Download or read book Institutional Framework Waterpricing Structures and Costs of Domestic Water Services in Rural Poor Areas of the Olifants River Basin South Africa written by Marie Lefebvre and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water pricing (in its broad sense, which means water tariff setting and subsidies), water services sectors organisations and costs generated by infrastructures are key factor for enhancing livelihood in developing countries. Some key objectives of any water pricing policies can be identified : cost-recovery, economise efficiency, economic affordability, equity, justified need, no perverse incentive, low administrative costs. This study explores in what extent water pricing policies implemented in the Olifants River Basin, South African respond to these various objectives. This study is also interested in costs generated by domestic water networks in the same area. The present study introduces the South African context of domestic water services, strongly marked by a decentralisation willing. It also presents the Olifants River Basin in a physical and socio-economic point review. To plant the problem, it also develops water pricing policies related economic issues in developing countries in general, and in South Africa in particular. In the third place, it presents the methodology adopted to answer the research questions. At least, results in term of water sector organisation, of presentation and evaluation of the water pricing policies implemented in the study area and of the conditions of networks in the same area are presented.

Download or read book Valuation of domestic water use in the Middle Olifants sub basin of South Africa written by Julia Kloos and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2011-06-01 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In South Africa, water is a relative scarce resource that is distributed unevenly geographically and saisonally as well as socially. The Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa was chosen as study area, because it is characterized as a very water scarce region -it is counted as the third most stressed basin in South Africa -with a poor and predominantly rural population. Households in former-homeland areas are still disadvantaged and lack access to su?cient and reliable water services. Current water use in the basin leads to overuse of the resource at the expense of domestic and environmental water needs. For an e?ective water management that is able to address the South African policy objectives of e?ciency in water use, equity in access and bene?ts as well as long-term sustainability, economic valuation of the di?erent water uses is required. In order to assist policy-makers in reaching these goals, this study contributes to the existing knowledge by providing information on the economic value of water in domestic uses. For this purpose, two separate choice experiments were designed to detect preferences and ‘Willingness to pay’ for di?erent water service levels and water sources. Results of a household survey of 475 households provide a clear picture of the di?erent water sources and service levels received by households in the Middle Olifants. Sampled households using basic water sources such as Public taps, Yard connections or Boreholes consume on aver¬age only 18.68 liter per person per day, while households with private taps inside their houses consume 78 liter per person per day. To analyze preferences for water services at the house¬hold level and to detect households’ ‘Willingness to pay’ for improved service levels, choice experiments were carried out in four villages and one town. Data analysis indicates the pres¬ence of preference heterogeneity and, hence, a latent class model was applied, readily dividing households into homogeneous groups according to their preferences. Several distinct classes of households could be found di?ering signi?cantly in terms of socio-economic characteristics, particularly household income, current water consumption and service levels as well as atti¬tudes towards pricing of water and satisfaction with current water service levels. ‘Willingness to pay’-estimates of single water service characteristics of all groups indicate that households are willing to pay higher prices for a better and more reliable water provision. But the amount of money households are willing to spend di?ers among groups. Price sensitivity was found to be strongly linked to income. With increasing income, price sensitivity of households decreases. This information is helpful for policy-makers to enable the design of water services in the Mid¬dle Olifants according to preferences of local households. The increase in ‘Willingness to pay’ with increasing income shows that subsidies either as income subsidies or lower water tari?s may be useful tools to allow low-income households to pay water bills.

Download or read book Policies Legislation and Organizations Related to Water in South Africa with Special Reference to the Olifants River Basin written by H. Thompson and published by IWMI Publications. This book was released on 2001 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study is reported in two Working Papers. Working Paper 17 reports the findings of the HIM exercise. This paper contains the policies, legislation and organizations relevant for understanding of the HIM for the Olifants river basin. It also includes the historical development of the institutional framework in the basin, as this history has left a profound imprint on the South African society at large and is still dictating, in many cases, the interactions between the different organizations. This background on previous and current institutions and policies at the different government levels is used to shed light on the current relationships between different organizations in the basin. Although focusing on the Olifants, the description provided is applicable to the rest of South Africa in broad terms.

Download or read book Economy wide Implications of Water Quality Management Policies written by Clement Kweku Kyei and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deterioration of water quality threatens the functioning of ecosystems and the sustainability of socioeconomic growth and development more especially for a water-stressed country like South Africa (SA). The Olifants river basin, which is one of the nine water management areas in SA, faces serious water scarcity, with declining surface and groundwater quality due to pollution from mining activities, irrigation agriculture, and industrial waste disposal. This has led to great competition for water among different economic sectors and between upstream and downstream users. As a result, the government has implemented a series of pollution control measures with the view to mitigating pollution and water shortage in the basin. This study developed and used a regional, environmental, computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the environmental, economic, and social impacts of protecting the basin"Ë−s water resources. To calibrate the model, the study also constructed an environmental social accounting matrix (ESAM) using the framework of an environmentally extended SAM. Results of the environmental and economic impacts of taxing water pollution suggest that internalising the negative externality of water pollution in the Olifants river basin will effectively reduce pollution discharge (i.e., achieve its environmental goals). This, however, comes at some costs to the regional economy of the basin. The economic burden of the tax happens to be fairly small though, due to the small relative share of the water pollution supply and abatement costs in total production costs. Furthermore, recycling the tax revenue through income transfers to households or a subsidy to pollution abatement mitigates the adverse economic impacts. Results of the distributional impacts of taxing water pollution in the basin indicate that the water pollution tax is progressive (inequity and poverty-reducing) on the income side as the poorest and vulnerable derive lower shares of their income from capital, which bears the biggest burden of the tax. On the expenditure side, however, the tax is regressive (inequity and poverty increasing), due to the higher share of pollution-intensive goods in poor households"Ë−expenditure. The net effect of the tax is, however, not pro-poor. Recycling the tax revenue through a subsidy to pollution abatement sectors reduces the adverse effect of the tax on household welfare whereas uniform direct lump-sum transfers to households"Ë−income results in a progressive outcome. This study has demonstrated the importance of using an integrated framework that allows non-linear substitution possibilities and endogenous price determination to account for both the direct and indirect costs of water quality management policies. The findings should, however, be viewed with caution due to some limitations inherent in basic assumptions of this study. Firstly, demand for pollution abatement services by production sectors, is specified in a simple way using exogenously determined clean-up rates and the assumption that unit costs of pollution abatement are fixed. Secondly, this study did not account for the economic benefits from water quality improvements as well as from technological advancements that lead to reduced pollution intensities.

Download or read book Economic Analysis of Water Supply Cost Structure in the Middle Olifants Sub Basin of South Africa written by Daniel W. Tsegai and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data gathered from the National Treasury of South Africa, we examine the structure of water supply costs and tariffs of Water Service Authorities (WSAs) in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa. Using the translog cost function method, the marginal cost of water supply and economies of scale are estimated. Comparison of tariffs and marginal costs show that the estimated marginal cost is higher than the actual tariff paid by consumers. This implies that WSAs in the Middle Olifants are not charging enough to recover the costs of the water services. Thus, among other things, pricing of water at its marginal cost would partly assist in solving the cost recovery problem. Raised tariffs would in turn contribute to improved efficiency of water use. As evidenced by estimation results of returns to scale (greater than one), merger of WSAs would be economically advantageous. Hence, reversing the process of transferring water services' authority to 'local' municipality level and thus up-scaling WSAs into the 'district' municipality level is an important policy option for improving water services efficiency in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa.

Download or read book The Economics of Water Management in Southern Africa written by Glenn-Marie Lange and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a valuable new tool for water management water resource accounting which significantly advances the economic analysis of water. Water resource accounts integrate detailed information about water supply and use with national income accounts to show the economic use of water, costs and tariffs paid, and the economic value of water for different economic uses. Based on the UN s handbook for environmental accounting, this book describes the implementation and policy application of water accounts in three African countries Botswana, Namibia and South Africa and discusses how they have been used by water managers. The book compares water use across the three countries, explaining the differences in water resources and water policy. In addition to the comprehensive outline of physical and monetary water accounts for each country, the authors provide an extensive discussion of water valuation as well as addressing a number of issues of regional importance, including water accounting for an international river basin and the impact of trade on each country s water use. By demonstrating the usefulness of water resource accounts, this book makes a major contribution to the literature on water economics and management, sustainable development, and to the development of environmental accounting in general. The Economics of Water Management in Southern Africa will appeal to a wide readership including: environmental and development economists NGOs concerned with sustainable development environmental advocacy groups professionals (economists and environmentalists) working in Africa on water and sustainable development issues water professionals national accounts experts and statisticians.

Download or read book OECD Studies on Water Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2010-03-15 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report compiles reliable and comparable data on pricing water and on water supply and sanitation services across OECD countries.

Download or read book Application of the Water Evaluation and Planning WEAP Model to Assess Future Water Demands and Resources in the Olifants Catchment South Africa written by Roberto Arranz and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2007 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Olifants catchment is one of 19 Catchment Management Areas in South Africa. Different water users (i.e., rural, urban, mining, subsistence and commercial irrigated agriculture, commercial forestry, industry and power generation) are present in the catchment. Rising population andincreasing water provision in rural areas, in conjunction with the development of the mining industry, the construction of new power generation plants, the implementation of environmental flows andthe need to meet international flow requirements are going to greatly exacerbate the complexity of future water resources management in what is already a water-stressed catchment. Being able to assess the ability of the catchment to satisfy potential water demands is crucial in order to plan for the future and make wise decisions. In this study, a scenario analysis approach was used in conjunction with the Water Evaluation And Planning model, in order to assess the impacts of possible water demands on the water resources of the Olifants catchment in 2025. Foreach scenario, the water resource implications were compared to a 1995 “baseline.” The model enabled analyses of unmet water demands, streamflows and water storage for each scenario. The model results show that for the different scenarios considered in this study the implementation of the Environmental Reserve (an instream requirement to guarantee the health of the riverine ecosystems) will increase the shortages for other sectors. The construction of the main water storage infrastructure proposed by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, in conjunction with the application of Water Conservation and Demand Management practices, can reduce the unmet demands and shortfalls to levels lower than, or similar to, those experienced in the 1995 baseline. However, in all cases these interventions will be insufficient to completely meet the demands of all the sectors. A tight control of the growth in future demands is essential, although this may be difficult in a rapidly developing country like South Africa.

Download or read book Effective Demand for Rural Water Supply in South Africa Technical and Financial Implications of Designing to Meet Demand written by Michael Webster and published by WEDC, Loughborough University. This book was released on 2000-01-15 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the effective demand for rural water supply in South Africa, considering the application of a demand-responsive approach in order to improve project sustainability. The study was conducted as an Individual Research Project at WEDC in 1998, part of the author's MSc programme in Technology and Management for Rural Development.

Download or read book OECD Studies on Water Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2010-03-17 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report compiles reliable and comparable data on pricing water and on water supply and sanitation services across OECD countries.

Download or read book OECD Studies on Water Water Governance in Cape Town South Africa written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2018, the city of Cape Town, South Africa, was close to the “Day Zero”, requiring all taps to be shut off and citizens to fetch a daily 25 litre per person. Though the day-zero was avoided, it is estimated that, at the current rate, South Africa will experience a 17% water deficit by 2030 if no action is taken to respond to existing trends.

Download or read book Preferences for Domestic Water Services in the Middle Olifants Sub Basin of South Africa written by Julia Kloos and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using household survey data, this study investigates preferences for domestic water services in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa. Water is a relatively scarce resource in South Africa that is distributed unevenly both geographically and seasonally as well as socio-politically. For a water management addressing the policy objectives of efficiency in use, equity in access and benefits and long-term sustainability, economic valuation of the different water uses is required. In order to detect households' preferences, a choice experiment of the various water services was conducted. Results suggested the presence of preference heterogeneity and therefore, a latent class model was applied, dividing households into homogeneous groups according to their preferences. Four distinct groups of households could be identified which differ significantly in terms of their socio-economic characteristics, their attitudes toward pricing of water and their satisfaction with current water service levels. Willingness to pay (WTP) estimates of different water service characteristics in all groups indicate that households are willing to pay higher prices for a better and more reliable water services provision. But the amount households are willing to pay differs among the groups. This information is helpful for policy-makers to enable the design of water services in the Middle Olifants according to preferences of local households. Besides, WTP estimation can provide a basis for setting water tariffs.

Download or read book Cost and Tariff Model for Rural Water Supply Schemes written by D. Still and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Economics of Water written by Willem N. Meyer and published by Van Schaik Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Cost of Free Water written by Roger Bate and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Developing an Equitable Raw Water Pricing Model written by Talent Diotrefe Banda and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical and economic scarcity of water resources tended towards critical examination of the different water demand and allocation polices and guidelines by various countries in the world. Raw water quality variability is a key issue that was omitted in the gazetted raw water pricing strategy of South Africa. Upon consultation of various stakeholders, a fixed raw water price is stipulated yearly by the Department of Water and Sanitation, formally the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Regardless of abstracting water of variable quality, all the water boards pay the same price and treat water to the same portable standards. Considering the additional cost requirements of treating poor quality raw water, this implies that, downstream Water Boards are either operating at unreasonable profit margins or transferring the burden to the end users. Under these circumstances, a raw water pricing strategy was developed by the South African government principally to improve effectiveness, efficiency and economic allocation and preserving of water resources. In this study priority attention was being given to the challenges and imbalances of the current raw water pricing system due to water quality variation. The purpose of the study was to modify and incorporate a developed water quality index into the current raw water pricing strategy of South Africa, consequently developing an equitable raw water pricing model.

Download or read book The Political Economy of Water Pricing Reforms written by Ariel Dinar and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2000 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lately our world has witnessed massive changes and reforms in various sectors in many countries, developing and developed alike. Institutional and pricing reforms in the water sector are also part of that recent trend. They are led by the recognition of a need to respond to increased scarcity and deteriorated quality. Is the water sector different than other sectors, as some claim? Should reforms in the water sector be designed and implemented differently than reforms of a similar type, in other sectors? The Political Economy of Water Pricing Reforms answers these questions by providing various analytical frameworks that allow comparison across various conditions, and by actually comparing reform processes under various conditions in different countries. This book demonstrates the common threads that characterize pricing reforms in the water sector by analyzing various aspects of the reforms in the irrigation and urban subsectors of 10 countries. Cases from Morocco, Senegal, Honduras, Belgium, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan, Yemen, and the United States illustrate the difficulties of designing and implementing "optimal" pricing reforms and explain how reform outcomes fall short of the original objective. "This book should be on the must reading list for anyone interested in water pricing and how to reform water rights systems to achieve increased economic efficiency as well as a legitimate and equitable system of property rights." Elinor Ostrom, Co-Director, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis and Co-Director, Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, Indiana University