three important consequences: 1) it leads to more monitoring than bank lending; 2) it reduces managers' entrepreneurial incentives; and 3) it makes it easier to efficiently redeploy the assets of projects that are performing poorly under existing management.

Download or read book Internal and External Capital Markets written by Urs Peyer and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study tests the proposition that firms that make efficient use of their internal capital markets can lower the cost of transacting in the external capital market. Using a large panel data set of diversified firms from 1980-1998, I show that diversified firms with an efficient internal capital allocation display a higher propensity to use external capital relative to comparable single segment firms. This result is robust to including other controls, such as measures of information asymmetry, capital needs, relative valuation and firm size. Further, a higher use of external capital by diversified firms relative to single segment firms is associated with a higher excess value, but only for efficient internal capital market users. I also demonstrate the robustness of these findings by employing a sample of firms that experience an increase in expected investment outlays. My findings support predictions from theoretical models, such as Stein (1997), and are consistent with the interpretation that diversified firms with an efficient internal capital market benefit from lower-cost access to external capital by alleviating information asymmetry problems between managers and investors.

Download or read book Asymmetric Information in External and Internal Capital Markets written by Florian Heider and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Exploitation of the Internal Capital Market and the Avoidance of Outside Monitoring written by Brandon N. Cline and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Internal capital markets (ICMs) provide firms an alternative to costly external financing; however, they also provide an avenue to avoid the monitoring associated with issuing external capital. We argue that firms operating inefficient internal capital markets will avoid outside financing. Consistent with this view, conglomerates that cross-subsidize divisions or engage in value-destroying investment avoid external capital market oversight by refraining from issuing both debt and equity. We further show that firms issuing bonds while engaging in value-destroying investment experience yield spreads that are, on average, 46 basis points higher than that of other diversified firms. They similarly experience yield spreads that are 18 basis points higher when they issue syndicated loans. Value-destroying conglomerates also witness SEO announcement returns that are, on average, 1% more negative than firms operating more efficient internal capital markets.

Download or read book The use of internal Capital Markets based on the example of Next New Look written by Moritz Meyer and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific Study from the year 2018 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 80%, University of Strathclyde, language: English, abstract: This report tries to examine New Look's decision for the new acquirement by analysing the firm's performance in the last five years, internal capital markets (ICM), corporate governance and ownership structure, as well as advantages and disadvantages of acquiring a firm backed by a PE investor. Finally, the last element of the analysis is the evaluation of the benefits and costs of New Look as a standalone firm, if Brait would undertake successfully an initial public offering (IPO) process to exit from New Look. In the conclusion, we provide a recommendation for the exit strategy of Brait from New Look, if the objective is either to maximise the return to the Limited Partners (LPs) or Brait acts in the best interests of New Look. New Look Retail Group Limited (New Look) is an international multichannel retail brand, offering value-fashion for women, men, and teenage girls. The company has more than 900 stores, which are mostly based in the United Kingdom (UK). Its e-commerce grew sustainably over the last years and serves customers in 120 countries worldwide. Since 2015, New Look is owned by Brait Societas Europaea (Brait), a private equity (PE) firm. It is now rumoured that the UK based retailer Next Public Limited Company (Next) is preparing a takeover bid for New Look.

Download or read book Internal Capital Markets in Business Groups and the Propagation of Credit Supply Shocks written by Ms.Yu Shi and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-05-21 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using business registry data from China, we show that internal capital markets in business groups can propagate corporate shareholders’ credit supply shocks to their subsidiaries. An average of 16.7% local bank credit growth where corporate shareholders are located would increase subsidiaries investment by 1% of their tangible fixed asset value, which accounts for 71% (7%) of the median (average) investment rate among these firms. We argue that equity exchanges is one channel through which corporate shareholders transmit bank credit supply shocks to the subsidiaries and provide empirical evidence to support the channel.

Download or read book Financial Liberalization and the Internal Structure of Capital Markets in Asia and Latin America written by Miguel Urrutia and published by United Nations University Press. This book was released on 1988 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Financial Constraints and Investment Efficiency written by Gayané Hovakimian and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The extent to which conglomerates face frictions in external capital markets has implications for their internal capital allocation. We find that, during recessions, when external financing costs are higher, conglomerates improve the efficiency of internal capital markets by increasing the allocation of funds to high q divisions relative to low q divisions. The improvement is significantly higher for conglomerates that are likely to face more binding financial constraints. This evidence suggests that although financial constraints impair managers' ability to undertake positive net present value projects, they improve the quality of project selection by reducing free cash flow and pressuring managers to fund the more valuable investment opportunities. It is consistent with theories stressing the benefits of internal capital markets in the presence of external capital market imperfections.

Download or read book Internal Capital Markets and Corporate Refocusing written by John G. Matsusaka and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops a theory of organization based on the benefits and costs of internal capital markets. A central assumption is that the transaction cost of raising external funds is greater than the cost of internal funds. The benefit of internal resource allocation is that it gives the firm a real option to avoid external capital markets (and the associated deadweight transaction costs) in more states of the world than single-business firms. The cost is the internal resource flexibility exacerbates an over investment agency problem. The optimal focus is determined by trading off the benefit of the option against the cost of over investment. In this context, we show how the relative efficiency of integration and separation depends ultimately on assignment of control rights over cash flow. Testable implications are derived for the level of divisional investment, the sensitivity of divisional investment to cash flow, and the diversification discount.

Download or read book Research Handbook on Mergers and Acquisitions written by Claire A. Hill and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016-09-30 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global in scope and written by leading scholars in the field, the Research Handbook on Mergers and Acquisitions is a modern-day survey of the state of M&A. Its chapters explore the history of mergers and acquisitions and also consider the theory behind the structure of modern transaction documentation. The book also address other key M&A issues, such as takeover defenses; judges and practitioners' perspectives on litigation; the appraisal remedy and other aspects of Federal and state law, as well as M&A considerations in the structure of start-ups. This Handbook will be an invaluable resource for scholars, practitioners, judges and legislators.

Download or read book The Perils of Free Cash Flow Avoidance of Outside Monitoring and the Exploitation of the Internal Capital Market written by Brandon N. Cline and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While internal capital markets may afford firms a real option to avoid costly outside financing [Matsusaka and Nanda (2002)], we show that they also provide an option to avoid the monitoring that accompanies the raising of capital. Consistent with this view, we find conglomerates which cross-subsidize divisions or engage in value-destroying investment avoid oversight from the external capital markets by refraining from issuing capital or paying dividends. We further show that firms that issue capital while operating inefficient internal capital markets suffer significant negative abnormal SEO announcement returns in excess of other diversified firms conducting SEOs. Evidence likewise indicates that these firms suffer from a free cash flow problem. High coincident levels of free cash flow and investment are responsible for these inefficient capital allocations, the acceptance of value-destroying investments, and overall lower long-run firm value. However, we show that the issuance of capital is associated with additional oversight and those firms issuing capital garner significantly more attention from the analyst community. The additional analyst oversight significantly mitigates the free cash flow problem and is ultimately linked to higher firm value.

Download or read book Internal Capital Markets in Business Groups written by Krislert Samphantharak and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A critical View on the Usage of Data from Capital Markets for Group Control written by Martin Renze-Westendorf and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2006-07-29 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - Controlling, grade: 1,0, European Business School - International University Schloß Reichartshausen Oestrich-Winkel, language: English, abstract: Questions in the field of group control are increasingly important in today’s economic environment. This development is especially driven by the fact that almost 90% of the German public companies and around 50% of the German limited liabilities companies are organized as groups. These structures imply information asymmetries and higher coordination requirements because commonly the parent company is responsible for strategic decisions while the subsidiary is responsible for the operations. As decentralized structures are gaining importance and the complexity of the company’s environment is growing, the group control faces new challenges and increasing importance for the management. In its aim to supply rationality assurance to the management it needs to work effective and efficient using a set of control tools. The basic data can be retrieved internally or externally. Especially, in the case of listed subsidiaries the data provided by capital markets seem to be a very simple solution for the problem of information gathering and processing in a complex environment. Hence the following research questions arise: How can a holding control its listed subsidiaries through data from capital markets? What could be rationality deficits and limitation in the application of data from capital markets? Beginning with basic definitions the paper defines management control to lay the basis of the examination and to determine the point of view. The holding is the entity that group control is located in. Capital market data in group control is the theme of this paper and those two terms need to be defined properly. Group control is defined in respect to rationality assurance, so it must be distinguished between external and internal institutions of rationality assurance. The internal institution includes a description of the functions and tasks of the controller. Control instruments are the tools used by the controller to process capital market data in group control. The main part is assessing the theory of the utilization of capital market data in group control. The first step is to ex-amine the aims of the application of capital market data, which are effectiveness and efficiency. In the second step different forms of application of capital market data in group control are assessed by looking at selected control instruments. They are grouped by their employment in the tasks of the controller, which are information, planning and control, and coordination. [...]

Download or read book Essays in Internal Capital Markets in the U S Property Liability Insurance Industry written by Jiyun Lydia Lim and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first part of the dissertation examines whether M&As are related to internal capital markets by analyzing the changes in internal capital market utilization following M&As in the U.S. property-liability insurance industry during the period 2000-2015. The results suggest that both acquiring insurers and targets increase internal reinsurance and undergo more intragroup capital transactions after the M&A. The probit analysis provides evidence that insurers with low internal capital market utilization via reinsurance are more likely to engage in M&As as an acquirer or a target. This indicates that acquiring insurers with small internal capital markets have an incentive in making acquisitions to expand their internal capital markets. This study finds empirical evidence that internal capital market use is one of the determinants of M&As by utilizing internal transaction data of U.S. property-liability insurers. The second part of the dissertation investigates the relationship between executive compensation and internal capital market efficiency in the U.S. property-liability insurance industry for the period 2000-2015. The results indicate that executive compensation has a significant and positive influence on the efficiency of internal capital allocation. An executive's incentive for efficient internal capital allocation is different depending on the type of compensation, the size of internal capital markets, and external events such as the global financial crisis. These findings are robust to corrections for potential endogeneity bias. I also find evidence of a non-linear relationship between efficiency and the size of internal capital markets. Internal capital markets should continue to expand as long as the benefit of relaxing credit constraints is greater than the cost of managing larger internal capital markets. Overall, the result of the study is consistent with the view that better alignment of executive incentives with shareholder interests leads to efficient internal capital allocation.

Download or read book Managerial Incentives and Internal Capital Markets written by Adolfo de Motta and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capital budgeting in multidivisional firms depends on the external assessment of the whole firm, as well as on headquarters' assessment of the divisions. While corporate headquarters may create value by directly monitoring divisions, the external assessment of the firm is a public good for division managers who, consequently, are tempted to free ride. As the number of divisions increases, the free-rider problem is aggravated, and internal capital markets substitute for external capital markets in the provision of managerial incentives. The analysis relates the value of diversification to characteristics of the firm, the industry, and the capital market.

Download or read book Finance written by Frank J. Fabozzi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-05-13 with total page 832 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FINANCE Financial managers and investment professionals need a solid foundation in finance principles and applications in order to make the best decisions in today's ever-changing financial world. Written by the experienced author team of Frank Fabozzi and Pamela Peterson Drake, Finance examines the essential elements of this discipline and makes them understandable to a wide array of individuals, from seasoned professionals looking to fine-tune their financial skills to newcomers seeking genuine guidance through the dynamic world of finance. Divided into four comprehensive parts, this reliable resource opens with an informative introduction to the basic tools of investing and financing decision-making financial mathematics and financial analysis (Part I). From here, you'll become familiar with the fundamentals of capital market theory, including financial markets, financial intermediaries, and regulators of financial activities (Part II). You'll also gain a better understanding of interest rates, bond and stock valuation, asset pricing theory, and derivative instruments in this section. Part III moves on to detail decision-making within a business enterprise. Topics touched upon here include capital budgeting that is, whether or not to invest in specific long-lived projects and capital structure. Management of current assets and risk management are also addressed. By covering the basics of investment decision-making, Part IV skillfully wraps up this accessible overview of finance. Beginning with the determination of an investment objective, this part proceeds to demonstrate portfolio theory and performance evaluation, and also takes the time to outline techniques for managing equity and bond portfolios as well as discuss the best ways to use derivatives in the portfolio management process. Filled with in-depth insights and practical advice, Finance puts this field in perspective. And while a lot of ground is covered in this book, this information will help you appreciate and understand the complex financial issues that today's companies and investors constantly face.

Download or read book Internal Capital Markets in Times of Crisis written by Raffaele Santioni and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italy's economic and banking systems have been under stress in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis and Euro Crisis. Firms in business groups have been more likely to survive this challenging environment, compared to unaffiliated firms. Better performance stems from access to an internal capital market, and the survival value of groups increases, inter alia, with group-wide cash flow. We show that actual internal capital transfers increase during the crisis, and these transfers move funds from cash-rich to cash-poor firms and also to those with more favorable investment opportunities. The ability to borrow externally provides additional funds that are shared across group affiliated firms. Our results highlight the benefits of internal capital markets when external capital markets are tight or distressed.