Download or read book HIV 1 Risk and Prevention Strategies for Women During Pregnancy and Postpartum written by Kerry A. Thomson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV-1 is the leading cause of death worldwide among women of reproductive age, and this group is a priority to reach with effective HIV-1 prevention. There is great potential to provide HIV-1 interventions to women during the periconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods by leveraging existing healthcare settings that serve women and couples at high risk of HIV-1 acquisition. These opportunities include integration of HIV-1 prevention strategies within antenatal and postnatal care programs in settings with high HIV-1 prevalence and inclusion of safer conception programs within clinical HIV-1 care for HIV-1 affected individuals and couples desiring children. Specifically, antiretrovirals, as PrEP used by HIV-1 uninfected people and ART used by HIV-1 infected people, are highly effective and important for women and couples, especially those planning and experiencing pregnancy. The aims within this dissertation address questions regarding HIV-1 risk and implementation of antiretrovirals for HIV-1 prevention among women and their partners during reproductive stages, including: quantifying the risk of female HIV-1 acquisition in different reproductive stages, making the case for PrEP as a highly efficacious HIV-1 strategy for women, and describing fertility intentions and willingness to use safer conception strategies during pregnancy attempts among HIV-1 infected individuals. Previous studies have shown that pregnancy and postpartum are periods with heightened HIV-1 acquisition risk for women, but it is not clear whether this is primarily driven by biological or behavioral factors. We have addressed this gap by using robust data from two longitudinal studies to estimate the per coital act probability of female HIV-1 acquisition during the early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and postpartum stages, relative to time periods to unrelated to pregnancy. We found that the risk of HIV-1 transmission per coital act steadily increased pregnancy and was highest during postpartum, even after accounting for sexual behavior, PrEP, and HIV-1 viral load, suggesting that biological changes during these periods increase HIV-1 risk. Conflicting results and conclusions from the initial randomized clinical trials that assessed efficacy of PrEP for HIV-1 prevention among women has spurred debate about whether PrEP is a strategy that women will use effectively. This debate has delayed the initiation of programs to deliver PrEP to women, and specifically has been a barrier to the integration of PrEP into antenatal and postnatal care where it has the potential to reach women who most need enhanced HIV-1 prevention. We have objectively assessed and synthesized existing evidence of PrEP efficacy among women and made a conclusive case that PrEP is an effective HIV-1 prevention strategy for women. Couples affected by HIV-1 with fertility desires experience heightened vulnerability to HIV-1 acquisition when they forgo condom use during pregnancy attempts. “Safer conception” is a risk reduction approach where HIV-1 serodiscordant couples use one or more strategies to reduce the risk of HIV-1 transmission and optimize fertility during pregnancy attempts. We have contributed to the growing demand for information on safer conception with a cross-sectional study to describe fertility intentions and preferences for safer conception strategies, including PrEP and ART, among HIV-1 infected individuals in Seattle, WA. The collective results from this dissertation provide evidence for the urgent need to enhance HIV-1 prevention during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and advance global and local delivery mechanisms for PrEP and ART during periods of heightened risk when they can have substantial HIV-1 prevention impact.

Download or read book Reducing the Odds written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-02-13 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thousands of HIV-positive women give birth every year. Further, because many pregnant women are not tested for HIV and therefore do not receive treatment, the number of children born with HIV is still unacceptably high. What can we do to eliminate this tragic and costly inheritance? In response to a congressional request, this book evaluates the extent to which state efforts have been effective in reducing the perinatal transmission of HIV. The committee recommends that testing HIV be a routine part of prenatal care, and that health care providers notify women that HIV testing is part of the usual array of prenatal tests and that they have an opportunity to refuse the HIV test. This approach could help both reduce the number of pediatric AIDS cases and improve treatment for mothers with AIDS. Reducing the Odds will be of special interest to federal, state, and local health policymakers, prenatal care providers, maternal and child health specialists, public health practitioners, and advocates for HIV/AIDS patients. January

Download or read book Nutrition and HIV written by Saurabh Mehta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world continues to lose more than a million lives each year to the HIV epidemic, and nearly two million individuals were infected with HIV in 2017 alone. The new Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by countries of the United Nations in September 2015, include a commitment to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Considerable emphasis on prevention of new infections and treatment of those living with HIV will be needed to make this goal achievable. With nearly 37 million people now living with HIV, it is a communicable disease that behaves like a noncommunicable disease. Nutritional management is integral to comprehensive HIV care and treatment. Improved nutritional status and weight gain can increase recovery and strength of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, improve dietary diversity and caloric intake, and improve quality of life. This book highlights evidence-based research linking nutrition and HIV and identifies research gaps to inform the development of guidelines and policies for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. A comprehensive approach that includes nutritional interventions is likely to maximize the benefit of antiretroviral therapy in preventing HIV disease progression and other adverse outcomes in HIV-infected men and women. Modification of nutritional status has been shown to enhance the quality of life of those suffering HIV/AIDS, both physically in terms of improved body mass index and immunological markers, and psychologically, by improving symptoms of depression. While the primary focus for those infected should remain on antiretroviral treatment and increasing its availability and coverage, improvement of nutritional status plays a complementary role in the management of HIV infection.

Download or read book Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Care written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main aim of this practical Handbookis to strengthen counselling and communication skills of skilled attendants (SAs) and other health providers, helping them to effectively discuss with women, families and communities the key issues surrounding pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, postnatal and post-abortion care. Counselling for Maternal and Newborn Health Careis divided into three main sections. Part 1 is an introduction which describes the aims and objectives and the general layout of the Handbook. Part 2 describes the counselling process and outlines the six key steps to effective counselling. It explores the counselling context and factors that influence this context including the socio-economic, gender, and cultural environment. A series of guiding principles is introduced and specific counselling skills are outlined. Part 3 focuses on different maternal and newborn health topics, including general care in the home during pregnancy; birth and emergency planning; danger signs in pregnancy; post-abortion care; support during labor; postnatal care of the mother and newborn; family planning counselling; breastfeeding; women with HIV/AIDS; death and bereavement; women and violence; linking with the community. Each Session contains specific aims and objectives, clearly outlining the skills that will be developed and corresponding learning outcomes. Practical activities have been designed to encourage reflection, provoke discussions, build skills and ensure the local relevance of information. There is a review at the end of each session to ensure the SAs have understood the key points before they progress to subsequent sessions.

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Download or read book Obstetric Care written by Martin Olsen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-04 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gain a critical understanding of obstetrics, and a thorough knowledge base of modern management techniques, with this accessible textbook. While acting as a stand-alone text on obstetric care, this volume also forms part of a three-volume set - all authored by leading authorities - on the entirety of obstetric and gynecologic practice. Obstetric Care's topics are based on academic objectives of experts in the field. This textbook offers tailored support for new residents and experienced physicians alike. Obstetric Care is invaluable for wide-ranging yet concise reference material, and provides evidence based care recommendations for specific patient conditions. The chapters in this textbook are based on the objectives of the Committee for Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology; the book offers outstanding modern management techniques across the obstetrics specialty, making it a go-to for reference and comprehensive study.

Download or read book Delivery of Antiretroviral Pre exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Pregnant and Postpartum Women written by Jillian Pintye and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women in sub-Saharan Africa have substantial risk of acquiring HIV acquisition during and soon after pregnancy. Additionally, acute HIV infection among pregnant and breastfeeding women poses a double burden in that acute maternal HIV accounts for nearly one-third of all mother-to-child transmissions of HIV (MTCT). To reach global targets for elimination of MTCT and HIV prevention for mothers, it is critical to integrate effective primary HIV prevention strategies into maternal and child health (MCH) services. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prevents HIV infection in adherent women. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends PrEP for all individuals, including pregnant and breastfeeding women, at substantial HIV risk (defined as HIV residence in regions where HIV incidence is >3%). Programmatic delivery of PrEP for pregnant women is currently being considered in high-prevalence regions, though implementation approaches that efficiently optimize the benefit of PrEP during pregnancy have not been defined. Additionally, although WHO guidelines support PrEP use in pregnancy, national committees have differed in their conclusions. For example, PrEP use during pregnancy is supported by Kenyan antiretroviral guidelines but the lack of complete safety data led PrEP to be contraindicated for pregnant women in the current South African PrEP guidelines. As countries expand programmatic delivery of PrEP to pregnant women, it is important to understand motivations and beliefs for using PrEP during pregnancy to address concerns unique to this population. The studies within this dissertation address the implementation science gaps described above for the delivery of PrEP for HIV prevention to pregnant and postpartum in sub-Saharan Africa. To inform efficient PrEP delivery models, we present an empiric risk score for identifying pregnant and postpartum Kenyan women at highest risk for HIV acquisition who would mostly benefit from PrEP while reducing unnecessary exposure among low-risk women. Using data that could be easily collected in standard MCH clinic settings without additional laboratory diagnostics, our risk score identified 56% of pregnant women who acquired HIV among just 16% of women. Using register data from 62 antenatal MCH facilities throughout Kenya, we further estimated the absolute number and proportion of HIV-uninfected pregnant women in Kenya who could be offered PrEP under different public health approaches, including offering PrEP universally or based on either regional HIV prevalence and/or individual-level HIV risk factors. We found that offering PrEP only to pregnant women in the region with highest HIV prevalence (Nyanza) would reduce PrEP use among low-risk women by 74%, but exclude 63% of women with high risk for HIV based on individual-level characteristics nationally. To complement service delivery data, we also assessed experiences of using PrEP during pregnancy among HIV-uninfected Kenyan women in HIV-serodiscordant couples who became pregnant while using PrEP. The personal experiences of women with direct exposure to PrEP during pregnancy offers valuable insights for informing development of effective PrEP messaging strategies and programs. Finally, we evaluate whether adverse perinatal outcomes were more frequent in a cohort of Kenyan and Ugandan HIV-infected women who used TDF-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy compared to HIV-infected women who used ART during pregnancy that did not contain TDF. Our findings support the growing evidence that prolonged prenatal TDF use is not associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and contribute to the few prospective studies evaluating the safety of TDF use during pregnancy from African cohorts. The studies within this dissertation aim to address these implementation science gaps and inform optimal and effective delivery of PrEP for HIV prevention to pregnant and postpartum in sub-Saharan Africa.

Download or read book Infections in Pregnancy written by Adel Elkady and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides effective diagnosis and management of infectious diseases in pregnant women in a single comprehensive available resource for busy clinicians.

Download or read book A Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with HIV written by Jean R. Anderson and published by DIANE Publishing Inc.. This book was released on 2005 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOTE: NO FURTHER DISCOUNT FOR THIS PRODUCT ITEM -OVERSRTOCK SALE-- Significantly reduced price. Edited by Jean R. Anderson. This guide addresses the health care needs unique to women with HIV. It targets clinicians who provide primary care to women as well as those seeking an understanding of how to take care of women with HIV/AIDS. This guide includes tables, figures, color plates, resources, references, and indices. This 2005 edition includes new chapters on international issues and nutrition. Edge indexed."

Download or read book Consolidated Guideline on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Women Living with HIV written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017-02-20 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: he starting point for this guideline is the point at which a woman has learnt that she is living with HIV and it therefore covers key issues for providing comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and rights-related services and support for women living with HIV. As women living with HIV face unique challenges and human rights violations related to their sexuality and reproduction within their families and communities as well as from the health-care institutions where they seek care particular emphasis is placed on the creation of an enabling environment to support more effective health interventions and better health outcomes. This guideline is meant to help countries to more effectively and efficiently plan develop and monitor programmes and services that promote gender equality and human rights and hence are more acceptable and appropriate for women living with HIV taking into account the national and local epidemiological context. It discusses implementation issues that health interventions and service delivery must address to achieve gender equality and support human rights.

Download or read book WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV related disease in adults and children written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 HIV 1 and Breastfeeding written by Athena P. Kourtis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The HIV pandemic continues to levy a heavy burden on the human race world-wide. The estimated number of people who became newly infected with HIV in 2009 was 2.6 million; most of these individuals live in Sub-Saharan Africa, followed by India and Southeast Asia. An estimated 370,000 new cases of pediatric infections occurred globally in 2009 (or more than 1,000 new infections every day), practically all of them through mother-to-child transmission. Up to 40% of all new infant HIV infections occur during breastfeeding. While breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers is not recommended in the U.S. and other resource-rich settings where safe replacement feeding is easily available, the situation is different in many resource-limited settings, where replacement feeding is not safe or available and carries a high risk of infections (diarrhea, pneumonia) and infant malnutrition. Mothers in such settings are faced with a difficult dilemma: to breastfeed their infants in order to provide their infants with its many benefits (nutritional, immunologic, cognitive), but to also risk transmitting HIV. These challenges have prompted an intensive search for new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in order to prevent infants from acquiring HIV infection through breastfeeding. In this book, expert HIV researchers critically review every aspect of this highly evolving and topical subject. The opening chapters deal with the epidemiology, global magnitude and biologic mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission from mother to child through breastfeeding and include considerations of the virus (quantity, compartments, characteristics) and the host (genetic, immunity-innate, cellular, humoral). The effects of breastfeeding on the HIV-infected mother’s health and nutritional status, and the social and cultural issues associated with the practice of breastfeeding are also discussed. The next few chapters provide cutting-edge reviews of the latest approaches to prevention of HIV transmission to the infant through breastfeeding, including antiretroviral strategies, nutritional and immune-based approaches, and treatment of expressed breast milk. The remaining chapters provide a fascinating review of the many iterations this subject has received, as reflected in the several different sets of guidelines for infant feeding by HIV-infected mothers issued by the World Health Organization, and a debate by leading scientists on whether HIV-infected mothers should breastfeed their infants-in resource-limited and in resource-rich settings. A comprehensive overview of the current state of implementing the new evidence for prevention of breastfeeding transmission of HIV all over the world is also presented. Essential reading for the many disciplines of scientists and clinicians working on HIV/AIDS and other retroviruses, pediatricians, obstetricians/gynecologists, as well as all health-care professionals interested in expanding their understanding on the subject.

Download or read book WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Maternal Peripartum Infections written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2016-02-12 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of the present guideline is to consolidate guidance for effective interventions that are needed to reduce the global burden of maternal infections and its complications around the time of childbirth. This forms part of WHO's efforts towards improving the quality of care for leading causes of maternal death especially those clustered around the time of childbirth in the post-MDG era. Specifically it presents evidence-based recommendations on interventions for preventing and treating genital tract infections during labour childbirth or puerperium with the aim of improving outcomes for both mothers and newborns. The primary audience for this guideline is health professionals who are responsible for developing national and local health protocols and policies as well as managers of maternal and child health programmes and policy-makers in all settings. The guideline will also be useful to those directly providing care to pregnant women including obstetricians midwives nurses and general practitioners. The information in this guideline will be useful for developing job aids and tools for both pre- and inservice training of health workers to enhance their delivery of care to prevent and treat maternal peripartum infections.

Download or read book WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the continuum of reproductive health care, antenatal care provides a platform for important health-care functions, including health promotion, screening and diagnosis, and disease prevention. It has been established that, by implementing timely and appropriate evidence-based practices, antenatal care can save lives. Endorsed by the United Nations Secretary-General, this is a comprehensive WHO guideline on routine antenatal care for pregnant women and adolescent girls. It aims to complement existing WHO guidelines on the management of specific pregnancy-related complications. The guidance captures the complex nature of the antenatal care issues surrounding healthcare practices and delivery, and prioritizes person-centered health and well-being --- not only the prevention of death and morbidity --- in accordance with a human rights-based approach.

Download or read book Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2003 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emphasis of the manual is on rapid assessment and decision making. The clinical action steps are based on clinical assessment with limited reliance on laboratory or other tests and most are possible in a variety of clinical settings.

Download or read book HIV Infection in Women written by Howard L. Minkoff and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1995 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.