Download or read book Inequality in American Manufacturing Wages 1920 1998 written by James K. Galbraith and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent work one of us has presented measurements of the evolution of inequality in the U.S. manufacturing sector, from 1920 to 1992. This paper updates and revises those estimates, using a monthly data set for wages and employment of production workers in 18 sectors, for which continuous data are available back to January, 1947. The main findings of the previous study are confirmed: there is a close connection between the dispersion of hourly wage rates and unemployment. But the previous series erred in bridging a gap in the data between 1947 and 1958 by assuming that inequality in manufacturing in that period tracked the movement of a Gini coefficient for household incomes, which was fairly stable during this time. In fact, in the 1950s manufacturing wage rate inequality rose sharply, reaching the extreme levels of the 1930s. An implication is that inequality in manufacturing hourly wage rates in the late 1970s and 1980s, previously thought to be lower than during the Great Depression, was in fact much higher. The new series also shows that wage rate inequality began declining again in 1994, and has now fallen to just below the peaks of the inter-war period. The data are current to the end of 1998.

Download or read book Wage Inequality in American Manufacturing 1820 1940 written by Jeremy Atack and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The consensus view among economic historians is that wage inequality in American manufacturing followed an inverted-U path from the early nineteenth century until just before World War Two. The previous literature, however, has been unable to fully document this path over time, or fully assess the role of explanatory factors such as changes in firm organization and technology. We provide fresh evidence that allow us to better document the inverted-U and its causes. In the first part of the paper, we use the U.S. Department of Labor's 1899 "Hand and Machine Labor" study to argue that wage inequality within manufacturing establishments rose over the nineteenth century, primarily because of increasing division of labor In the second part, we use data for Massachusetts from state reports to construct a new time series on wage inequality among production workers, which declined from the early 1890s to the late 1930s, mainly because of compression in the left tail of the distribution. Analysis of industry panel data suggest that electrification was the main factor behind the compression.

Download or read book Wages and Hours in American Manufacturing Industries written by National Industrial Conference Board and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-08-14 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Wages and Hours in American Manufacturing Industries: July, 1914 January, 1922 The investigation did not include executives, office and sales force, foremen or assistants, clerical workers or others paid on a salary basis. The classification of wage data closely follows that pursued by the Conference Board in previous wage studies. The wage earners were first divided by sex, and then into the occupa tional classifications of male common or 'unskilled labor, and male all other labor. Common or unskilled labor is de fined as the general group that performs the cruder muscle tasks for which no previous training 13 required. All other labor is composed of the remainder of semi-skilled and skilled labor of all kinds, which has some degree of training. All kinds of workers are contained in the latter classification, from those who rank just above common laborers to the most highly skilled wage earners. The dividing line between these two groups is difficult to determine, but this classification follows the general understanding as to the distinction implied in these terms. In the, charts and tables contained in this report, the word skilled refers to the male workers in the all' other group. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book Inequality and Industrial Change written by James K. Galbraith and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-04-09 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world knows that there is a global crisis of inequality in pay. But what caused it? Where is it more and where less severe? What can be done? This book deploys new techniques and a new global data set to advance striking answers to these questions, answers that have eluded even the largest international research institutions such as the OECD and the World Bank. Chapters trace the U.S. wage structure back to 1920, the relationship of inequality and unemployment in Europe, and the relationships of inequality to economic growth, liberalization, financial crisis, state violence and industrial policy in more than fifty developing countries.

Download or read book Inequality written by James K. Galbraith and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-02-11 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past thirty years, the issue of economic inequality has emerged from the backwaters of economics to claim center stage in the political discourse of America and beyond---a change prompted by a troubling fact: numerous measures of income inequality, especially in the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century, have risen sharply in recent years. Even so, many people remain confused about what, exactly, politicians and media persons mean when they discuss inequality. What does "economic inequality" mean? How is it measured? Why should we care? Why did inequality rise in the United States? Is rising inequality an inevitable feature of capitalism? What should we do about it? Inequality: What Everyone Needs to Know takes up these questions and more in plain and clear language, bringing to life one of the great economic and political debates of our age. Inequality expert James K. Galbraith has compiled the latest economic research on inequality and explains his findings in a way that everyone can understand. He offers a comprehensive introduction to the study of economic inequality, including its philosophical and theoretical origins, the variety of concepts in wide use, empirical measures and their advantages and disadvantages, competing modern theories of the causes and effects of rising inequality in the United States and worldwide, and a range of policy measures. The topic of economic inequality is going to become only more important as we approach the 2016 presidential elections. This latest addition to the popular What Everyone Needs to Know series from Oxford University Press will tell you everything you need to know to make informed opinions on this significant issue.

Download or read book The History of Wage Inequality in America 1920 to 1970 written by Robert Andrew Margo and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Has Latin America Always Been Unequal written by Ewout Frankema and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2009 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The forces of industrialisation, urbanisation, globalisation and technological change have washed away the pre-modern outlook of most Latin American economies. Despite the improved opportunities of social mobility offered by economic modernisation, current income inequality levels (still) appear extraordinary high. Has Latin America always been unequal? Did the region fail to settle a longstanding account with its colonial past? Or should we be reluctant to point our finger so far back in time? In a comparative study of asset and income distribution Frankema shows that both the levels, and nature, of income inequality have changed significantly since 1870. Besides the deep historical roots of land and educational inequality, more recent demographic and political-institutional forces are taken on board to understand Latin America s distributive dynamics in the long twentieth century.

Download or read book Inequality and Instability written by James K. Galbraith and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-30 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As Wall Street rose to dominate the U.S. economy, income and pay inequalities in America came to dance to the tune of the credit cycle. As the reach of financial markets extended across the globe, interest rates, debt, and debt crises became the dominant forces driving the rise of economic inequality almost everywhere. Thus the "super-bubble" that investor George Soros identified in rich countries for the two decades after 1980 was a super-crisis for the 99 percent-not just in the U.S. but the entire world. Inequality and Instability demonstrates that finance is the driveshaft that links inequality to economic instability. The book challenges those, mainly on the right, who see mysterious forces of technology behind rising inequality. And it also challenges those, mainly on the left, who have placed the blame narrowly on trade and outsourcing. Inequality and Instability presents straightforward evidence that the rise of inequality mirrors the stock market in the U.S. and the rise of finance and of free-market policies elsewhere. Starting from the premise that fresh argument requires fresh evidence, James K. Galbraith brings new data to bear as never before, presenting information built up over fifteen years in easily understood charts and tables. By measuring inequality at the right geographic scale, Galbraith shows that more equal societies systematically enjoy lower unemployment. He shows how this plays out inside Europe, between Europe and the United States, and in modern China. He explains that the dramatic rise of inequality in the U.S. in the 1990s reflected a finance-driven technology boom that concentrated incomes in just five counties, very remote from the experience of most Americans-which helps explain why the political reaction was so slow to come. That the reaction is occurring now, however, is beyond doubt. In the aftermath of the Great Financial Crisis, inequality has become, in America and the world over, the central issue. A landmark work of research and original insight, Inequality and Instability will change forever the way we understand this pivotal topic.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Post Keynesian Economics Volume 2 Critiques and Methodology written by G. C. Harcourt and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-08-16 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two volume Handbook contains chapters on the main areas to which Post-Keynesians have made sustained and important contributions. These include theories of accumulation, distribution, pricing, money and finance, international trade and capital flows, the environment, methodological issues, criticism of mainstream economics and Post-Keynesian policies. The Introduction outlines what is in the two volumes, in the process placing Post-Keynesian procedures and contributions in appropriate contexts.

Download or read book The Race between Education and Technology written by Claudia Goldin and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-01 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a careful historical analysis of the co-evolution of educational attainment and the wage structure in the United States through the twentieth century. The authors propose that the twentieth century was not only the American Century but also the Human Capital Century. That is, the American educational system is what made America the richest nation in the world. Its educational system had always been less elite than that of most European nations. By 1900 the U.S. had begun to educate its masses at the secondary level, not just in the primary schools that had remarkable success in the nineteenth century. The book argues that technological change, education, and inequality have been involved in a kind of race. During the first eight decades of the twentieth century, the increase of educated workers was higher than the demand for them. This had the effect of boosting income for most people and lowering inequality. However, the reverse has been true since about 1980. This educational slowdown was accompanied by rising inequality. The authors discuss the complex reasons for this, and what might be done to ameliorate it.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Post Keynesian Economics Volume 2 written by G. C. Harcourt and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-08-16 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two volume Handbook contains chapters on the main areas to which Post-Keynesians have made sustained and important contributions. These include theories of accumulation, distribution, pricing, money and finance, international trade and capital flows, the environment, methodological issues, criticism of mainstream economics and Post-Keynesian policies. The Introduction outlines what is in the two volumes, in the process placing Post-Keynesian procedures and contributions in appropriate contexts.

Download or read book Should Differences in Income and Wealth Matter Volume 19 Part 1 written by Ellen Frankel Paul and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-01-28 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These essays assess the empirical and theoretical questions raised by inequalities of income and wealth.

Download or read book The Predator State written by James Galbraith and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2008-08-05 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A progressive economist challenges popular conservative-minded economic practices, in a scathing critique of Reagan-Bush policies that contends that the political right is misrepresenting the consequences of free-market and free-trade ideals. 50,000 first printing.

Download or read book Inequality and the Labor Market written by Sharon Block and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring a new agenda to improve outcomes for American workers As the United States continues to struggle with the impact of the devastating COVID-19 recession, policymakers have an opportunity to redress the competition problems in our labor markets. Making the right policy choices, however, requires a deep understanding of long-term, multidimensional problems. That will be solved only by looking to the failures and unrealized opportunities in anti-trust and labor law. For decades, competition in the U.S. labor market has declined, with the result that American workers have experienced slow wage growth and diminishing job quality. While sluggish productivity growth, rising globalization, and declining union representation are traditionally cited as factors for this historic imbalance in economic power, weak competition in the labor market is increasingly being recognized as a factor as well. This book by noted experts frames the legal and economic consequences of this imbalance and presents a series of urgently needed reforms of both labor and anti-trust laws to improve outcomes for American workers. These include higher wages, safer workplaces, increased ability to report labor violations, greater mobility, more opportunities for workers to build power, and overall better labor protections. Inequality in the Labor Market will interest anyone who cares about building a progressive economic agenda or who has a marked interest in labor policy. It also will appeal to anyone hoping to influence or anticipate the much-needed progressive agenda for the United States. The book's unusual scope provides prescriptions that, as Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz notes in the introduction, map a path for rebalancing power, not just in our economy but in our democracy.

Download or read book Economic Evolution and Revolution in Historical Time written by Paul W. Rhode and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2011-01-28 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges the static, ahistorical models on which Economics continues to rely. These models presume that markets operate on a "frictionless" plane where abstract forces play out independent of their institutional and spatial contexts, and of the influences of the past. In reality, at any point in time exogenous factors are themselves outcomes of complex historical processes. They are shaped by institutional and spatial contexts, which are "carriers of history," including past economic dynamics and market outcomes. To examine the connections between gradual, evolutionary change and more dramatic, revolutionary shifts the text takes on a wide array of historically salient economic questions—ranging from how formative, European encounters reconfigured the political economies of indigenous populations in Africa, the Americas, and Australia to how the rise and fall of the New Deal order reconfigured labor market institutions and outcomes in the twentieth century United States. These explorations are joined by a common focus on formative institutions, spatial structures, and market processes. Through historically informed economic analyses, contributors recognize the myriad interdependencies among these three frames, as well as their distinct logics and temporal rhythms.

Download or read book The Political Economy of Inequality written by Vidal Garza Cantu and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Income Inequality and Poverty During the Transition from Planned to Market Economy written by Branko Milanovi? and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World Bank Technical Paper No. 394. Joint Forest Management (JFM) has emerged as an important intervention in the management of Indias forest resources. This report sets out an analytical method for examining the costs and benefits of JFM arrangements. Two pilot case studies in which the method was used demonstrate interesting outcomes regarding incentives for various groups to participate. The main objective of this study is to develop a better understanding of the incentives for communities to participate in JFM.