Download or read book Impact of Gene environment Interaction on the Real world Expression of Psychosis Risk written by Paula Cristóbal Narváez and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La investigación en el ámbito de la interacción gen-ambiente, basada en la sinergia de factores genéticos y ambientales, ha tenido una gran relevancia en el campo de la psicosis. El principal objetivo de la tesis fue investigar la interacción entre factores ambientales y de variabilidad genética individual en el fenotipo psicótico usando la técnica Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM). El cuerpo de la tesis incluye cinco capítulos relacionados con temas como: la sinergia entre factores ambientales distales (trauma en la infancia) y factores proximales (estrés momentáneo) en experiencias psicóticas en la vida diaria, la moderación de variantes genéticas en la asociación entre ambos factores, y el análisis de las interacciones gen-ambiente incorporando posibles factores protectores. Específicamente, el Capítulo 1 trata de investigar el impacto de la interacción entre experiencias adversas en la infancia y estrés momentáneo (situacional y social) en las experiencias de tipo psicótico de la vida diaria en una muestra no clínica. Los resultados del estudio indicaron que las adversidades como abuso, negligencia o bullying, caracterizadas por una marcada intencionalidad, fueron asociadas con experiencias de tipo psicótico en la vida diaria. Sin embargo, estas asociaciones no se daban en los casos de adversidades como muertes o eventos traumáticos. Además, a diferencia de los eventos traumáticos, las adversidades de naturaleza interpersonal (como abuso, negligencia, bullying o pérdidas de personas cercanas) aumentaron la reactividad psicótica en respuesta a ambos tipos de estrés. El Capítulo 2 investigó el papel que juegan importantes variantes genéticas, las cuáles están implicadas en sistemas biológicos de regulación del estrés, en interacción con factores ambientales proximales y distales incrementando el riesgo de experiencias psicóticas a lo largo del fenotipo extendido de psicosis, es decir, en participantes de la muestra no clínica y clínica. Los resultados indicaron que los haplotipos de riesgo (FKBP5, RGS4) y el alelo de riesgo del receptor de la oxitocina (OXTR rs2254298) interaccionaron con factores ambientales distales y proximales, respectivamente, incrementando las experiencias de tipo psicótico en la muestra clínica. Los Capítulos 3 y 4 aportan nuevas contribuciones al campo de la investigación gen-ambiente dado que investigan la interacción de variantes genéticas con la acción combinada de ambos factores ambientales. Los resultados indicaron que la interacción del Bullying con el haplotipo de riesgo FKBP5 incrementan las experiencias de tipo psicótico, así como también aumentan la reactividad psicótica y afectiva en respuesta a estrés de tipo social. Similarmente, la exposición a otras adversidades de naturaleza interpersonal en interacción con las variantes COMT (rs4680) and OXTR (53576), también conllevan a un incremento de la reactividad psicótica y afectiva en respuesta a estrés de tipo social. Finalmente, el Capítulo 5 examina si los factores genéticos y ambientales de protección pueden interactuar entre ellos disminuyendo las experiencias de tipo psicótico. Los resultados del estudio revelaron que la interacción entre el haplotipo de protección FKBP5 y las experiencias positivas en la vida diaria tenían un impacto en la disminución de los síntomas en los participantes de la muestra clínica. En resumen, la presente tesis evidencia que la interacción entre ambos factores ambientes y la variabilidad genética individual es importante para identificar posibles factores de riesgo implicados en la expresión de experiencias de tipo psicótico en la vida diaria, y para el descubrimiento de mecanismos subyacentes a lo largo del fenotipo psicótico. Además, el presente trabajo muestra que examinar las diferencias individuales teniendo también en cuenta factores de protección, permite refinar y expandir nuestro conocimiento sobre los procesos de vulnerabilidad y resiliencia implicados en el fenotipo extendido de psicosis. Por último, los hallazgos de la presente tesis pueden tener aplicaciones clínicas sobretodo en el uso de intervenciones ecológicas momentáneas.

Download or read book Candidate Genes for Psychosis and Their Interaction with Environmental Factors written by Marta de Castro i Català and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Schizophrenia is a severe and complex mental disorder that results in an inability to cope with life's ordinary demands and routines. Normally, it appears in late adolescence, more frequently and developing earlier in males. It seems that disruption of the factors and pathways involved in brain development may cause modifications in neural structure, function or connectivity, leading to a final brain more susceptible to develop psychotic symptoms. The high diversity of symptoms intra- and inter-patient, makes the exploration of the aetiology and biological pathways underlying this illness, as well as its treatment, substantially difficult and suggests that alternative strategies may be more helpful for the study of such disease. Despite the psychotic phenotype has traditionally been thought as a dichotomous entity (i.e. "healthy" and "ill" subjects), evidence shows that psychosis exists as a distribution of symptoms expressed across a continuum ranging from nonclinical, subclinical to clinical manifestations with shared underlying etiological and developmental processes. Schizotypy and psychotic-like experiences are intermediate phenotypes of psychosis that measure the liability for psychosis-proneness. They can be found in healthy people and, although they are non-destabilising in the daily life, represent an increased risk for psychosis and are believed to share risk factors with the illness. The predisposition to develop psychopathology is determined by a complex combination and/or interplay between genetic, environmental, personal and epigenetic factors. The genes responsible for schizophrenia susceptibility have been tried to identify using classic candidate-gene research strategies and, more recently genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but despite interesting genes have been reported, the variance in liability explained by these genes is low. It seems thus, that these approaches are be missing epistatic and gene-environment interactions (GxE), which could explain part of the phenotype. Additionally, the study of intermediate phenotypes related with the disorder, instead of the illness itself, seems to be a good strategy that allows a better definition of the phenotype under study. Environmental factors also play a significant role in the aetiology of the disorder. Exposure to childhood trauma is a robust risk factor for psychosis that has been associated to increased schizotypy and psychotic-like experiences. It seems to affect mental health though alterations in the stress-related systems (i.e. HPA axis), however, not all subjects who experience these adverse events will develop psychosis, pointing out that other factors are modulating this response. Gene-environment interaction may be an important variable explaining the observed differential risk to develop psychosis. In this sense, genetic vulnerability predisposes an individual to the development of psychopathology and, when a level of stressors exceeds this vulnerability threshold, symptoms emerge. In this sense, polymorphic variants in genes involved in stress-response related genes (e.g. FKPB5), as well as those involved in neurodevelopment or neurotransmitter systems (e.g. COMT, BDNF, RGS4, ZNF804A), are interesting candidate genes. According to this, the present thesis aimed to explore the involvement of several schizophrenia candidate gens (i.e. COMT, RGS4 and ZNF804A) on the development of psychosis-related phenotypes in nonclinical samples, as well as the modulating role of some of these genes (i.e. BDNF, FKBP5, COMT) in the association between childhood trauma and psychosis-proneness phenotypes. In line with previous published research, the results of the present thesis showed interesting associations between COMT, RGS4 and ZNF804A genes and the psychosis-proneness phenotype (i.e. schizotypy and/or psychotic-like experiences) in nonclinical subjects, which seem to be sex-specific in some cases. Moreover, BDNF and FKBP5 show a modulating role on the association between childhood trauma and psychopathology in nonclinical subjects. In the case of FKBP5 we found that it modulates this association in relation to depressive-anxious symptoms. This thesis, shows the interest of exploring schizophrenia candidate genes in relation to psychosis-related phenotypes in nonclinical samples to study the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of psychopathology. The findings support the existence of a continuum psychotic phenotype with a multifactorial aetiology involving genes, environment and possibly other factors that are active agents in the formation of an individuals' level of vulnerability. Moreover, they encourage future studies in samples across the psychosis continuum considering the multifactorial nature of the disorder and related traits by implementing the new developed methodologies and considering adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical models, accurate phenotypic and environmental measures and also sexual differences." -- TDX.

Download or read book The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis written by Henry J. Jackson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-02-19 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition describes a stage-specific model highlighting the risk, the clinical and biological factors present during the development of psychotic illness, and the best treatments available for each of these stages. Guides practitioners and researchers in the adoption of carefully planned management strategies fully integrating treatment with prevention.

Download or read book Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The understanding of how to reduce risk factors for mental disorders has expanded remarkably as a result of recent scientific advances. This study, mandated by Congress, reviews those advances in the context of current research and provides a targeted definition of prevention and a conceptual framework that emphasizes risk reduction. Highlighting opportunities for and barriers to interventions, the book draws on successful models for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, injuries, and smoking. In addition, it reviews the risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse and dependence, depressive disorders, and conduct disorders and evaluates current illustrative prevention programs. The models and examination provide a framework for the design, application, and evaluation of interventions intended to prevent mental disorders and the transfer of knowledge about prevention from research to clinical practice. The book presents a focused research agenda, with recommendations on how to develop effective intervention programs, create a cadre of prevention researchers, and improve coordination among federal agencies.

Download or read book Schizophrenia written by Steven M. Silverstein and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2013-11-15 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading researchers address conceptual and technical issues in schizophrenia and suggest novel strategies for advancing research and treatment. Despite major advances in methodology and thousands of published studies every year, treatment outcomes in schizophrenia have not improved over the last fifty years. Moreover, we still lack strategies for prevention and we do not yet understand how the interaction of genetic, developmental, and environmental factors contribute to the disorder. In this book, leading researchers consider conceptual and technical obstacles to progress in understanding schizophrenia and suggest novel strategies for advancing research and treatment. The contributors address a wide range of critical issues: the construct of schizophrenia itself; etiology, risk, prediction, and prevention; different methods of modeling the disorder; and treatment development and delivery. They identify crucial gaps in our knowledge and offer creative but feasible suggestions. These strategies include viewing schizophrenia as a heterogeneous group of conditions; adopting specific new approaches to prediction and early intervention; developing better integration of data across genetics, imaging, perception, cognition, phenomenology, and other fields; and moving toward an evidence-based, personalized approach to treatment requiring rational clinical decision-making to reduce functional disability. Contributors Robert Bittner, Robert W. Buchanan, Kristin S. Cadenhead, William T. Carpenter, Jr., Aiden Corvin, Daniel Durstewitz, André A. Fenton, Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval, Jay A. Gingrich, Joshua A. Gordon, Chloe Gott, Peter B. Jones, René S. Kahn, Richard Keefe, Wolfgang Kelsch, James L. Kennedy, Matcheri S. Keshavan, Angus W. MacDonald III, Anil K. Malhotra, John McGrath, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Kevin J. Mitchell, Bita Moghaddam, Vera A. Morgan, Craig Morgan, Kim T. Mueser, Karoly Nikolich, Patricio O'Donnell, Michael O'Donovan, William A. Phillips, Wulf Rössler, Louis Sass, Akira Sawa, Jeremy K. Seamans, Steven M. Silverstein, William Spaulding, Sharmili Sritharan, Heike Tost, Peter Uhlhaas, Aristotle Voineskos, Michèle Wessa, Leanne M. Williams, Ashley Wilson, Til Wykes

Download or read book The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis written by Patrick D. McGorry and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-07-28 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The treatment of early psychosis has been bedevilled by an entrenched pessimism, stemming from the asylum era and the Kraepelinian model of schizophrenia. More recently, however, there has been a surge of interest in preventively oriented treatment of patients showing the first signs of psychotic illness, with the realization that these illnesses are frequently highly responsive to early treatment. This is the first text to focus on the potential of early detection of psychosis, and the practicalities of treatment. Based on the pioneering experience and research of a now well-established prevention and intervention centre, and with contributions from international authorities, the book outlines a framework for intervention, reviews the evidence available to guide clinical practice, and describes models of treatment. Incorporating many personal narratives and case histories, it is strong on theory, sensitive on practical issues, and will challenge, inform and guide clinicians.

Download or read book Re Visioning Psychiatry written by Laurence J. Kirmayer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-07-29 with total page 725 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revisioning Psychiatry brings together new perspectives on the causes and treatment of mental health problems. The contributors emphasize the importance of understanding experience and explore how the brain, the person, and the social world interact to give rise to mental health problems as well as resilience and recovery.

Download or read book Handbook of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life written by Matthias R. Mehl and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together leading authorities, this unique handbook reviews the breadth of current approaches for studying how people think, feel, and behave in everyday environments, rather than in the laboratory. The volume thoroughly describes experience sampling methods, diary methods, physiological measures, and other self-report and non-self-report tools that allow for repeated, real-time measurement in natural settings. Practical guidance is provided to help the reader design a high-quality study, select and implement appropriate methods, and analyze the resulting data using cutting-edge statistical techniques. Applications across a wide range of psychological subfields and research areas are discussed in detail.

Download or read book Psychotic Disorders written by André Barciela Veras and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-10-24 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A counterintuitive and novel approach to the long-sought goal of subtyping schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders emerges from ongoing research.? Five psychosis associated anxiety and depressive subtypes each help define five corresponding psychosis diagnoses, their fixed false beliefs, and most importantly, their treatments. These anxiety and depressive comorbidities have long been long overlooked as an understandable hodgepodge of distressing symptoms caused by the pain of psychosis.? But these five comorbidities usually precede onset of the psychosis, and their treatment can significantly improve outcome. So, maybe, the causation is the other way around: maybe they are among the underlying contributors to schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The chapter authors expertly detail the data supporting this innovative approach.? They provide fictional case studies, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, specific interviewing approaches for the five comorbidities in psychosis patients, and improved treatment options.? Other chapters explore psychoses related to substance use, medical illness and medical treatment, as well as other factors that contribute to psychotic disorders. This first-of-its-kind reference is a valuable clinical, educational, research and training resource for psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, neurologists and anyone interested in the care and treatment of someone with a psychotic disorder. Reflects current research, diagnosis, and treatment options for: Schizophrenia with Voices and Panic Anxiety Obsessive-Compulsive Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Persecutory Delusional Disorder and Social Anxiety Delusional Depression and Melancholic Depression Bipolar I Disorder and Atypical Depression Substance Use Psychoses Medical Illness and Iatrogenic Psychoses Covers treatment options and outcomes with medication and psychotherapy.? Includes sample patient interview approaches and/or biological tests for each diagnosis. Highlights symptoms, quasi-psychotic symptoms and secondary signs of the comorbidities when alone, and when in conjunction with psychosis. Reviews diagnosis-specific significance and contributory roles of neurotransmitters, hypofrontality, psychological trauma, and genetics.

Download or read book Risk Factors for Psychosis written by Andrew Thompson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-02-22 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk Factors for Psychosis: Paradigms, Mechanisms, and Prevention combines the related, but disparate research endeavors into a single text that considers all risk factors for psychosis, including biological, psychological and environmental factors. The book also introduces the ethics and current treatment evidence that attempts to ameliorate risk or reduce the number of individuals with risk factors developing a psychotic disorder. Finally, the book highlights new research paradigms that will further enhance the field in the future. Psychotic disorders affect more than 50 million people worldwide, creating a devastating effect on lives and causing major financial and emotional impact on families and on society as a whole. The search for risk factors for psychosis has developed rapidly over the past decades, invigorated by changes in the thinking about the malleability and treatability of psychotic disorders. The paradigms for investigating psychosis risk have developed, often in parallel, but there has been no book to date that has summarized and synthesized the current approaches. Integrates research from biological, psychological and environmental factors into a single resource Offers insight into at-risk paradigms, biomarkers, and the current state of research on treatment option for psychosis Presents a holistic and dynamic look at risk syndromes and how they can be measured through neuroimaging, neuropsychology and other methods

Download or read book The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia written by Robin M. Murray and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-10-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An international team of leading researchers and clinicians provides the first comprehensive, epidemiological overview of this multi-faceted and still-perplexing disorder. Controversial issues such as the validity of discrete or dimensional classifications of schizophrenia and the continuum between psychosis and 'normality' are explored in depth. Separate chapters are devoted to topics of particular relevance to schizophrenia such as suicide, violence and substance abuse. Finally, new prospects for treatment and prevention are considered.

Download or read book Women Psychosis written by Marie Brown and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-03-13 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interrogating the relationship between women and psychosis from a variety of perspectives, this edited collection explores personal, literary, spiritual, psychological, biological, and psychodynamic approaches. The contributors reflect on medieval mystics and witches, postpartum psychosis, disordered eating, art and literature, feminism, and male/female differences in schizophrenia. Women with experience of psychosis, psychotherapists, and a shaman provide first-person accounts to give the book a personal grounding. Curated with the intent to expand the way we think about women and psychosis, the contributors to this collection recognize that “voices and visions” do not occur in a vacuum, but are experienced within, and are influenced by, particular socio-cultural contexts.

Download or read book Schizophrenia Bulletin written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Personalized Psychiatry written by Bernhard Baune and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-10-16 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Personalized Psychiatry presents the first book to explore this novel field of biological psychiatry that covers both basic science research and its translational applications. The book conceptualizes personalized psychiatry and provides state-of-the-art knowledge on biological and neuroscience methodologies, all while integrating clinical phenomenology relevant to personalized psychiatry and discussing important principles and potential models. It is essential reading for advanced students and neuroscience and psychiatry researchers who are investigating the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Combines neurobiology with basic science methodologies in genomics, epigenomics and transcriptomics Demonstrates how the statistical modeling of interacting biological and clinical information could transform the future of psychiatry Addresses fundamental questions and requirements for personalized psychiatry from a basic research and translational perspective

Download or read book Handbook of Psychocardiology written by Marlies Alvarenga and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook brings together the full weight of contemporary evidence bearing on what is now commonly termed “psycho-cardiology”. It focuses on the role of psycho-social factors in the genesis and clinical management of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The book constitutes a critically reviewed compendium of current knowledge in the area, coupled with guides to evidence-based best practice in the field of psycho-cardiology. The following categories are covered: Social/demographic risk for CVD, Personality and CVD risk, Stress and CVD risk, Psychopathology (particularly affective disorders) and CVD risk, The psychological management of those with clinical CVD, Psychology in the prevention of CVD. The book integrates the evidence into a compelling argument that clinicians, researchers and those in public health will discount the role of psychological factors in regard to CVD at their own peril. And importantly for clinicians charged with the care of patients with CVD, the book poses the argument that failure to recognize the links between psychological factors and CVD may well be at the considerable peril of those patients under their care.

Download or read book Oligodendrocyte Physiology and Pathology Function written by Markus Kipp and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-01-06 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The adult vertebrate central nervous system mainly consists of neurons, astrocytes, microglia cells, and oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells of the CNS, are subjected to cell stress and subsequent death in a number of metabolic or inflammatory disorders, among which multiple sclerosis (MS) is included. This disease is associated with the development of large demyelinated plaques, oligodendrocyte destruction, and axonal degeneration, paralleled by the activation of astrocytes and microglia as well as the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the site of tissue injury. Of note, viable oligodendrocytes and an intact myelin sheath are indispensable for neuronal health. For example, it has been shown that oligodendrocytes provide nutritional support to neurons, fast axonal transport depends on proper oligodendrocyte function, and mice deficient in mature myelin proteins eventually display severe neurodegeneration. This Special Issue contains a collection of highly relevant primary research articles as well as review articles focusing on the development, physiology, and pathology of the oligodendrocyte–axon–myelin unit.

Download or read book Cognition across the psychiatric disorder spectrum From mental health to clinical diagnosis written by Caroline Gurvich and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-08-31 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychiatric symptoms are considered to be distributed along a continuum, from good mental health to a diagnosable psychiatric disorder. In the case of psychosis, subclinical psychotic experiences, which can include odd behaviors, strange speech, unusual perceptual experiences and social/emotional withdrawal, are often referred to as schizotypy. Research examining schizotypal traits in non-clinical populations is rapidly expanding. The exploration of schizotypy allows us to identify areas of overlap with psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia and related disorders) at genetic, biological, environmental and psychosocial levels, thus identifying putative risk factors, as well as exploring potentially protective factors. Schizotypy is also a valuable model for exploring cognition as performance is not confounded by issues often present in schizophrenia samples, such as long-term antipsychotic medication usage, social isolation, and recurrent hospitalizations. Investigating cognition is a particularly important area of research as cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia, such as impaired attention, reduced memory and difficulties with executive functions, are a core feature of schizophrenia and strongly related to quality of life and functional outcomes, yet generally respond poorly to current treatment options. The aim of this special Research Topic is to explore the relationship between cognition, schizotypy and the schizophrenia spectrum. The articles in this e-book draw on a variety of perspectives and represent an interesting array of opinions, reviews and empirical studies that begin to answer questions about the similarities and overlaps between schizotypy and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, contributing to our understanding of potential risk factors. Equally important is research that highlights differences between schizotypy and schizophrenia spectrum disorders that may enhance our understanding of potentially protective or adaptive features of schizotypy. Collectively, these articles highlight the exploratory potential of the study of schizotypy, particularly in relation to better understanding cognition across the schizophrenia spectrum.