Download or read book Intermarriage Social Mobility and Inequality in China written by Yu Wang and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines intermarriage across a strong institutionalized social boundary in China: hukou status. Hukou is a key status marker in contemporary China signaling both differences in life chances and social prestige. Conventional wisdom presumes that hukou intermarriage is rare. Using nationally representative data, I show that intermarriage by hukou origin status is surprisingly common and has grown steadily since 1985. Common explanations for trends and variation in intermarriage patterns, including men's and women's increased educational attainment and large increases in the availability of rural partners due to mass migration, fail to explain increases in hukou intermarriage. Increasing rural-urban economic inequality, however, is associated with increasing hukou intermarriage, but only for intermarriage between rural women and urban men, suggesting that the incentives of "marrying up" for rural women in times of high inequality may outweigh the costs of "marrying down" for urban men. I also show that administrative changes in the ease of hukou conversion play a large role in increased hukou intermarriage. Hukou intermarriage and conversion processes vary substantially by gender. I show that hukou conversion and hukou intermarriage are gendered, intertwined mobility pathways. Hukou conversion for men is associated with slightly higher family income than hukou intermarriage for rural women. This is partially explained by the higher probability that men both convert and intermarry, whereas rural women more often intermarry without converting. However, the small absolute difference in the economic outcomes to hukou conversion for rural men and intermarriage for rural women are explained by the non-trivial fraction of intermarried women who do convert their own hukou prior to marriage. Finally, I examine whether men and women who marry across hukou lines are exchanging other valuable traits on the marriage market to facilitate intermarriage. In particular, I show that highly educated rural hukou holders tend to marry urban hukou holders with low education. The exchange of hukou for education tends to be stronger when the social distance between groups is large. As hukou intermarriage has become more prevalent, the strength of status exchange has waned, suggesting the weakening of hukou boundaries in China.
Download or read book Social Inequality In China written by Yaojun Li and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the patterns and trends of socio-economic development and social division in contemporary Chinese society. It discusses the determinants, manifestations and consequences of social inequality in the last 40 years with particular regard to social mobility, educational attainment, social capital, health, labor market position, including employment (opportunity), career advancement and earnings, housing, wealth and assets, urbanization, social integration of migrant peasant workers into urban life, social protest and civic engagement, subjective well-being and subjective social status.
Download or read book Moving Up Or Staying Put Mobility Marriage and Gender in Transitional China written by Lake Lui and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In China, despite longstanding inequalities based on gender, social class, and rural/urban status, several factors have potentially challenged the existing socially stratified structure in the recent decade - namely the prevalence of migration, recent socio-political reforms, cultural similarities, better education for the general public, and improvement in transportation. This dissertation asks how China's stratified structure is shifting and/or reworking through marriage. Special attention is paid to intermarriages between rural and urban people, as these couples characterize how walls that delineate rural-urban boundaries begin to erode and how other structures like gender and class factor in. To answer these questions, my dissertation is organized into three chapters. First, I draw on the Chinese General Social Survey to examine the trends, prevalence, and the characteristics of rural-urban marriages. The results show that intermarriages are rare across periods despite the rising trend. The intermarriages that occur are characterized by exchange relationships in which rural people trade their higher education with the "urban" status of their spouse. Second, based on 138 in-depth interviews with participants in regions that send and receive migrants, I find that hukou (China's household registration system) continues to stigmatize rural migrants. This creates a hierarchical and segregated social environment for rural-urban interactions that is unfavorable to people with a rural hukou in the urban marriage market. Hukou intersects with gender when people construct masculinity and femininity along rural urban lines and make gendered choices during partner selection processes. Third, I find that the structural inequalities of hukou and gender extend into the conjugal power of intermarried couples. Specifically, rural women, who make up the majority of the rural spouses intermarrying into urban households, are treated as "double denigrated outsiders" in both the household and the host society. The results reveal how inequality is reproduced through partner selection and marriage despite socio-demographic factors that potentially expand the normative marriage pool. It also suggests hukou reform, which claims to blur the rural-urban boundary, still has a long way to go.
Download or read book Intermarriage and Inequality written by Larry Hajime Shinagawa and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society written by Rubie Sharon Watson and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now our understanding of marriage in China has been based primarily on observations made during the twentieth century. The research of ten eminent scholars presented here provides a new vision of marriage in Chinese history, exploring the complex interplay between marriage and the social, political, economic, and gender inequalities that have so characterized Chinese society.
Download or read book Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society written by Rubie Sharon Watson and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Social Mobility in the Long Run written by Carol Hua Shiue and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does inequality within the family play a significant role in explaining mobility patterns from one generation to the next? This paper exploits temporal changes in mobility over approximately 20 generations and six centuries to shed light on the sources of social mobility. Socioeconomic data on status and links at the individual level come from historical biographies of seven extended families (dynasties as based on the male surname) who lived in one region in China. The analysis documents a trend towards greater social mobility over time. Times of greater inequality between fathers, especially educational inequality, are times of lower social mobility. Moreover, geographic location strengthens the role of inequality for social mobility. Decomposing inequality into between versus within-dynasty components, however, shows that not all inequality is associated with persistence. While inequality between dynasties is conducive to persistence, inequality witin the dynasty is associated with higher mobility, and this is true both upward and downward. Furthermore, among members of even closer kin in the dynasty, the positive relationship of inequality and mobility is stronger still. The results are robust to alternative measures of mobility, inequality, and definitions of status.
Download or read book Higher Education Meritocracy and Inequality in China written by Ye Liu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-08 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the changing opportunities in higher education for different social groups during China’s transition from the socialist regime to a market economy. The first part of the book provides a historical and comparative analysis of the development of the idea of meritocracy, since its early origins in China, and in more recent western thought. The second part then explores higher education reforms in China, the part played by supposedly meritocratic forms of selection, and the implications of these for social mobility. Based on original empirical data, Ye Liu sheds light on the socio-economic, gender and geographical inequalities behind the meritocratic façade of the Gaokao (高考). Liu argues that the Chinese philosophical belief in education-based meritocracy had a modern makeover in the Gaokao, and that this ideology induces working-class and rural students to believe in upward social mobility through higher education. When the Gaokao broke the promise of status improvement for rural students, they turned to the Chinese Communist Party and sought political connections by actively applying for its membership. This book reveals a bleak picture of visible and invisible inequality in terms of access to and participation in higher education in contemporary China. Written in an accessible style, it offers a valuable resource for researchers and non-specialist readers alike.
Download or read book Manipulating Authoritarian Citizenship written by Samantha A. Vortherms and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2024-10-15 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The redistribution of political and economic rights is inherently unequal in autocratic societies. Autocrats routinely divide their populations into included and excluded groups, creating particularistic citizenship through granting some groups access to rights and redistribution while restricting or denying access to others. This book asks: why would a government with powerful tools of exclusion expand access to socioeconomic citizenship rights? And when autocratic systems expand redistribution, whom do they choose to include? In Manipulating Authoritarian Citizenship, Samantha A. Vortherms examines the crucial case of China—where internal citizenship regimes control who can and cannot become a local citizen through the household registration system (hukou)—and uncovers how autocrats use such institutions to create particularistic membership in citizenship. Vortherms shows how local governments explicitly manipulate local citizenship membership not only to ensure political security and stability, but also, crucially, to advance economic development. Vortherms demonstrates how autocrats use differentiated citizenship to control degrees of access to rights and thus fulfill the authoritarian bargain and balance security and economic incentives. This book expands our understanding of individual-state relations in both autocratic contexts and across a variety of regime types.
Download or read book Ethnicity Social Mobility and Public Policy written by Glenn C. Loury and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-05-12 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This major comparative study of the social mobility of ethnic minorities in the US and UK argues that social mobility must be understood as a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon, incorporating the wealth and income of groups, but also their political power and social recognition. Written by leading sociologists, economists, political scientists, geographers, and philosophers in both countries, the volume addresses issues as diverse as education, work and employment, residential concentration, political mobilisation, public policy and social networks, while drawing larger lessons about the meaning of race and inequality in the two countries. While finding that there are important similarities in the experience of ethnic, and especially immigrant, groups in the two countries, the volume also concludes that the differences between the US and UK, especially in the case of American blacks, are equally important.
Download or read book Handbook on the Family and Marriage in China written by Xiaowei Zang and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2017-12-29 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook advances research on the family and marriage in China by providing readers with a multidisciplinary and multifaceted coverage of major issues in one single volume. It addresses the major conceptual, theoretical and methodological issues of marriage and family in China and offers critical reflections on both the history and likely progression of the field.
Download or read book Ethnicity Social Mobility and Public Policy written by Glenn C. Loury and published by . This book was released on 2005-05-12 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to provide a comparative analysis of social mobility in the US and the UK.
Download or read book Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society written by Rubie S. Watson and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1991-04-02 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now our understanding of marriage in China has been based primarily on observations made during the twentieth century. The research of ten eminent scholars presented here provides a new vision of marriage in Chinese history, exploring the complex interplay between marriage and the social, political, economic, and gender inequalities that have so characterized Chinese society.
Download or read book Embodying Middle Class Gender Aspirations written by Kailing Xie and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-25 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a feminist approach to analyse the lives of well-educated urban Chinese women, who were raised to embody the ideals of a modern Chinese nation and are largely the beneficiaries of the policy changes of the post-Mao era. It explores young women’s gendered attitudes to and experiences of marriage, reproductive choices, careers and aspirations for a good life. It sheds light on what keeps mainstream Chinese middle-class women conforming to the current gender regime. It illuminates the contradictory effects of neoliberal techniques deployed by a familial authoritarian regime on these women’s striving for success in urban China, and argues that, paradoxically, women’s individualistic determination to succeed has often led them onto the path of conformity by pursuing exemplary norms which fit into the party-state’s agenda.
Download or read book Social Mobility in Developing Countries written by Vegard Iversen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-12-17 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social mobility is the hope of economic development and the mantra of a good society. There are disagreements about what constitutes social mobility, but there is broad agreement that people should have roughly equal chances of success regardless of their economic status at birth. Concerns about rising inequality have engendered a renewed interest in social mobility—especially in the developing world. However, efforts to construct the databases and meet the standards required for conventional analyses of social mobility are at a preliminary stage and need to be complemented by innovative, conceptual, and methodological advances. If forms of mobility have slowed in the West, then we might be entering an age of rigid stratification with defined boundaries between the always-haves and the never-haves-which does not augur well for social stability. Social mobility research is ongoing, with substantive findings in different disciplines—typically with researchers in isolation from each other. A key contribution of this book is the pulling together of the emerging streams of knowledge. Generating policy-relevant knowledge is a principal concern. Three basic questions frame the study of diverse aspects of social mobility in the book. How to assess the extent of social mobility in a given development context when the datasets by conventional measurement techniques are unavailable? How to identify drivers and inhibitors of social mobility in particular developing country contexts? How to acquire the knowledge required to design interventions to raise social mobility, either by increasing upward mobility or by lowering downward mobility?
Download or read book Mate Selection in China written by Sampson Lee Blair and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2022-04-21 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the changing nature of dating and mate selection in contemporary China, and addresses a wide array of both causes and consequences concerning mate selection, including economic change, traditional cultural norms, evolving gender roles, and both marriage and fertility aspirations.
Download or read book Ethnic Policy in China written by James Leibold and published by Policy Studies (East-West Cent. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following significant interethnic violence beginning in 2008, Chinese intellectuals and policymakers are now engaged in unprecedented debate over the future direction of their country's ethnic policies. This study attempts to gauge current Chinese opinion on this once-secretive and still highly sensitive area of national policy. Domestic Chinese opinion on ethnic policies over the last five years is reviewed and implications for future policies under the new leadership of CPC Secretary General Xi Jinping are explored. Careful review of a wide spectrum of contemporary Chinese commentary identifies an emerging consensus for ethnic-policy reform. Leading public intellectuals, as well as some party officials, now openly call for new measures strengthening national integration at the expense of minority rights and autonomy. These reformers argue that divisive ethnic policies adopted from the former USSR must be replaced by those supporting an ethnic "melting pot" concept. Despite this important shift in opinion, such radical policy changes as ending regional ethnic autonomy or minority preferences are unlikely over the short-to-medium term. Small-yet-significant adjustments in rhetoric and policy emphasis are, however, expected as the party-state attempts to strengthen interethnic cohesiveness as a part of its larger agenda of stability maintenance. About the author James Leibold is a senior lecturer in Politics and Asian Studies at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. He is the author of Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism (2007) and co-editor of Critical Han Studies (2012) and Minority Education in China (forthcoming). His research on ethnicity, nationalism, and race in modern China has appeared in The China Journal, The China Quarterly, The Journal of Asian Studies, Modern China, and other publications.
