Download or read book Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in the Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons in Parkinson s Disease written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The experiments performed during the third grant period were an extension of the 2nd year and were designed to provide more insights in the role of arachidonic acid release and metabolism in the oxidative stress-induced cell death caused by depletion of GSH. In addition we examined the time course of free radical generation in cells depleted of GSH. Our studies using primary mesencephalic cultures provided the following information. (l) Using selective inhibitors we showed that the release of arachidonic acid occurs early in the period of GSH depletion and depends on the activation of PLA2. (2) We showed that inhibition of PLA2 activity protects fully from damage only if applied early in the course of GSH depletion, while inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism is protective at any time prior to cell death. This suggests that products of the metabolism of arachidonic acid are the major cause of toxicity. (3) We confirmed that products of arachidonic acid metabolism are very toxic particularly when GSH is depleted. (3) We demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate in detectable amounts only a few hours prior to cell death. Accumulation begins within mitochondria and later involves processes and cell bodies. Anti-oxidants are protective when applied anytime following damage.
Download or read book Inflammatory Response and Oxidate Stress in the Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons in Parkinson s Disease written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parkinson's disease is characterized by the depletion of glutathione (GSH) in, the substantia nigra and the degeneration of nigral dopamine neurons. In our stud: we examined the relationship between cellular GSH depletion and neuronal degeneration. Using rat mesencephalic cultures as a model, we found that GSH depletion results in phospholipase A, (PLA(sub 2))-dependent release of arachidonic acid and increase in lipoxygenase (LOX-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism. These events generate reactive oxygen species, which accumulate in the cells and result in oxidative stress and cell death. Cell death can be prevented by interrupting different steps of this process, including replenishment of GSH, inhibition of PLA- activity, inhibition of LOX activity and increase in the antioxidant defenses of the cells (up-regulation of superoxide dismutase, addition of ascorbic acid). Our studies provide information, which may be important in the understanding of the etiology of Parkinson's disease and could offer insights for the design of medication to prevent the progress of the disorder in Parkinson's patients.
Download or read book Inflammation in Parkinson s Disease written by Madhavi Thomas and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-27 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a prevalence of 0.1% of the global population, and 5-10% patients are under 40 years of age. Several text books have been published on various aspects of PD to date, including research and clinical aspects. However these do not emphasize the inflammatory pathways and pathways of neurodegeneration in PD. Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease brings advances in research together with current literature and evidence. This concise volume covers the fundamentals of neuroimmunology and inflammatory models, the interactions between pathways of neurodegeneration and follows the concept of research work undertaken from basic science to clinical trials. Researchers, clinicians, and students interested in Parkinson's Disease are provided with a comprehensive view of translational research methods and an insight needed for developing future therapies aimed at disease modulation.
Download or read book Parkinson s Disease and Related Disorders written by Peter Riederer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-11-23 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a comprehensive overview on current clinical and basic research issues related to Parkinson’s disease and its related disorders. The book is the result of the 16th International Congress of Parkinson’s Disease and Related disorders congress 2005. Its contents are suitable for neurologists, psychiatrists, neurosurgeons, basic researchers, geneticians and patients as well as their relatives.
Download or read book Etiology and Pathophysiology of Parkinson s Disease written by Md, Frcpc, Frcp (hon), Abdul Qayyum Rana and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-10-12 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book about Parkinson's disease provides a detailed account of etiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, a complicated neurological condition. Environmental and genetic factors involved in the causation of Parkinson's disease have been discussed in detail. This book can be used by basic scientists as well as researchers. Neuroscience fellows and life science readers can also obtain sufficient information. Beside genetic factors, other pathophysiological aspects of Parkinson's disease have been discussed in detail. Up to date information about the changes in various neurotransmitters, inflammatory responses, oxidative pathways and biomarkers has been described at length. Each section has been written by one or more faculty members of well known academic institutions. Thus, this book brings forth both clinical and basic science aspects of Parkinson's disease.
Download or read book Mitochondrial Mechanisms of Degeneration and Repair in Parkinson s Disease written by Lori M. Buhlman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-13 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together various theories of how aberrations in mitochondrial function and morphology contribute to neurodegeneration in idiopathic and familial forms of Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, it comprehensively reviews the current search for therapies, and proposes how molecules are involved in specific functions as attractive therapeutic targets. It is expected to facilitate critical thought and discussion about the fundamental aspects of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease and foster the development of therapeutic strategies among researchers and graduate students. Theories of idiopathic Parkinson’s etiology support roles for chronic inflammation and exposure to heavy metals or pesticides. Interestingly, as this project proposes, a case can be made that abnormalities in mitochondrial morphology and function are at the core of each of these theories. In fact, the most common approach to the generation of animal and cell-culture models of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease involves exposure to mitochondrial toxins. Even more compelling is the fact that most familial patients harbor genetic mutations that cause disruptions in normal mitochondrial morphology and function. While there remains to be no effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease, efforts to postpone, prevent and “cure” onset mitochondrial aberrations and neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson’s disease in various models are encouraging. While only about ten percent of Parkinson’s patients inherit disease-causing mutations, discovering common mechanisms by which familial forms of Parkinson’s disease manifest will likely shed light on the pathophysiology of the more common idiopathic form and provide insight to the general process of neurodegeneration, thus revealing therapeutic targets that will become more and more accessible as technology improves.
Download or read book Parkinson s Disease Cell Vulnerability and Disease Progression written by Javier Blesa and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-01-04 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Download PDF Download EPUB Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects 1.5% of the global population over 65 years of age. The hallmark feature of this disease is the degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and a consequent striatal dopamine deficiency. The pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease remains unclear. Despite tremendous growth in recent years in our knowledge of the molecular basis of Parkinson's Disease and the molecular pathways of cell death important questions remain regarding why are substantia nigra cells especially vulnerable, which mechanisms underlie progressive cell loss or what do Lewy bodies or alpha-synuclein reveal about disease progression. Understanding the different vulnerability of the dopaminergic neurons from midbrain regions and the mechanisms whereby pathology becomes widespread are primary objectives of basic and clinical research in Parkinson's Disease. This e-Book discusses the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease, presenting a series of papers that provide up-to-date, state-of-the-art information on molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the neurodegeneration process in the disease, the role of activation of functional anatomical organization of the basal ganglia and in particular habitual vs goal directed systems as a factor of neuronal vulnerability, the possibility that Parkinson's Disease coulb be a prion disease and how genetic factors linked to familial and sporadic forms of PD. We hope that this e-Book will stimulate the continuing efforts to understand the cell and physiological mechanisms underlying the origin of Parkinson's Disease.
Download or read book Oxidative Stress and Redox Signalling in Parkinson s Disease written by Rodrigo Franco and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-07-25 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parkinson's Disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. In order to find neuroprotective strategies, a clear understanding of the mechanisms involved in the dopaminergic death of cells that progresses the disease is needed. Oxidative stress can be defined as an imbalance between the production of reactive species and the ability to detoxify them and their intermediates or by-products. Oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA has been detected in autopsies from individuals with Parkinson’s Disease and so links can be made between oxidative stress and Parkinson’s Disease pathogenesis. This book provides a thorough review of the mechanisms by which oxidative stress and redox signalling mediate Parkinson’s Disease. Opening chapters bring readers up to speed on basic knowledge regarding oxidative stress and redox signalling, Parkinson’s Disease, and neurodegeneration before the latest advances in this field are explored in detail. Topics covered in the following chapters include the role of mitochondria, dopamine metabolism, metal homeostasis, inflammation, DNA-damage and thiol-signalling. The role of genetics and gene-environment interactions are also explored before final chapters discuss the identification of potential biomarkers for diagnosis and disease progression and the future of redox/antioxidant based therapeutics. Written by recognized experts in the field, this book will be a valuable source of information for postgraduate students and academics, clinicians, toxicologists and risk assessment groups. Importantly, it presents the current research that might later lead to redox or antioxidant – based therapeutics for Parkinson’s disease.
Download or read book Mechanisms in Parkinson s Disease written by Juliana Dushanova and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2012-02-08 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parkinson's disease (PD) results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Current PD medications treat symptoms; none halt or retard dopaminergic neuron degeneration. The main obstacle to developing neuroprotective therapies is a limited understanding of the key molecular mechanisms that provoke neurodegeneration. The discovery of PD genes has led to the hypothesis that misfolding of proteins and dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway are pivotal to PD pathogenesis. Previously implicated culprits in PD neurodegeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress may also act in part by causing the accumulation of misfolded proteins, in addition to producing other deleterious events in dopaminergic neurons. Neurotoxin-based models have been important in elucidating the molecular cascade of cell death in dopaminergic neurons. PD models based on the manipulation of PD genes should prove valuable in elucidating important aspects of the disease, such as selective vulnerability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons to the degenerative process.
Download or read book Etiology of Parkinson s Disease written by Jonas H. Ellenberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-03-01 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive reference provides a detailed overview of current concepts regarding the cause of Parkinson's disease-emphasizing the issues involved in the design, implementation, and analysis of epidemiological studies of parkinsonism.
Download or read book Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders written by G. Ali Qureshi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-03-22 with total page 795 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance in pro-oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis that leads to the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species. Brain cells are continuously exposed to reactive oxygen species generated by oxidative metabolism, and in certain pathological conditions defense mechanisms against oxygen radicals may be weakened and/or overwhelmed. DNA is a potential target for oxidative damage, and genomic damage can contribute to neuropathogenesis. It is important therefore to identify tools for the quantitative analysis of DNA damage in models on neurological disorders. This book presents detailed information on various neurodegenerative disorders and their connection with oxidative stress. This information will provide clinicians with directions to treat these disorders with appropriate therapy and is also of vital importance for the drug industries for the design of new drugs for treatment of degenerative disorders. * Contains the latest information on the subject of neurodegenerative disorders* Reflects on various factors involved in degeneration and gives suggestions for how to tackle these problems
Download or read book Inflammation in Parkinson s Disease Causes and Consequences written by Louise M. Collins and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effects of Oxidative Stress and Testosterone on Dopamine Neuron Viability written by Shaletha S. Holmes and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and apoptosis are mechanisms implicated in Parkinson’s pathology. Interestingly, males have a higher incidence of PD than females. Therefore, the major male sex hormone, testosterone may play a role in oxidative stress-induced dopamine neurodegeneration and thus underlie the sex bias observed in PD. Oxidative stress, the imbalance of antioxidant mechanisms and reactive oxygen species, mediates downstream signaling of mitochondria dysfunction, inflammation and apoptosis. Oxidative stress can induce mitochondria dysfunction via calcium neurotoxicity, and oxidative stress can stimulate the pro-inflammatory mediators of NFkB and COX2. This activation of mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation can trigger apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, it is hypothesized that under oxidative stress conditions, testosterone will induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration by increasing mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation, leading to apoptosis in dopamine neurons. To test this hypothesis, a N27 dopaminergic cell line was treated with tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide followed by exposure to physiologically relevant concentrations of testosterone to assess cell viability, mitochondria function, calcium influx, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These results show that testosterone, alone, increase calcium influx and acts as an oxidative stressor without affecting cell viability. However, under conditions of oxidative stress, testosterone decreases cell viability and exacerbates inflammation, resulting in increased apoptosis. These results indicate that testosterone, only in an oxidative stress environment, can increase pathological features associated with dopamine neurodegeneration in PD. In conclusion, these results suggest that a testosterone mediated mechanism may underlie the increased risk of PD for men compared to women.
Download or read book P38 Signaling Pathway written by Ana Cuenda and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: p38 Mitogen activated protein kinases (p38MAPK) are a group of evolutionary conserved protein kinases which are central for cell adaptation to environmental changes as well as for immune response, inflammation, tissue regeneration and tumour formation. The interest in this group of protein kinases has grown continually since their discovery. Recent studies using new genetic and pharmacological tools are providing helpful information on the function of these stress-activated protein kinases and show that they have an acute impact on the development of prevalent diseases related to inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In this Special Issue we present novel advances and review the knowledge on the identification of p38MAPK substrates, functions, and regulation; mechanisms underlying the role of p38MAPK in malignant transformation and other pathologies; and therapeutic opportunities associated with regulation of p38MAPK activity.
Download or read book Parkinson s Disease and the Immune System written by Roberta J. Ward1 and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 LRRK2 written by Hardy J. Rideout and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to assemble the leading researchers in the field of LRRK2 biology and neurology and provide a snapshot of the current state of knowledge, encompassing all major aspects of its function and dysfunction. The contributors are experts in cell biology and physiology, neurobiology, and medicinal chemistry, bringing a multidisciplinary perspective on the gene and its role in disease. The book covers the identification of LRRK2 as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. It also discusses the current state of the field after a decade of research, putative normal physiological roles of LRRK2, and the various pathways that have been identified in the search for the mechanism(s) of its induction of neurodegeneration.
Download or read book Homeostatic Control of Brain Function written by Detlev Boison and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Homeostatic Control of Brain Function offers a broad view of brain health and diverse perspectives for potential treatments, targeting key areas such as mitochondria, the immune system, epigenetic changes, and regulatory molecules such as ions, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators. Loss of homeostasis becomes expressed as a diverse array of neurological disorders. Each disorder has multiple comorbidities - with some crossing over several conditions - and often disease-specific treatments remain elusive. When current pharmacological therapies result in ineffective and inadequate outcomes, therapies to restore and maintain homeostatic functions can help improve brain health, no matter the diagnosis. Employing homeostatic therapies may lead to future cures or treatments that address multiple comorbidities. In an age where brain diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's are ever present, the incorporation of homeostatic techniques could successfully promote better overall brain health. Key Features include · A focus on the homeostatic controls that significantly depend on the way one lives, eats, and drinks. · Highlights from emerging research in non-pharmaceutical therapies including botanical medications, meditation, diet, and exercise. · Incorporation of homeostatic therapies into existing basic and clinical research paradigms. · Extensive scientific basic and clinical research ranging from molecules to disorders. · Emerging practical information for improving homeostasis. · Examples of homeostatic therapies in preventing and delaying dysfunction. Both editors, Detlev Boison and Susan Masino, bring their unique expertise in homeostatic research to the overall scope of this work. This book is accessible to all with an interest in brain health; scientist, clinician, student, and lay reader alike.
