Download or read book Immunization with Pre Erythrocytic Antigen CelTOS from Plasmodium Falciparum Elicits Cross Species Protection Against Heterologous Challenge with Plasmodium Berghei written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Plasmodium protein Cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) plays an important role in cell traversal of host cells in both, mosquito and vertebrates, and is required for successful malaria infections. CelTOS is highly conserved among the Plasmodium species, suggesting an important functional role across all species. Therefore targeting the immune response to this highly conserved protein and thus potentially interfering with its biological function may result in protection against infection even by heterologous species of Plasmodium. Methodology/Principal Findings: To test this hypothesis, we developed a recombinant codon-harmonized P. falciparum CelTOS protein that can be produced to high yields in the E. coli expression system. Inbred Balb/c and outbred CD-1 mice were immunized with various doses of the recombinant protein adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 720 and characterized using in vitro and in vivo analyses. Conclusions/Significance: Immunization with PfCelTOS resulted in potent humoral and cellular immune responses and most importantly induced sterile protection against a heterologous challenge with P. berghei sporozoites in a proportion of both inbred and outbred mice. The biological activity of CelTOS-specific antibodies against the malaria parasite is likely linked to the impairment of sporozoite motility and hepatocyte infectivity. The results underscore the potential of this antigen as a pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate and demonstrate for the first time a malaria vaccine that is cross-protective between species.
Download or read book Heterologous Immunity Implications and Applications in Vaccines and Immunotherapies written by Babita Agrawal and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-08-27 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Current Topics in Malaria written by Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales and published by . This book was released on 2016-11-30 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Malaria Parasites written by Omolade Okwa and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-03-30 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malaria is a global disease in the world today but most common in the poorest countries of the world, with 90% of deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. This book provides information on global efforts made by scientist which cuts across the continents of the world. Concerted efforts such as symbiont based malaria control; new applications in avian malaria studies; development of humanized mice to study P.falciparium (the most virulent species of malaria parasite); and current issues in laboratory diagnosis will support the prompt treatment of malaria. Research is ultimately gaining more grounds in the quest to provide vaccine for the prevention of malaria. The book features research aimed to bring a lasting solution to the malaria problem and what we should be doing now to face malaria, which is definitely useful for health policies in the twenty first century.
Download or read book Molecular Parasitology written by Julia Walochnik and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-20 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past years, genome projects for numerous human parasites have been completed and now allow first in depth comparisons and evolutionary conclusions. The genomes of parasites reflect the coevolution with their host, metabolic capacities depending on their respective habitat in the host. Gut parasites usually have an anaerobic metabolism, while blood parasites have an aerobic metabolism, intracellular parasites escape the immune system, while extracellular parasites evade the immune system, usually by antigenic variation. Comprehensive genome data now being available allow us to address profound scientific questions, such as which traits enable the parasite to survive in the human host, which to cause disease and which can be used as drug targets. This book intends to give an overview of the state of knowledge on “the molecules” of protozoan parasites – on their genomes, proteomes, glycomes and lipidomes.
Download or read book Infectious Diseases written by Phyllis Kanki and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-15 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious Diseases: Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology presents authoritative, peer-reviewed contributions from leading experts on a wide range of major infectious diseases of global importance. Infectious diseases account for more than 17 million deaths each year worldwide. While modern medicine and technology have diminished the threat of many of these pathogens in high-income countries, the ever present threats of re-emerging infections, population mobility, natural disasters, and pathogen genetic variability are but some of the reasons for the dynamic threat of this broad category of risks to human health. An indispensable resource for students and scientists, the volume also covers some of the new technologies currently under development for infectious disease prevention, treatment, and eradication. The greater part of the infectious disease burden remains in the tropics, where low and middle-income countries lack the resources, infrastructure, and health systems to mount or sustain control efforts. Many contributions describe the efforts of the scientific research community and international donor agencies to achieve the integrated goals of vigilant surveillance, improved and cost-effective diagnostics, and treatment for sustainable disease control.
Download or read book Current Challenges in Vaccinology written by Ursula Wiedermann and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-02-22 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We acknowledge the initiation and support of this Research Topic by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS).
Download or read book Breaking the cycle attacking the malaria parasite in the liver written by Ute Frevert and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-01-06 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite significant progress in the global fight against malaria, this parasitic infection is still responsible for nearly 300 million clinical cases and more than half a million deaths each year, predominantly in African children less than 5 years of age. The infection starts when mosquitoes transmit small numbers of parasites into the skin. From here, the parasites travel with the bloodstream to the liver where they undergo an initial round of replication and maturation to the next developmental stage that infects red blood cells. A vaccine capable of blocking the clinically silent liver phase of the Plasmodium life cycle would prevent the subsequent symptomatic phase of this tropical disease, including its frequently fatal manifestations such as severe anemia, acute lung injury, and cerebral malaria. Parasitologists, immunologists, and vaccinologists have come to appreciate the complexity of the adaptive immune response against the liver stages of this deadly parasite. Lymphocytes play a central role in the elimination of Plasmodium infected hepatocytes, both in humans and animal models, but our understanding of the exact cellular interactions and molecular effector mechanisms that lead to parasite killing within the complex hepatic microenvironment of an immune host is still rudimentary. Nevertheless, recent collaborative efforts have led to promising vaccine approaches based on liver stages that have conferred sterile immunity in humans – the University of Oxford's Ad prime / MVA boost vaccine, the Naval Medical Research Center’s DNA prime / Ad boost vaccine, Sanaria Inc.'s radiation-attenuated whole sporozoite vaccine, and Radboud University Medical Centre’s and Sanaria's derived chemoprophylaxis with sporozoites vaccines. The aim of this Research Topic is to bring together researchers with expertise in malariology, immunology, hepatology, antigen discovery and vaccine development to provide a better understanding of the basic biology of Plasmodium in the liver and the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding the conditions required to generate complete protection in a vaccinated individual will bring us closer to our ultimate goal, namely to develop a safe, scalable, and affordable malaria vaccine capable of inducing sustained high-level protective immunity in the large proportion of the world’s population constantly at risk of malaria.
Download or read book Malaria written by Maria M. Mota and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-12 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, malaria kills more than 300,000 people per year, making it a top priority of world leaders and international organizations, who are working towards implementing and coordinating efforts to eradicate this disease. An effective malaria vaccine is recognized as the key element that will decide between success and failure in this fight. At present, despite intensive research efforts, such a vaccine is not yet available for use. However, there are a number of advanced candidate vaccines with high chances of success in the short term. Malaria: Immune Response to Infection and Vaccination provides a comprehensive view on the immune response to malaria and to the different vaccines under development. The book offers the following: - Contributions by top research leaders in the field, - Comparisons of the immune responses to both malaria infection and malaria vaccines, which are traditionally treated separately, - Coverage of the immune responses to the different stages of malaria, which are frequently treated as separate fields of research.
Download or read book Epitope Discovery and Synthetic Vaccine Design written by Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-07-12 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since variolation, conventional approaches to vaccine development are based on live-attenuated, inactivated or purified pathogen-derived components. However, effective vaccines against global health threats such as HIV, parasite infections and tumors are difficult to achieve. On the other hand, synthetic vaccines based on immunogenic epitopes offer advantages over traditional vaccines since they are chemically defined antigens free from deleterious effects. Additionally, in contrast to live-attenuated vaccines, they do not revert to virulence in immunocompromised subjects, and different from genetic vaccines, they do not involve ethical questions. Traditional vaccines contain PAMPs and induce strong immune responses, while recombinant vaccines are less potent. In spite of the immunogenic weakness previously attributed to epitope-based vaccines a synthetic vaccine containing a 17 amino acid-epitope of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type IV pilus exceeded the protective potential of its cognate protein composed of 115 amino acids. Therefore, the efficacy yield of a synthetic vaccine can be potentiated by using the proper combination of target epitopes. Recent advances in adjuvant development, immunogen platforms for DNA vaccines and viral vectors also contributed to optimize immunogenicity. Another constraint to the use of epitope vaccines was their restriction to some MHC or HLA phenotypes. However, epitopes containing 20 or less amino acids of Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania donovani bind to multiple HLA-DR and MHC receptors. Thus synthetic epitope vaccines may better meet the requirements of the regulatory agencies since they have lower costs and are easier to produce. The classical experimental approach for the development of an epitope-based vaccine involves the use of recombinant domains or overlapping 15-mer peptides spanning the full length of the target antigen, and the analysis of the induced antibody and/or T cell immune responses in vitro or in vivo. On the other hand, in silico tools can select peptides that are more likely to contain epitopes, reducing the number of sequence candidates. T cell epitope prediction dates back to 1980s, when the first algorithm was developed based on the identification of amphipathic helical regions on protein antigens. Since then, new methods based on MHC peptide-binding motifs or MHC-binding properties have been developed. The recent reverse vaccinology concept uses high-throughput genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools to identify potential targets of immune responses. The feasibility of this approach was shown for the first time in the design of a vaccine against Neisseria meningitides that is now in phase III clinical trials. In addition, different computational tools allow the determination of crucial gene(s) through comparative analyses between different pathogenic strains Alternatively, carbohydrates have been considered as key targets in developing safe and effective vaccines to combat cancer, bacterial and viral infections. Tumor associated carbohydrate antigens can be coupled covalently to protein carriers to target MHC receptors and improve immunogenicity and have reached already pre-clinical and clinical studies. In light of the recent availability of genomic tools, we believe that in the near future an increasing number of vaccine candidates, composed of defined epitopes, will be available for synthetic vaccines showing improved protection.
Download or read book Analysis of Immune Responses Related to Protection Against P Falciparum Pre erythrocytic Stages written by Blanca-liliana Perlaza and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malaria is one of the most evasive infectious diseases in the world. The development of a vaccine against the human malaria parasite Plasrnodium falciparum requires first, the identification of the parasitic antigens involved in protection, and second, the use of appropriate animal models to study protective immune mechanisms and to optimize immunization protocols intended to induce them. A subset of P. falciparum preerythrocytic antigens (LSA l, LSA3, SALSA and STARP) have been identified and characterized. Among them, LSA3 displayed promising antigenic, immunogenic and protective efficacy in différent animal models. The current thesis describes the immune responses induced by these antigens, particularly the immunogenicity and protective potential of LSA3 in mice and Aotus monkeys. Aotus lemurinus griseirnembra is a small New World monkey. We confirmed that the species A./.griseimembra is susceptible to infection by P. falciparum sporozoites and we were able to maintain the parasite by cyclical passages through Aotns and mosquitoes. When Aotus lemurinus were immunized with either, a mixture of lipopeptides from 4 P. falciparum preerythrocytic antigens or LSA3 recombinant proteins, the monkeys were able to induce high cellular and humoral immune responses, indicating that it is a suitable animal model for evaluating immunogenicity of pre-erythrocytic antigens. Finally, for the first time we report evidence of protection against challenge with P. falciparum sporozoites in Aotus monkeys.Taking advantage of the recent advances in peptide synthesis, we used 17 Long Synthetic Peptides (LSP) covering all the LSA3 protein to confirm the antigenicity of LSA3 antigen in individuals highly exposed to natural P. falciparum infections. In addition, these LSP were found to be strongly immunogenic in mice, eliciting T-helper, CTL responses and specific antibody production. On the other hands, LSA3-DNA-based immunization in mice induced high immune responses against different regions of the molecule and preferentially generated responses Th 1-type. Moreover, this immunization protocol was able to induce protection against the challenge with P. yoelii sporozoites. These findings confirm previous results about the vaccine potential of LSA3 and allow to validate Aolus monkeys as model for preerythrocytic malaria vaccines research. They open the way to a great number of future studies on P. falciparum pre-erythrocytic stages.
Download or read book Preclinical Assessment of the Immunogenicity Durability and Efficacy Induced by Pre erythrocytic Vaccines Against Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria written by Hayley Klingenberg and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malaria is an ongoing global health problem caused by Plasmodium parasites that results in the death of over half a million people each year. The majority of these deaths occur in children under five years old who lack memory immune responses to protect them from infection. A major step towards prevention of malaria is through vaccination with RTS,S, the only WHO approved vaccines to date. RTS,S contains a portion of the central repeat region and the C-terminus of the pre-erythrocytic stage Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). CSP is essential for sporozoite entry into hepatocytes making it a strong vaccine target. Naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immune responses towards this protein have been associated with protection against infection. Pre-erythrocytic stage vaccines aim to clear sporozoites and prevent progression to the blood-stage of the infection, which is the cause of disease pathology. RTS,S makes use of a Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) carrier to help improve immunogenicity and vaccine delivery. Extensive clinical trials have found that immunization with RTS,S results in low vaccine efficacy that wanes over time. This study aimed to improve upon the specificity, efficacy, and durability of RTS,S through the inclusion of the N-terminal region of PfCSP and the use of a Plasmodium-specific carrier protein. This project extended prior work that assessed the magnitude, specificity, and avidity of the antibody response induced by immunization with four novel PfCSP-based vaccine constructs adjuvanted with glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA-SE). Three out of four of our constructs are fused to the blood stage protein, merozoite surface protein 8 (PfMSP8), which has been shown to improve the production and immunogenicity of other Plasmodium protein-based vaccines. The focus of the current thesis project was to assess the T cell responses, epitope recognition, antibody persistence and protective efficacy in vivo of our novel recombinant PfCSP-based vaccines. We demonstrate that inclusion of the N-terminal domain of PfCSP broadens the antibody response to include recognition of known linear B cell epitopes. Vaccination with our constructs drives robust antibody responses to conformational C-terminal epitopes as well as high anti-PfCSP antibody titers that remain durable for at least 6 months. Our constructs induce strong T cell responses, measured by the production of IFN-[gamma] by stimulated splenocytes, but this response shifts in specificity away from PfCSP towards PfMSP8 when mice were immunized with our fused chimeric constructs. However, this did not impact overall efficacy, as immunization with our chimeric PfCSP/8 construct resulted in significant protection against blood stage infection in mice when challenged intravenously with transgenic P. yoelii sporozoites that express PfCSP. These data demonstrate improvements over RTS,S and warrant further testing of the chimeric PfCSP/8 construct for use in a multivalent vaccine for P. falciparum malaria.
Download or read book Nanomaterials for Food Applications written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-11-16 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomaterials for Food Applications highlights recent developments in nanotechnologies, covering the different food areas where these novel products or technologies can be applied. The book covers five major themes, showing how nanotechnology is used in food, the use of ingredients in nanoform to improve bioavailability or nanoencapsulation technologies, nanotechnologies for food processing, nanosensors for food quality and safety, nanotechnologies for food packaging, and methods to evaluate potential risks and regulatory issues. This is an important research reference that will be of great value to academic and industrial readers, as topics of importance, both at a research level and for commercial applications, are covered. Regulatory agencies will also be interested in the latest developments covered in the book as they will help set the foundation for further regulations. Demonstrates how nanotechnology can improve food quality and safety Shows how nanotechnology is used to create more effective food processing techniques Discusses the regulatory issues surrounding the use of nanomaterials in food to ensure they are used safely and responsibly
Download or read book World Malaria Report 2015 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2016-01-30 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Malaria Report 2015assesses global malaria disease trends and changes in the coverage and financing of malaria control programs between 2000 and 2015. It also summarizes progress towards international targets, and provides regional and country profiles that summarize trends in each WHO region and each country with malaria. The report is produced with the help of WHO regional and country offices, ministries of health in endemic countries, and a broad range of other partners. The data presented are assembled from the 96 countries and territories with ongoing malaria transmission, and a further five countries that have recently eliminated malaria. Most data are those reported for 2014 and 2015, although in some cases projections have been made into 2015, to assess progress towards targets for 2015.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Malaria written by and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Malaria represents a vast databank of information about the study of malaria. It provides an overview of the historical, rapid and significant developments that have occurred in malaria research, including the 2002 genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum and its mosquito vector, Anopheles gambiae. This work provides a concise source of up-to-date research findings in the form of definitions and essays and present comprehensive coverage of topics from history to findings to diagnosis and treatment, written by recognized malaria researchers with practical experience. It appeals to a diverse audience, including malaria researchers, teachers, investigators and public health professionals.
Download or read book Fusion Protein Technologies for Biopharmaceuticals written by Stefan R. Schmidt and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-28 with total page 995 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The state of the art in biopharmaceutical FUSION PROTEIN DESIGN Fusion proteins belong to the most lucrative biotech drugs—with Enbrel® being one of the best-selling biologics worldwide. Enbrel® represents a milestone of modern therapies just as Humulin®, the first therapeutic recombinant protein for human use, approved by the FDA in 1982 and Orthoclone® the first monoclonal antibody reaching the market in 1986. These first generation molecules were soon followed by a plethora of recombinant copies of natural human proteins, and in 1998, the first de novo designed fusion protein was launched. Fusion Protein Technologies for Biopharmaceuticals examines the state of the art in developing fusion proteins for biopharmaceuticals, shedding light on the immense potential inherent in fusion protein design and functionality. A wide pantheon of international scientists and researchers deliver a comprehensive and complete overview of therapeutic fusion proteins, combining the success stories of marketed drugs with the dynamic preclinical and clinical research into novel drugs designed for as yet unmet medical needs. The book covers the major types of fusion proteins—receptor-traps, immunotoxins, Fc-fusions and peptibodies—while also detailing the approaches for developing, delivering, and improving the stability of fusion proteins. The main body of the book contains three large sections that address issues key to this specialty: strategies for extending the plasma half life, the design of toxic proteins, and utilizing fusion proteins for ultra specific targeting. The book concludes with novel concepts in this field, including examples of highly relevant multifunctional antibodies. Detailing the innovative science, commercial realities, and brilliant potential of fusion protein therapeutics, Fusion Protein Technologies for Biopharmaceuticals is a must for pharmaceutical scientists, biochemists, medicinal chemists, molecular biologists, pharmacologists, and genetic engineers interested in determining the shape of innovation in the world of biopharmaceuticals.
Download or read book State of the World s Vaccines and Immunization written by J. M. Maurice and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2009-07-20 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This casebook collects 64 case studies each of which raises an important and difficult ethical issue connected with planning, reviewing or conducting health-related research. The book's purpose is to contribute to thoughtful analysis of these issues by researchers and members of research ethics committees (REC's known in some places as ethical review committees or institutional review boards) particularly those involved with studies that are conducted or sponsored internationally. . This collection is envisioned principally as a tool to aid educational programs from short workshops on research.
