Download or read book Integrating Biofuels Into the DART Model written by Bettina Kretschmer and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Integrating Biofuels Into the DART Model Analysing the Effects of the EU 10 Biofuel Target written by Bettina Kretschmer and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Impacts of Biofuels on the Economy Environment and Poverty written by Govinda R. Timilsina and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-20 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in biofuels began with oil shocks in the 1970’s, but the more rapid development and consumption of biofuel industry in recent years has been primarily driven by mandates, subsidies, climate change concerns, emissions targets and energy security. From 2004 to 2006, fuel ethanol grew by 26% and biodiesel grew by 172%. As biofuel production continues to expand, investments in capacity expansion and research and development have been made. The 2008 food crisis emphasized the need to re-examine biofuel consequences. Biofuels remain an important renewable energy resource to substitute for fossil fuels, particularly in the transportation sector, yet biofuels’ success is still uncertain. The future of biofuels in the energy supply mix relies on mitigating potential and improving the environmental gains. This book brings together leading authorities on biofuel from the World Bank to examine all of the impacts of biofuel (economic, social, environmental) within a unified framework and in a global perspective, making it of interest to academics in agricultural and environmental economics as well as industry and policy-makers.

Download or read book Agricoltura e programmazione democratica written by Adele Finco and published by FrancoAngeli. This book was released on 1980 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Economic Tools and Methods for the Analysis of Global Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security written by Sonia Quiroga and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-01 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book compiles examples of the most widely used tools in agricultural economics that have been developed and used to analyze the impact of global change in agricultural activity. The research papers on this topic are plenty but lack the methodology. The content of this book can be used by research students exploring additional methods in agricultural economics.

Download or read book Wspc Reference On Natural Resources And Environmental Policy In The Era Of Global Change The In 4 Volumes written by and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2016-10-21 with total page 1631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The WSPC Reference on Natural Resources and Environmental Policy in the Era of Global Change provides a comprehensive and prominent reference of various highly authoritative volumes of long-term scientific value, for milestone concepts and theories. The books in the reference set are edited by leading experts in the fields of: Game Theory, International Relations and Global Politics, Computable General Equilibrium (CGE): Economy-Wide Modeling, and Experimental Economics. Each book in the reference set includes chapters that are laid out by recognized, broadly respected researchers, in fields associated with issues related to natural resources and environmental policy in the era of global change. The reference set focuses on the economic and strategic aspects of interactions among various parts of society, all dependent on the availability and utilization of limited natural resources and their impact on the environment. Policy implications are addressed, including current challenges and future perspectives.The combination of the four books provides a unique perspective on the issues that engage the public discourse of researchers and policy-makers at state, regional, and global levels. Each of the books in the reference set and all four books as a whole provide coverage of disciplines and angles through which the reader can obtain an understanding of the state-of-the-art of dealing with natural resources and environmental policy in the era of global change. The books in the reference set complement each other and provide a scientific understanding of our ability to address the issues covered.

Download or read book Biomass Modification Characterization and Process Monitoring Analytics to Support Biofuel and Biomaterial Production written by Robert Henry and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-06-09 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable fuels and other commodities has provided an appealing alternative towards supplanting global dependence on fossil fuels. The suitability of multitudes of plants for deconstruction to useful precursor molecules and products is currently being evaluated. These studies have probed a variety of phenotypic traits, including cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, lignin, and lignin monomer composition, glucose and xylose production following enzymatic hydrolysis, and an assessment of lignin-carbohydrate and lignin-lignin linkages, to name a few. These quintessential traits can provide an assessment of biomass recalcitrance, enabling researchers to devise appropriate deconstruction strategies. Plants with high polysaccharide and lower lignin contents have been shown to breakdown to monomeric sugars more readily. Not all plants contain ideal proportions of the various cell wall constituents, however. The capabilities of biotechnology can alleviate this conundrum by tailoring the chemical composition of plants to be more favorable for conversion to sugars, fuels, etc. Increases in the total biomass yield, cellulose content, or conversion efficiency through, for example, a reduction in lignin content, are pathways being evaluated to genetically improve plants for use in manufacturing biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Although plants have been previously domesticated for food and fiber production, the collection of phenotypic traits prerequisite for biofuel production may necessitate new genetic breeding schemes. Given the plethora of potential plants available for exploration, rapid analytical methods are needed to more efficiently screen through the bulk of samples to hone in on which feedstocks contain the desired chemistry for subsequent conversion to valuable, renewable commodities. The standard methods for analyzing biomass and related intermediates and finished products are laborious, potentially toxic, and/or destructive. They may also necessitate a complex data analysis, significantly increasing the experimental time and add unwanted delays in process monitoring, where delays can incur in significant costs. Advances in thermochemical and spectroscopic techniques have enabled the screening of thousands of plants for different phenotypes, such as cell-wall cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, and lignin composition, lignin monomer composition, or monomeric sugar release. Some instrumental methods have been coupled with multivariate analysis, providing elegant chemometric predictive models enabling the accelerated identification of potential feedstocks. In addition to the use of high-throughput analytical methods for the characterization of feedstocks based on phenotypic metrics, rapid instrumental techniques have been developed for the real-time monitoring of diverse processes, such as the efficacy of a specific pretreatment strategy, or the formation of end products, such as biofuels and biomaterials. Real-time process monitoring techniques are needed for all stages of the feedstocks-to-biofuels conversion process in order to maximize efficiency and lower costs by monitoring and optimizing performance. These approaches allow researchers to adjust experimental conditions during, rather than at the conclusion, of a process, thereby decreasing overhead expenses. This Frontiers Research Topic explores options for the modification of biomass composition and the conversion of these feedstocks into to biofuels or biomaterials and the related innovations in methods for the analysis of the composition of plant biomass, and advances in assessing up- and downstream processes in real-time. Finally, a review of the computational models available for techno-economic modeling and lifecycle analysis will be presented.

Download or read book Mass Balance Modeling and Life Cycle Assessment of Microalgae derived Biodiesel Production written by Juhong Yuan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels produced from agricultural starch, sugar and oil crops such as corn, sugarcane, and palm, or first-generation biofuels, are produced at commercial scales worldwide. Though most biofuels are produced with the intent to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel dependency, these first-generation biofuels have increasingly been shown to be problematic; achieving little to no reduction in GHG emissions compared to their fossil fuel counterparts, competing with food and feed crops, and causing direct and indirect land use change. Second generation biofuel feedstocks, such as microalgae, are hoped to reduce or eliminate the drawbacks of first-generation feedstocks. This dissertation investigates the environmental impacts of biodiesel production from microalgae, with the main focus on primary energy requirements and life cycle GHG emissions. The dissertation includes a critical review of existing studies; a mass balance model of a simulated microalgae biodiesel production system; a detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) of the production system with a variety of technology options for each step of the production process; and a scenario analysis with alternative utilization scenarios for the primary co-product from the system, lipid-extracted algal biomass residual. In addition to assessing and informing technology choices and strategies for environmentally preferable pathways among current algal biodiesel technologies, this research also addresses an important methodological issue in LCA, co-product allocation, and proposes some possible solutions to reduce the uncertainty caused by this issue. Results of the critical review show that significant variation exists among existing LCA studies of algal biodiesel production, which arises from inconsistency in both parameter assumptions and methodological choices. Even after a meta-analysis was conducted, which corrected for some differences in scope and key assumptions, the reviewed studies show a large range in life cycle primary energy and GHG emissions; 0.2 to 8.6 MJ per MJ of algal biodiesel, and -30 to 320 g of CO2e per MJ of algal biodiesel. This range is so large that very little can be concluded regarding the potential for algal biodiesel to meet the goals of second-generation biofuels, and provides the motivation for development an independent and original model for algal biodiesel production. A mass balance model for an integrated algal oil and biogas system was developed to understand nutrient, water and carbon flows and identify recycling opportunities. The model showed that recycling growth media and recovering nutrients from residual algal biomass through anaerobic digestion can reduce the total demand for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) by 66% and 35%, respectively. Freshwater and carbon dioxide requirements can also be reduced significantly under these conditions. The mass balance model provided the basis for developing a LCA model capable of incorporating multiple technology options and identifying preferable pathways. The LCA found the best performing scenario consists of normal nitrogen cultivation conditions (as opposed to nitrogen deficient conditions which can increase algal lipid content, but decrease overall productivity), a combination of bioflocculation and dissolved air flotation for harvesting algal cells from cultivation media, centrifugation for dewatering of separated algae, oil extraction from wet biomass using hexane solvent, transesterification of algal oil to biodiesel, and anaerobic digestion of biomass residual with the liquid digestate returning to cultivation ponds. This pathway results in a life cycle energy requirement and GHG emissions of 1.08 MJ and 73 g CO2-equivalent per MJ of biodiesel, with cultivation and oil extraction dominating energy use and emissions. This result suggests that current technologies can neither achieve a positive net energy return for algal biodiesel, nor achieve substantial reductions in CO2e emissions compared to petroleum diesel. A comparison between different scenarios for using the major co-product from algae biodiesel production, lipid-extracted algal biomass residual, suggests that utilizing the co-product within the production system for nutrient and energy recovery is preferable than utilizing it outside as animal feed from a life cycle perspective. A number of possible ways to allocate the environmental burdens between co-products were tested. Among them, system expansion and economic allocation return favorable results compared value-based allocation methods; however, there are still unsolved issues when applying system expansion, for example, current practices do not consider future market values in the context of a consequential LCA. This dissertation shows that the near-term performance of biodiesel derived from microalgae does not achieve the significant reductions in fossil energy dependence and GHG emissions hoped for from second-generation feedstocks. Furthermore, there is substantial uncertainty in technology performance and other key modeling parameters that could influence these findings. However, some promising, but still uncertain technologies, such as hydrothermal gasification, have the potential to achieve greater reduction in life cycle GHG emissions and energy consumption.

Download or read book Biorefining of Biomass to Biofuels written by Sachin Kumar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on the prospects of the conversion of biomass into biofuels including ethanol, butanol, biogas, biohydrogen, biodiesel, syn-gas and other useful products. Biomass-derived fuels have gained tremendous attention worldwide. However, due to high raw material and processing costs, biofuels produced from lignocelluloses have been found to be more expensive than conventional fuels. Therefore, a concept of biorefining has been introduced, where more than one product or each and every component of biomass may be derived into useful products in a manner of petroleum refinery.

Download or read book Kiel Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biofuel Support Policies An Economic Assessment written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2008-08-25 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report shows that the high level of policy support contributes little to reduced greenhouse-gas emissions and other policy objectives, while it adds to a range of factors that raise international prices for food commodities.

Download or read book Land Use and the Carbon Cycle written by Daniel G. Brown and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-28 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive exploration of how land use interacts with the atmosphere and carbon cycle, for advanced students, researchers and policy makers.

Download or read book Oil and Gas Production Handbook An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production written by Havard Devold and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2013 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Modelling the Costs of Environmental Policy written by Rob B. Dellink and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Extending economic models to include environmental emissions and environmental policy is now commonplace. Yet, the linking is often ad hoc and based on peculiar assumptions. In this book, Rob Dellink shows how emissions and emission reduction policies for five different environmental issues can be included in a forward-looking computable general equilibrium model, building emissions into production and consumption functions. At the technical level the book is superb and stands out for its exact specification of how this is done.' - Richard S.J. Tol, Hamburg University, Germany, Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Carnegie Mellon University, US This important new book enhances our understanding of the dynamic interactions between economic activity, economic growth, pollution abatement and environmental policy. It addresses one main policy problem: how can the direct and indirect costs of environmental policy for multiple pollutants be properly assessed in an applied model?

Download or read book Biofuel Production Strategies for UK Agriculture written by S. P. Carruthers and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass written by James H. Clark and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-03-16 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, Second Edition presents an overview of the use of biorenewable resources in the 21st century for the manufacture of chemical products, materials and energy. The book demonstrates that biomass is essentially a rich mixture of chemicals and materials and, as such, has a tremendous potential as feedstock for making a wide range of chemicals and materials with applications in industries from pharmaceuticals to furniture. Completely revised and updated to reflect recent developments, this new edition begins with an introduction to the biorefinery concept, followed by chapters addressing the various types of available biomass feedstocks, including waste, and the different pre-treatment and processing technologies being developed to turn these feedstocks into platform chemicals, polymers, materials and energy. The book concludes with a discussion on the policies and strategies being put in place for delivering the so-called Bioeconomy. Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass is a valuable resource for academics, industrial scientists and policy-makers working in the areas of industrial biotechnology, biorenewables, chemical engineering, fine and bulk chemical production, agriculture technologies, plant science, and energy and power generation. We need to reduce our dependence on fossil resources and increasingly derive all the chemicals we take for granted and use in our daily life from biomass – and we must make sure that we do this using green chemistry and sustainable technologies! For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs Topics covered include: • The biorefinery concept • Biomass feedstocks • Pre-treatment technologies • Platform molecules from renewable resources • Polymers from bio-based monomers • Biomaterials • Bio-based energy production Praise for the 1st edition: “Drawing on the expertise of the authors the book involves a degree of plant biology and chemical engineering, which illustrates the multidisciplinary nature of the topic beautifully” - Chemistry World

Download or read book Transport and Climate Change written by Tim Ryley and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2012-07-17 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This topical volume covers the intersection between transport and climate change, with papers from the 'Transport & Climate Change' session of the RGS-IBG conference in London, September 2010. It considers the role of transport modes at varying spatial dimensions and a range of perspectives on the relationship between transport and climate change.