Download or read book Board of Contract Appeals Decisions written by United States. Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Who Decides the Budget A Political Economy Analysis of the Budget Process in Latin America written by Carlos Scartascini and published by Inter-American Development Bank. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a new framework for analyzing the political economy of budget processes in Latin America that is based on the following premises: i) the budget process must be considered as part of the overall policymaking process rather than in isolation; ii) budget outcomes cannot be fully explained on the basis of only one or two political or institutional dimensions; iii) actual practices must be considered as well as formal rules; iv) budget processes affect dimensions of fiscal outcomes besides fiscal sustainability, particularly efficiency, adaptability, and representativeness; v) political actors and their incentives must be considered at different stages of the policymaking process and in different institutional contexts. Case studies are presented for eight countries in the region, and a final chapter presents conclusions and suggestions for further research.
Download or read book Peru Technical Assistance Report Tax Regime for Small Taxpayers and Special Economic Zones written by International Monetary and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2022-02-11 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The topics discussed in this report are tax regimes for small taxpayers (Chapter II) and the tax treatment of special economic zones (Chapter III). Although these aspects of the tax system have little direct effect on public finances, they affect many people and how those people make decisions or impact the positioning of certain regions relative to the rest of the country. Both are of social and political scope that is disproportionate to their magnitude of tax revenue collection, which is why their design must remain focused in its most strategic sense.
Download or read book Tax written by Fouad Sabry and published by One Billion Knowledgeable. This book was released on 2024-01-18 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is Tax In order to collectively support government spending, public expenditures, or as a tool to control and decrease negative externalities, a tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other sort of levy that is imposed on a taxpayer by a government entity. Furthermore, a tax may also be applied in order to mitigate negative externalities. Tax compliance is a term that encompasses both the measures taken by policymakers and the actions taken by individuals with the intention of ensuring that taxpayers are paying the appropriate amount of tax at the appropriate time and obtaining the appropriate tax allowances and tax relief. The first known instance of taxes occurred in Ancient Egypt between the years 3000 and 2800 B.C. There are two types of taxes: direct and indirect taxes. Taxes can be paid in monetary form or in the form of their labor equivalent. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Tax Chapter 2: Income tax Chapter 3: Land value tax Chapter 4: Public finance Chapter 5: Regressive tax Chapter 6: Ad valorem tax Chapter 7: Direct tax Chapter 8: Indirect tax Chapter 9: Consumption tax Chapter 10: Taxation in France Chapter 11: Taxation in Australia Chapter 12: Taxation in India Chapter 13: Optimal tax Chapter 14: Excise Chapter 15: Taxation in Argentina Chapter 16: Taxation in Denmark Chapter 17: Terms of trade Chapter 18: Taxation in Norway Chapter 19: Value-added tax Chapter 20: Taxation in Ukraine Chapter 21: Taxation in Turkey (II) Answering the public top questions about tax. (III) Real world examples for the usage of tax in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of tax.
Download or read book Governing Extractive Industries written by Anthony Bebbington and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book synthesizes findings regarding the political drivers of institutional change in extractive industry governance. It analyses resource governance from the late nineteenth century to the present in Bolivia, Ghana, Peru, and Zambia, focusing on the ways in which resource governance and national political settlements interact.
Download or read book Value Added Tax written by Fouad Sabry and published by One Billion Knowledgeable. This book was released on 2024-01-20 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is Value Added Tax A value-added tax (VAT), known in some countries as a goods and services tax (GST), is a type of tax that is assessed incrementally. It is levied on the price of a product or service at each stage of production, distribution, or sale to the end consumer. If the ultimate consumer is a business that collects and pays to the government VAT on its products or services, it can reclaim the tax paid. It is similar to, and is often compared with, a sales tax. VAT is an indirect tax because the person who ultimately bears the burden of the tax is not necessarily the same person as the one who pays the tax to the tax authorities. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Value-added tax Chapter 2: Tax Chapter 3: Sales tax Chapter 4: Goods and services tax (Canada) Chapter 5: Invoice Chapter 6: Goods and services tax (Australia) Chapter 7: Ad valorem tax Chapter 8: Indirect tax Chapter 9: Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand) Chapter 10: Tax-free shopping Chapter 11: Taxation in Australia Chapter 12: Goods and Services Tax (Singapore) Chapter 13: Taxation in Tanzania Chapter 14: European Union value added tax Chapter 15: Taxation in Israel Chapter 16: Goods and Services Tax (Malaysia) Chapter 17: Taxation in the Philippines Chapter 18: Value-added tax in the United Kingdom Chapter 19: Value-added taxation in India Chapter 20: Goods and Services Tax (India) Chapter 21: Destination-based cash flow tax (II) Answering the public top questions about value added tax. (III) Real world examples for the usage of value added tax in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Value Added Tax.
Download or read book Peru Technical Assistance Report Proposals for the 2022 Tax Reform Mining Sector Fiscal Regime Capital Gains and IGV on Digital Services written by International Monetary and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2022-03-25 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In October 2021, the MEF asked Congress for the delegation of powers to legislate on tax matters with the aim of increasing tax collections and doing so by adding progressivity to the Peruvian tax system. The initiative being developed by the MEF contains (tentatively, to date) around 40 specific measures—some administrative, others related to tax policy—that the MEF hopes will, as a whole, generate additional revenue for the treasury. The tax collection impact of quite a few of the measures (including those pertaining to the mining sector) has not been estimated, whereas the measures for which there is a calculation are estimated to bring in a little over 1 percent of GDP in revenues. Given Peru’s low level of tax collections, both relative to its own historical trends as well as those of other countries in the region, the amount expected to be collected with the proposed reform is modest. However, increasing tax collections by enhancing progressivity would appear to be the right approach.
Download or read book Linking Civil Society and the State written by Gerd Schönwälder and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2002-06-03 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the role of local government becoming more important as Latin American countries moved away from state-led development models in the 1980s, and with social movements helping to bring about the transition to democracy, questions arose about whether and how popular participation at the local level might be able to contribute to the consolidation of democracy from the grassroots upward. This book, based on extensive research in low-income districts of Lima, provides a sophisticated analysis of the relationship between a resurgent civil society and democratization. Exploring the complex interactions among urban popular movements, local government, political parties, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), Schönwälder shows that the democratic potential of these movements is genuine but that their influence has been limited. His balanced assessment credits their achievements while illuminating the sources of their failures, mainly a variety of institutional barriers and a persistent threat of manipulation and co-optation by stronger actors, especially political parties. His analysis helps us understand better why the left has so often failed to convert its considerable support at the grassroots into political successes at higher levels.
Download or read book Costa Rica Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws written by IBP, Inc. and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-04-04 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Costa Rica Business Law Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws
Download or read book Peru written by International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-01-13 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Selected Issues paper evaluates features of the Peruvian tax system that may have contributed to weak revenue growth, as well as reforms to strengthen the tax system. Using data on domestic tax collection in conjunction with cross-country data on tax rates, collection and tax expenditures, we attempt to shed light on the factors that distinguish tax revenue mobilization in Peru from other countries in the region. The paper also discusses recent reforms in tax policy and tax administration, and present advice for continued progress in these areas. Elimination of multiple tax regimes for small businesses can provide a boost to revenues from corporate taxes. An IMF technical evaluation of the small business tax regimes finds that a rationalization of the two existing regimes into one with the same marginal rate as the general regime will result in revenue gains of around 0.14 percent of GDP. There is ample room to increase the contribution of excises and property taxes to overall tax revenues. Relative to the regional average, Peru will continue to lag peer economies even if the current reform performs at full potential. This suggests room for further policy reforms to bring excise taxes in line with the levels of comparable economies.
Download or read book Tax Policy written by Fouad Sabry and published by One Billion Knowledgeable. This book was released on 2024-01-21 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is Tax Policy Tax policy refers to the guidelines and principles established by a government for the imposition and collection of taxes. It encompasses both microeconomic and macroeconomic aspects, with the former focusing on issues of fairness and efficiency in tax collection, and the latter focusing on the overall quantity of taxes to be collected and its impact on economic activity. The tax framework of a country is considered a crucial instrument for influencing the country's economy. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Tax policy Chapter 2: Tax Chapter 3: Deadweight loss Chapter 4: Income tax Chapter 5: Public finance Chapter 6: Tax noncompliance Chapter 7: Tax cut Chapter 8: Tax competition Chapter 9: Direct tax Chapter 10: Indirect tax Chapter 11: Tax incidence Chapter 12: Optimal tax Chapter 13: Tax efficiency Chapter 14: Taxation in China Chapter 15: Laffer curve Chapter 16: Taxation in Germany Chapter 17: Theories of taxation Chapter 18: Taxation in Brazil Chapter 19: Fiscal capacity Chapter 20: Value-added tax Chapter 21: Optimal labor income taxation (II) Answering the public top questions about tax policy. (III) Real world examples for the usage of tax policy in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Tax Policy.
Download or read book The Peruvian Economy and Structural Adjustment written by Efraín Gonzales de Olarte and published by University of Miami Iberian Studies Institute. This book was released on 1996 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work analyses Peru's reforms, economic stabilisation programmes, institutional and economic structures, and the structural adjustment programme. It also looks at the role of the exchange rate in macroeconomic policy and some scenarios based on a model to forecast future economic trends.
Download or read book OECD Studies on Water Water Governance in Peru written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-25 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While COVID-19 has hit Peru particularly hard, with more than half a million cases, the pandemic further emphasised the importance of water and sanitation for health, the environment and the economy. The country is not yet on track to meet the targets of SDG 6 “Clean water and sanitation” by 2030, with 3.4 million Peruvians (10.2% of the population) lacking improved access to water services and 8 million Peruvians (25.5%) without improved access to sewerage services, and a large urban-rural divide.
Download or read book Mastering the Business of Global Trade written by Thomas A. Cook and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-02-05 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much of your company’s success in global trade will be determined by how well you manage contracts and agreements for sale or purchase. Mastering the Business of Global Trade: Negotiating Competitive Advantage Contractual Best Practices, Incoterms, and Leveraging Supply Chain Options explains the key elements any international business person must know, but more importantly, it also describes how to use negotiation skills, leveraged options, and Incoterms to extract the maximum benefits from your supply chain. At the end of the day, landed costs determine pricing and profits. As such, the book clearly explains how landed cost modeling works and how you can use these business models to leverage supply chain options. Illustrating how Inco terms impact compliance and risk, it details options to help you reduce your exposure to risk as well as best practices to help you steer clear of compliance issues that can cause costly delays. Managing global supply chains is about constantly striving for efficiency, driving down costs, and increasing profits. With this book, you will not only learn how to negotiate better contracts, but you will also learn how to manage relationships with freight forwarders and customhouse brokers in a manner that will help you get the most value from your service agreements. The book establishes a very simple, yet comprehensive, roadmap that both the neophyte and the more experienced global supply chain executive can easily follow and master. By following the time-proven advice and roadmap detailed in these pages, you will learn that it is possible to engage in more deals and increase your returns, while reducing your overall risk exposure. This book is part of The Global Warrior series.
Download or read book Sales Tax written by Fouad Sabry and published by One Billion Knowledgeable. This book was released on 2024-01-20 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is Sales Tax A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services. Usually laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Sales tax Chapter 2: Tax Chapter 3: Goods and services tax (Canada) Chapter 4: List price Chapter 5: Fuel tax Chapter 6: FairTax Chapter 7: Excise tax in the United States Chapter 8: Ad valorem tax Chapter 9: Use tax Chapter 10: Indirect tax Chapter 11: Duty-free shop Chapter 12: Sales taxes in the United States Chapter 13: VAT-free imports from the Channel Islands Chapter 14: Tax-free shopping Chapter 15: Gross receipts tax Chapter 16: Excise Chapter 17: European Union value added tax Chapter 18: Taxation of digital goods Chapter 19: Taxation in the United Arab Emirates Chapter 20: Marketplace Fairness Act Chapter 21: Value-added tax (II) Answering the public top questions about sales tax. (III) Real world examples for the usage of sales tax in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Sales Tax.
