Download or read book In Situ Observations of Sigma Phase Dissolution in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Using Synchrotron X Ray Diffraction written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synchrotron radiation was used to directly observe the transformation of ferrite, austenite and sigma phases during heating and cooling of 2205 duplex stainless steel. Sigma formed during the initial stages of heating, dissolved as the temperature was increased, and reformed on cooling. The dissolution temperature of sigma was measured to be 985 C ± 2.8 C at a heating rate of 0.25 C/s, and the kinetics of sigma formation at 850 C was determined to be slower after dissolving at 1000 C than before.

Download or read book Direct Observations of Sigma Phase Growth and Dissolution in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel written by T. Palmer and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation and growth of sigma ({sigma}) phase in a 2205 duplex stainless steel is monitored during an 850 C isothermal heat treatment using an in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction technique. At this temperature, {sigma} phase is first observed within approximately 40 seconds of the start of the isothermal heat treatment and grows rapidly over the course of the 3600 second heat treatment to a volume fraction of approximately 13%. A simultaneous increase in the austenite ({gamma}) volume fraction and a decrease in the ferrite ({delta}) volume fraction are observed. The {sigma} phase formed at this temperature is rapidly dissolved within approximately 200 seconds when the temperature is increased to 1000 C. Accompanying this rapid dissolution of the {sigma} phase, the {delta} and {gamma} volume fractions both approach the balanced (50/50) level observed in the as-received material.

Download or read book Direct Observations of Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steels Using In Situ Synchrotron X Ray Diffraction written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation and growth of sigma phase in 2205 duplex stainless steel was observed and measured in real time using synchrotron radiation during 10 hr isothermal heat treatments at temperatures between 700 C and 850 C. Sigma formed in near-equilibrium quantities during the isothermal holds, starting from a microstructure which contained a balanced mixture of metastable ferrite and austenite. In situ synchrotron diffraction continuously monitored the transformation, and these results were compared to those predicted by thermodynamic calculations. Differences between the calculated and measured amounts of sigma, ferrite and austenite suggest that the thermodynamic calculations underpredict the sigma dissolution temperature by approximately 50 C. The data were further analyzed using a modified Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) approach to determine kinetic parameters for sigma formation over this temperature range. The initial JMA exponent, n, at low fractions of sigma was found to be approximately 7.0, however, towards the end of the transformation, n decreased to values of approximately 0.75. The change in the JMA exponent was attributed to a change in the transformation mechanism from discontinuous precipitation with increasing nucleation rate, to growth of the existing sigma phase after nucleation site saturation occurred. Because of this change in mechanism, it was not possible to determine reliable values for the activation energy and pre-exponential terms for the JMA equation. While cooling back to room temperature, the partial transformation of austenite resulted in a substantial increase in the ferrite content, but sigma retained its high temperature value to room temperature.

Download or read book Phase Transformations in Steels written by Elena Pereloma and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-05-11 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The processing-microstructure-property relationships in steels continue to present challenges to researchers because of the complexity of phase transformation reactions and the wide spectrum of microstructures and properties achievable. This major two-volume work summarises the current state of research on phase transformations in steels and its implications for the emergence of new steels with enhanced engineering properties.Volume 2 reviews current research on diffusionless transformations and phase transformations in high strength steels, as well as advances in modelling and analytical techniques which underpin this research. Chapters in part one discuss the crystallography and kinetics of martensite transformations, the morphology, substructure and tempering of martensite as well as shape memory in ferrous alloys. Part two summarises research on phase transformations in high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)-assisted multiphase steels, quenched and partitioned steels, advanced nanostructured bainitic steels, high manganese twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) and maraging steels. The final two parts of the book review advances in modelling and the use of advanced analytical techniques to improve our understanding of phase transformations in steels.With its distinguished editors and distinguished international team of contributors, the two volumes of Phase transformations in steels is a standard reference for all those researching the properties of steel and developing new steels in such areas as automotive engineering, oil and gas and energy production. - Alongside its companion volume, this major two-volume work summarises the current state of research on phase transformations in steels - Reviews research on diffusionless transformations and phase transformations in high strength steels - Examines advances in modelling and the use of advanced analytical techniques to improve understanding of phase transformations in steels

Download or read book Proceedings of the 3rd Pan American Materials Congress written by Marc André Meyers and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-07 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection covers a variety of materials science topics and has contributions from leading scientists and engineers representing 8 countries and 9 international materials, metals, and minerals societies. Papers are organized into the following sections:Advanced BiomaterialsAdvanced ManufacturingMaterials for Green Energy Materials for Infrastructure Materials for the Oil and Gas Industry Materials for Transportation and LightweightingMinerals Extraction and ProcessingNanocrystalline and Ultra-fine Grain Materials and Bulk Metallic Glasses Steels

Download or read book Stainless Steels and Alloys written by Zoia Duriagina and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-02-13 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materials science is the magic that allows us to change the chemical composition and microstructure of material to regulate its corrosion-mechanical, technological, and functional properties. Five major classes of stainless steels are widely used: ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening. Austenitic stainless steels are extensively used for service down to as low as the temperature of liquid helium (-269oC). This is largely due to the lack of a clearly defined transition from ductile to brittle fracture in impact toughness testing. Steels with ferritic or martensitic structures show a sudden change from ductile (safe) to brittle (unsafe) fracture over a small temperature difference. Even the best of these steels shows this behavior at temperatures higher than -100oC and in many cases only just below zero. Various types of stainless steel are used across the whole temperature range from ambient to 1100oC. This book will be useful to scientists, engineers, masters, graduate students, and students. I hope readers will enjoy this book and that it will serve to create new materials with unique properties.

Download or read book Uniting Electron Crystallography and Powder Diffraction written by Ute Kolb and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-20 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The polycrystalline and nanocrystalline states play an increasingly important role in exploiting the properties of materials, encompassing applications as diverse as pharmaceuticals, catalysts, solar cells and energy storage. A knowledge of the three-dimensional atomic and molecular structure of materials is essential for understanding and controlling their properties, yet traditional single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods lose their power when only polycrystalline and nanocrystalline samples are available. It is here that powder diffraction and single-crystal electron diffraction techniques take over, substantially extending the range of applicability of the crystallographic principles of structure determination. This volume, a collection of teaching contributions presented at the Crystallographic Course in Erice in 2011, clearly describes the fundamentals and the state-of-the-art of powder diffraction and electron diffraction methods in materials characterisation, encompassing a diverse range of disciplines and materials stretching from archeometry to zeolites. As such, it is a comprehensive and valuable resource for those wishing to gain an understanding of the broad applicability of these two rapidly developing fields.

Download or read book Kinetics of Sigma Formation and Dissolution in Duplex Stainless Steel written by Elisabeth M. L. E. M. Jackson and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels written by Andrea Di Schino and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated materials, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.

Download or read book Metallurgical Modelling of Welding written by Øystein Grong and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metallurgical Modelling of Welding gives graduate students, engineers and researchers an in-depth insight into the field of welding metallurgy, providing a broad overview of its fundamental principles. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the chemical and physical processes which take place during weldning. This book brings together all the basic components to reach the goal of faster process development, optimisation of processes and properties, and the possibility of developing new and weldable alloys.The second edition includes a new chapter of exercis.

Download or read book Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Methods written by Franz Roters and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-04 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the leading experts in computational materials science, this handy reference concisely reviews the most important aspects of plasticity modeling: constitutive laws, phase transformations, texture methods, continuum approaches and damage mechanisms. As a result, it provides the knowledge needed to avoid failures in critical systems udner mechanical load. With its various application examples to micro- and macrostructure mechanics, this is an invaluable resource for mechanical engineers as well as for researchers wanting to improve on this method and extend its outreach.

Download or read book Duplex Stainless Steels written by Iris Alvarez-Armas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-16 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Duplex Stainless Steels (DSSs) are chromium-nickel-molybdenum-iron alloys that are usually in proportions optimized for equalizing the volume fractions of austenite and ferrite. Due to their ferritic-austenitic microstructure, they possess a higher mechanical strength and a better corrosion resistance than standard austenitic steels. This type of steel is now increasing its application and market field due to its very good properties and relatively low cost. This book is a review of the most recent progress achieved in the last 10 years on microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical strength properties, as well as applications, due to the development of new grades. Special attention will be given to fatigue and fracture behavior and to proposed models to account for mechanical behavior. Each subject will be developed in chapters written by experts recognized around the international industrial and scientific communities. The use of duplex stainless steels has grown rapidly in the last 10 years, particularly in the oil and gas industry, chemical tankers, pulp and paper as well as the chemical industry. In all these examples, topics like welding, corrosion resistance and mechanical strength properties (mainly in the fatigue domain) are crucial. Therefore, the update of welding and corrosion properties and the introduction of topics like texture effects, fatigue and fracture strength properties, and mechanical behavior modeling give this book specific focus and character.

Download or read book Residual Stresses 2018 written by Marc Seefeldt and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2018-10-10 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The European Conference on Residual Stresses (ECRS) series is the leading European forum for scientific exchange on internal and residual stresses in materials. It addresses both academic and industrial experts and covers a broad gamut of stress-related topics from instrumentation via experimental and modelling methodology up to stress problems in specific processes such as welding or shot-peening, and their impact on materials properties. Chapters: Diffraction Methods; Mechanical Relaxation Methods; Acoustic and Electromagnetic Methods; Composites, Nano and Microstructures; Films, Coatings and Oxides; Cold Working and Machining; Heat Treatments and Phase Transformations; Welding, Fatigue and Fracture: Stresses in Additive Manufacturing.

Download or read book Localized Corrosion written by Fumio Hine and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Practical Guidelines for the Fabrication of Duplex Stainless Steels written by International Molybdenum Association and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Characterization of Minerals Metals and Materials 2019 written by Bowen Li and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-13 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection gives broad and up-to-date results in the research and development of materials characterization and processing. Topics covered include characterization methods, ferrous materials, non-ferrous materials, minerals, ceramics, polymer and composites, powders, extraction, microstructure, mechanical behavior, processing, corrosion, welding, solidification, magnetic, electronic, environmental, nano-materials, and advanced materials The book explores scientific processes to characterize materials using modern technologies, and focuses on the interrelationships and interdependence among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.

Download or read book Identification and Quantification of Phases in Steels by X Ray Diffraction Using Rietveld Refinement written by Adriana Da Cunha Rocha and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray diffraction has been applied in the investigation of phase formation in steels, operating in industrial environments. In this work, identification and quantification of phases by X-ray diffraction and peak fitting, using the Rietveld method, were employed. In a first scenario, two different types of steels, subjected to abrasive surface cleaning, suffered contamination from the blasting operation that compromise between 10 and 36% of the blasted surface, as revealed by the quantitative phase analysis. Such high values of particulates can jeopardize the corrosion protection offered by posterior coating application. In a second scenario, duplex steels (DS) subjected to aggressive environments and high temperatures of service went through phase transformation that formed amounts up to 3.5% of a deleterious phase, known as sigma phase. This phase compromises the steel mechanical resistance and corrosion protection, and its quantification is crucial for the assurance of the material integrity. The quantitative phase analysis (QPA) by X-ray diffraction provided the diagnosis of forthcoming problems related to the presence of such phases in the investigated steels, allowing the optimization of techniques and the choice of correct process parameters.