Download or read book Impact of Oxygenated Fuels on Sooting Tendency and Soot Oxidative Reactivity with Application to Biofuels written by Eduardo Jose Barrientos Betancourt and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impacts of Oxygenated Compounds Concentration on Sooting Propensities and Soot Oxidative Reactivity Application to Diesel and Biodiesel Surrogates written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Alcohol as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines written by Pravesh Chandra Shukla and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-15 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: div="" This book covers different aspects related to utilization of alcohol fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines with a focus on combustion, performance and emission investigations. The focal point of this book is to present engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics of IC engines fueled by alcohol blended fuels such as methanol, ethanol and butanol. The contents also highlight the importance of alcohol fuel for reducing emission levels. Possibility of alcohol fuels for marine applications has also been discussed. This book is a useful guide for researchers, academics and scientists. ^
Download or read book Impacts of Ester s Carbon Chain Length and Concentration on Sooting Propensities and Soot Oxidative Reactivity Application to Diesel and Biodiesel Surrogates written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impact of Oxygen Enrichment on Soot Properties and Soot Oxidative Reactivity written by Hee Je Seong and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Multi scale Modeling of High temperature Chemistry and Soot Formation of Bio fuels written by Hyunguk Kwon and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot refers to carbonaceous particles that have negative impacts on the environment and human health. To intelligently manage ongoing changes in fuel composition, there is an expanding interest in quantifying chemical propensity to form soot from different fuel compounds, ranging from traditional fuels to more sustainable alternative fuels. The overarching objective of this thesis is thus to develop multi-scale modeling combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and ReaxFF reactive force field based molecular dynamics (MD) that can determine the yield-based sooting tendency of a fuel and identify the chemical reactions leading to soot formation. The Yield Sooting Index (YSI) measured in a fuel-doped methane/air coflow diffusion flame is chosen as the specific sooting tendency metric in this thesis. For fuels with well-known combustion chemistry, CFD simulation combined with a kinetic model is performed to complement the YSI methodology. To calculate YSIs efficiently, a 1D flamelet-based YSI simulation approach is employed. The CFD of reacting flows specifically deals with two research topics. First, the pressure-dependence of YSI is investigated to identify the applicability of the YSI methodology at elevated pressures. Second, the YSIs of a large number of biofuels with complex chemistry are predicted using 1D flamlet-based YSI simulation combined with a large kinetic model. Detailed 2D CFD simulations are difficult to achieve this due to their very high computational cost. A new sensitivity analysis developed in this thesis is applied to quantify the impact of kinetic parameter uncertainties on YSI predictions. For advanced biofuels with poorly-known chemical kinetics and no associated existing kinetic models, the kinetic-based CFD simulation is not applicable. Therefore, we develop a ReaxFF reactive force field based MD simulation framework to study sooting tendencies of biofuels both quantitatively and qualitatively. For aromatic fuels, we develop a unique ReaxFF MD simulation framework that can quantitatively predict yield-based sooting tendencies, and this framework is applied to toluene and phenol as a proof-of-concept. For non-aromatic fuels, this thesis presents the methodology to study the sooting tendencies qualitatively. Polycyclic alkanes and alkyl-substituted 1,3-dioxolanes recently synthesized as potential jet-fuels and biodiesels, respectively, are specifically studied, since very little effort has been made on their combustion chemistry and sooting tendency. The findings and methodologies provided in this thesis will help to accelerate the introduction of low soot emitting advanced combustion fuels.
Download or read book Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on Combustion and Soot Formation oxidation Processes written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Predicting Sooting Tendencies from Chemical Structure with Experimental and Theoretical Insight written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particulate matter (PM) emissions from internal combustion engines negatively impact public health and global climate. These problems are exacerbated by newer gasoline direct injection engines, which are more fuel-efficient, but also produce more soot than traditional spark ignited engines. Reducing soot formation is therefore of paramount importance in the development of new fuels. A fuel's sooting tendency is a quantitative parameter that describes the sooting behavior of a pure compound or fuel mixture. The yield sooting index (YSI), developed by McEnally and Pfefferle, accurately measures sooting tendencies using small sample quantities. Using an experimental sooting tendency database, we have developed a predictive model for sooting behavior from a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR). It was developed so that input molecules are first decomposed into individual carbon-type fragments for which the sooting tendency contribution can be assigned based on a Bayesian linear regression against the experimental database. The model's predictive accuracy is comparable to its training performance using leave-one-out cross-validation. We have used this model to provide quantitative insights into the effects of chemical structure on soot formation, but excitingly, we have also been able to readily identify the presence of more complicated kinetic sooting mechanisms for structures which are extreme outliers. Oxygenated aromatics can be produced readily from biomass as renewable sources and oxygenated aromatics with very similar structures tend to have a much lower sooting tendency, for example methoxybenzene (anisole, 107), 2-methylphenol (m-cresol, 103), 2-ethylphenol (120), 3-ethylphenol (138) and 1-phenylethanol (142). Thus, the presence of just one oxygen atom in an aromatic compound can drastically alter the reaction pathways leading to soot precursors. We have applied density functional theory (DFT) calculations and flow reactor experiments to examine how oxygenation alters reaction pathways in a combustion environment. This study has allowed us to gain understanding on how the location of an oxygenated functional group influences soot formation. Our work provides a blueprint for the design of oxygenated fuels from biomass, which minimize the production of soot in low oxygen environments.
Download or read book Diesel Particulate Filter Technology written by Timothy V Johnson and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2007-03-28 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until recently, the complexity of the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system has hindered its commercial success. Stringent regulations of diesel emissions has lead to advancements in this technology, therefore mainstreaming the use of DPFs in light- and heavy-duty diesel filtration applications. This book covers the latest and most important research in DPF systems, focusing mainly on the advancements of the years 2002-2006. Editor Timothy V. Johnson selected the top 29 SAE papers covering the most significant research in this technology.
Download or read book MILD Combustion Modelling Challenges Experimental Configurations and Diagnostic Tools written by Alessandro Parente and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-26 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Statistics in Plain English written by Timothy C. Urdan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is meant to be a supplement to a more detailed statistics textbook, such as that recommended for a statistics course in the social sciences. Also, as a reference book to refresh your memory about statistical concepts.
Download or read book Experimental Investigation on the Effect of the Combustion of Oxygenated Fuels on the Formation of Soot written by Yong Ren Tan and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fuels Combustion Research written by F. L. Dryer and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Further oxidation studies of the n-alkylated aromatics reveal insights with respect to the oxidation of the alkyl side chains. Toluene is unique in its oxidation due to the nonreactivity of the benzyl radical that forms. The higher normal alkyl aromatics all form styrene and allyl radicals during the initial stages of oxidation. Thus the oxidation of these fuels will all be similar to ethyl benzene. The first results on the oxidation 1-methyl naphthalene have been obtained. A study on the oxidation and pyrolysis of butadiene, an important aromatic intermediate and soot precursor, has been completed. More extensive experimentation on the sooting tendencies in premixed and diffusion flames has been performed. The new fuels used were the cycloalkanes, the cycloolefins, purified 1,3-butadiene and 1-methyl naphthalene. A new model for sooting under premixed conditions reveals that original fuel structure does not play a role in soot production, but the number of carbon-carbon bonds in the fuel do. Diffusion flame results confirm that fuel pyrolysis rates and intermediates determine the sooting tendency in this combustion system. The new theory of boron ignition and combustion has been improved further. Appropriate droplet generators for boron and carbon slurries have been developed. Originator-supplied keywords include: Aromatic fuel oxidation, Fuel pyrolysis, Slurry combustion, Soot formation, Boron and carbon combustion, and Turbulent reacting flow.
Download or read book Measurement Characterization Identification and Control of Combustion Produced Soot written by Madhu Singh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The negative health implications associated with combustion produced soot demand identification of contributing sources, quantification and characterization of their emissions to assess its impact, and control to minimize the imposed hazard. Distinguishing different sources of soot from engines and combustors is challenging, given the morphological and chemical similarity of the emitted soot. Leaner combustion conditions and tighter emission limits challenge traditional filter-based measurements for soot mass. Meanwhile, current after-treatment particulate control strategies are based on regeneration, i.e., soot oxidation which in turn depends upon soot nanostructure and composition (such as in a diesel particulate filter). Presently, effects on human health associated with soot exposure are largely correlative, while controlled lab studies predominantly use varied washings or extracts of soot, but rarely the actual particulate. Given the intertwined nature of these topics this dissertation addresses each in an integrated approach. Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is used to determine soot concentration while Time-resolved LII (TiRe-LII) can be used to estimate soot primary particle size largely by using available and appropriate models. The use of laser diagnostics has been used to experimentally demonstrate prevailing inconsistencies between experimentally measured and model-derived particle diameter values. Discrepancies have been attributed (a) to the empiricism associated with evaluating modeling variables and (b) to the lack of proper accountability of the changes in soot nanostructure upon heating with a pulsed laser. This work uses an experimental approach coupled with microscopy to (a) test the robustness of existing LII models and (b) inform existing models of experimental observations so that these can be accounted for in future models. Specifically, the contribution of changing soot nanostructure on laser heating is known and is shown here again with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, the change in soots optical properties because of an altered nanostructure remains unclear. Optical properties change when soot is laser-heated, and this alteration of optical properties upon laser heat treatment has been shown in this work experimentally, by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Also, the effect of the degree of aggregation on the soots cooling profile is highlighted. This work demonstrates that different degrees of aggregation results in a shift of the time-temperature-history (TTH), thereby resulting in erroneous particle size predictions, which are calculated from the materials TTH. Unfortunately, most models assume point-contacting spheres and aggregation remains unaccounted for. The effect of the thermal accommodation coefficient is similar in that a small change in the value of this mathematical parameter significantly alters particle cooling as simulated here by an open-access simulator, indicating the need to exercise caution when assigning a value to this parameter in the model. While the change in soot nanostructure as a consequence of laser annealing complicates the interpretation from LII measurements, laser heating of soot can reciprocally be used to purposefully study the evolution in soot nanostructure as a function of its chemistry. Soot chemistry varies with its combustion environment, with fuel and combustion conditions specific to each source. Thus, by association, the evolution of soot nanostructure observed upon laser heat treatment can be correlated to its fuel origins and combustion origins, potentially identifying its formation source. Fundamentally, the presence of oxygen in nascent soot is identified here as a key compositional parameter. The increase in oxygen content of the fuel, as diesel is blended with increased proportions of biofuel, is correlated to increased oxygen content in the soot that is generated by the respective fuel. In other words, fuel with a higher oxygen content generates soot which also has oxygen content relatively higher than soot generated by fuel with low oxygen content. This work shows that oxygen dictates the evolution of soot nanostructure when it escapes the material upon laser heat treatment. When laser heated, the nanostructure of soot with a higher oxygen content evolves as hollow-shell like structures while nanostructure of soot with a low oxygen content evolves to show a ribbon-like interior. This divergence in soot nanostructure based on the oxygen content of nascent soot, which in turn is shown to be a function of the fuel composition, could be used to identify the source that generated the soot sample studied. Given the lack of availability of authentic soot samples, the combination of laser heat treatment and TEM of soot to identify fuel or source is powerful when sample quantities are in the range of less than a few nanograms. Being able to identify sources and their contributions using laser derivatization of soot as a diagnostic can help optimize new or existing control measures to reduce the concentration of atmospheric soot. For instance, diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are used to reduce diesel soot emissions. Effective protocols for DPF operation can be developed by understanding soot nanostructure changes as captured soot is oxidized during passive and active DPF regeneration. Typically, O2, NO2 or a combination of the two oxidants are encountered during DPF regeneration. In this work, soot nanostructure has been shown to vary with the order of oxidants to which it is exposed, a significant finding towards optimizing DPF filter regeneration protocols. The study has been performed on authentic diesel soot in a thermogravimetric analyzer under conditions mimicking active and passive regeneration in a DPF. To validate observations with diesel soot, three carbon blacks with varying nanostructure are also subjected to oxidation by O2 and NO2. The intriguing result is that order of oxidation matters, i.e., the oxidation rates are dependent upon nanostructure changes in response to oxidation by O2 alone, or O2 with NO2.Prolonged exposure to particulate matter causes unwanted ill-health, lung dysfunctions, and breathing problems. Most toxicity studies are done using a washing, or an extract of the organic fraction of soot and cells are exposed to this extract. This work tests the adverse effect of soot on human (male) lung cells when these are exposed to surrogate soot as is, i.e., structure and chemistry intact to mimic real-time exposure conditions. The impact of soot chemistry and the presence of acidic functional groups on lung epithelial cells for varying exposure times is demonstrated in our collaborative work with the College of Medicine at Penn State, Hershey, PA. Soot chemistry is shown to directly and adversely impact cell viability and mRNA expressions of the IL-1B and IL-6 cytokines as well as mRNA expression of the TLR4 protein. Specifically, cell viability was shown to reduce significantly after 6- and 24-hours of exposure to carboxylic groups on the soot, thereby demonstrating the health impact of soot surface chemistry in comparison to extracts.In summary, soot measurement, its extensive characterization to identify source contributions and develop practically applicable control strategies has a direct implication on our health and surroundings and can aid in promoting a healthy living environment.
Download or read book Advanced Combustion Techniques and Engine Technologies for the Automotive Sector written by Akhilendra Pratap Singh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-10 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the recent advances in combustion strategies and engine technologies, with specific reference to the automotive sector. Chapters discuss the advanced combustion technologies, such as gasoline direct ignition (GDI), spark assisted compression ignition (SACI), gasoline compression ignition (GCI), etc., which are the future of the automotive sector. Emphasis is given to technologies which have the potential for utilization of alternative fuels as well as emission reduction. One special section includes a few chapters for methanol utilization in two-wheelers and four wheelers. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike.
Download or read book Soot Formation in Combustion written by Henning Bockhorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot Formation in Combustion represents an up-to-date overview. The contributions trace back to the 1991 Heidelberg symposium entitled "Mechanism and Models of Soot Formation" and have all been reedited by Prof. Bockhorn in close contact with the original authors. The book gives an easy introduction to the field for newcomers, and provides detailed treatments for the specialists. The following list of contents illustrates the topics under review:
Download or read book Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining written by Mohamed A. Fahim and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-11-19 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining presents the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, and it explains the scientific background essential for understanding refinery operations. The text also provides a detailed introduction to refinery engineering topics, ranging from the basic principles and unit operations to overall refinery economics. The book covers important topics, such as clean fuels, gasification, biofuels, and environmental impact of refining, which are not commonly discussed in most refinery textbooks. Throughout the source, problem sets and examples are given to help the reader practice and apply the fundamental principles of refining. Chapters 1-10 can be used as core materials for teaching undergraduate courses. The first two chapters present an introduction to the petroleum refining industry and then focus on feedstocks and products. Thermophysical properties of crude oils and petroleum fractions, including processes of atmospheric and vacuum distillations, are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Conversion processes, product blending, and alkylation are covered in chapters 5-10. The remaining chapters discuss hydrogen production, clean fuel production, refining economics and safety, acid gas treatment and removal, and methods for environmental and effluent treatments. This source can serve both professionals and students (on undergraduate and graduate levels) of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Technology. Beginners in the engineering field, specifically in the oil and gas industry, may also find this book invaluable. Provides balanced coverage of fundamental and operational topics Includes spreadsheets and process simulators for showing trends and simulation case studies Relates processing to planning and management to give an integrated picture of refining
