Download or read book Hearts and Minds on the Home Front What Military Leaders Can Do to Attract African American Males to Careers as Officers in the Army written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Naval War College Advanced Research Project examines race relations, assimilation, acculturation, and the resultant attitudes developed by and about African-American cadets and commissioned officers with respect to transitions and careers in the United States Army. This empirical study was conducted through a literature review and interviews with U.S. Military Academy cadets and commissioned officers who shared their experiences and thoughts on their transition to military service from a race-conscious society. Results from this study are expected to inform Military Academy and U.S. Army leaders on methods and processes that will make the transition into military service a positive experience for African-American officer candidates and point them toward careers in the Army. Findings from this study illustrate the complex issues that are still faced by African Americans, regardless of education and economic status, as they enter the Army. Recommendations from this study are cogent and direct, with the ultimate possibility of enabling change in the status quo. Given the prominence of race awareness and racial tensions in American culture, how can the United States Army gain an understanding of transitions to military service for African-American officer candidates with a view toward improving the retention of officers who enter service through the United States Military Academy? What are the barriers to assimilation and acculturation involved in the transition process and what methods are best employed to make the transition an objective-based yet positive experience for African-American officer candidates?
Download or read book The U S Military and Civil Rights Since World War II written by Heather Stur and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2019-09-26 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through examinations of U.S. military racial and gender integration efforts and its handling of sexuality, this book argues that the need for personnel filling the ranks has forced the armed services to be pragmatically progressive since World War II. The integration of African Americans and women into the United States Armed Forces after World War II coincided with major social movements in which marginalized civilians demanded equal citizenship rights. As this book explores, due to personnel needs, the military was a leading institution in its opening of positions to women and African Americans and its offering of educational and economic opportunities that in many cases were not available to them in the civilian world. By opening positions to African Americans and women and remaking its "where boys become men" image, the military was an institutional leader on the issue of social equality in the second half of the 20th century. The pushback against gay men and women wishing to serve openly in the forces, however, revealed the limits of the military's pragmatic progressivism. This text investigates how policymakers have defined who belongs in the military and counts as a soldier, and examines how the need to attract new recruits led to the opening of the forces to marginalized groups and the rebranding of the services.
Download or read book Striving for Perfection written by Gerald D. Curry and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2013-04-23 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of todays military officers rests squarely on the shoulders of the men and women of the past. In Striving for Perfection, author Gerald D. Curry, a former US Airforce Colonel, reaches back through the annals of history to help todays professional military officers navigate a successful career. Curry shares rarely known insights on historical accomplishments from every major war in US history, from the Revolutionary War through the Global War on Terrorism. He pulls unique examples of success strategies, cultural understandings, and sage advice from African American servicemen and women who have worn the uniform. Striving for Perfection goes beyond the typical leadership principles by offering significant experiences told from an African American perspectivefrom the only people deliberately brought to America for the sole purpose of servitude. Curry shows how black American patriots consistently looked beyond their current circumstances and served gallantly while seeking equality and social justice. This guide describes the barriers that have existed within most African American communities, and it narrates how these neighborhoods continually birth great leaders. Although geared toward military professionals, Striving for Perfection can help all leaders in any profession who supervise and work with African Americans. Introducing proven success strategies, it provides a better understanding of diversity and inclusion.
Download or read book Integration of the Armed Forces 1940 1965 written by Morris J. MacGregor and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 1981 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CMH Pub 50-1-1. Defense Studies Series. Discusses the evolution of the services' racial policies and practices between World War II and 1965 during the period when black servicemen and women were integrated into the Nation's military units.
Download or read book All That We Can Be written by Charles Moskos and published by . This book was released on 1996-08-22 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this unique study of how the Army became the premier model for developing black leadership in a racially integrated setting, the authors show how this system works and how it can be applied throughout American society. This book offers crucial insights for race relations in civilian society as well. 12 charts and graphs.
Download or read book The Women s Army Corps written by Judith Bellafaire and published by Army Center of Military History. This book was released on 1993 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Black Officer Corps written by Isaac Hampton II and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-11-12 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Armed Forces started integrating its services in 1948, and with that push, more African Americans started rising through the ranks to become officers, although the number of black officers has always been much lower than African Americans’ total percentage in the military. Astonishingly, the experiences of these unknown reformers have largely gone unexamined and unreported, until now. The Black Officer Corps traces segments of the African American officers’ experience from 1946-1973. From generals who served in the Pentagon and Vietnam, to enlisted servicemen and officers' wives, Isaac Hampton has conducted over seventy-five oral history interviews with African American officers. Through their voices, this book illuminates what they dealt with on a day to day basis, including cultural differences, racist attitudes, unfair promotion standards, the civil rights movement, Black Power, and the experience of being in ROTC at Historically Black Colleges. Hampton provides a nuanced study of the people whose service reshaped race relations in the U.S. Armed Forces, ending with how the military attempted to control racism with the creation of the Defense Race Relations Institute of 1971. The Black Officer Corps gives us a much fuller picture of the experience of black officers, and a place to start asking further questions.
Download or read book Towards a U S Army Officer Corps Strategy for Success written by Casey Wardynski and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Army has always touted itself as a capstone developmental experience and still does so today- You made them strong-we'll make them Army Strong. The Army is almost universally acknowledged as an organization that powerfully develops talent in areas such as leadership, teamwork behavior, work ethics, adaptability, fitness, and many others. Yet despite this well-earned reputation, the Army must remain vigilant. Authorized strength and inventory mismatches, an inverse relationship between responsibility and formal developmental time, and sparse non-operational development opportunities are serious challenges that the Army must address. Developing talent is important in all high performing organizations, but it is particularly critical to the Army for several reasons. First, the mission of fighting and winning wars requires truly championship-level talent-America's national security depends on it. Second, Americans entrust the very lives of their sons and daughters to the Army-they deserve to be led by superstars. And third, limited lateral entry into midcareer and senior level officer positions means the Army cannot rely upon poaching talent from outside organizations as corporate America does. Instead, the Army must retain and continuously develop its entrylevel talent to meet present and future demands. Army officers are hungry for the development needed to reach their full potential and perform optimally. When they do not get it, they seek it in the private sector. This is why officer developmental programs must be tailored to the needs of every talented individual. In this way, the Army can both deepen and broaden its overall talent distribution, mitigating risk in an increasingly uncertain and rapidly changing operating environment. Current practice, however, generally shunts officers down conventional career paths and through standardized "gates," regardless of their unique talents, experience, or needs. Meeting future challenges may well require a new way of doing business, a comprehensive developmental strategy rooted in sound theory. Several pioneers in the human capital field have provided a ready foundation for such a strategy. Their work demonstrates the criticality of continuing education, genuinely useful evaluations, and properly valued signals to the creation of an outstanding developmental climate. Considering officer development within this context moves the Army beyond a focus upon formal training and education. While these are certainly important, managing the nexus of individual talents and rapidly changing organizational requirements calls for careful attention to many other developmental factors. These include professional networks, mentorship and peer relationships, tenure, individual learning styles, as well as diversity of thought, experience, and culture. Lastly, to reap the full benefit of any developmental strategy, the Army must capture information on the multitude of talents that its officers possess. The uniqueness of each individual cannot be captured via skill identifiers and career field designations alone. Instead, the Army needs a mechanism to track talent development over time, gauging both its breadth and depth. Only then will it be able to effectively employ talent, the subject of the next and final monograph in this series.
Download or read book The Sergeants Major of the Army written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Black American Military Leaders written by Walter Lee Hawkins and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2007 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition of the 1993 "African American Generals and Flag Officers: Biographies of Over 120 Blacks in the United States Military" offers detailed, career-oriented summaries for men and women who often had overcome societal obstacles to become ranking officers in the U.S. military.
Download or read book African American Officers Role in the Future Army written by Carrie W. Kendrick and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On the eve of the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of Executive Order 9981 by President Harry S. Truman granting African Americans legal integration into all services, the U.S. Army continues to be lauded as the nation's leading agency in developing policies to ensure that all military personnel are given a fair and equal chance at advancement. However, this standing has recently come under scrutiny by the media and by senior African American officers. Army leadership, too, has taken a closer look at factors that affect minority advancement. African Americans comprise 11 percent of the total officer corps. This number has remained constant over a three-year reporting period, according to the Defense Manpower Data Center, but the release of the army's Colonel (06) Board results for fiscal year 1998 highlighted an area of concern that seemingly had gone unnoticed. While the overall board selection rate was 39 percent, the African American selection rate was 19.1 percent, between 15 and 30 percent lower than in preceding years since 1993. In short, both test results and broader concerns suggest that the army's effort to fully integrate its officer corps has not been completely successful.
Download or read book War what is it Good For written by Kimberley L. Phillips and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines how African Americans' participation in the nation's wars after President Truman's order to intergrate the military, and their protracted struggles for equal citizenship, galvanized the antiwar activism that reshaped their struggles for freedom.
Download or read book Taps for a Jim Crow Army written by Phillip McGuire and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many black soldiers serving in the U.S. Army during World War II hoped that they might make permanent gains as a result of their military service and their willingness to defend their country. They were soon disabused of such illusions. Taps for a Jim Crow Army is a powerful collection of letters written by black soldiers in the 1940s to various government and nongovernment officials. The soldiers expressed their disillusionment, rage, and anguish over the discrimination and segregation they experienced in the Army. Most black troops were denied entry into army specialist schools; black officers were not allowed to command white officers; black soldiers were served poorer food and were forced to ride Jim Crow military buses into town and to sit in Jim Crow base movie theaters. In the South, German POWs could use the same latrines as white American soldiers, but blacks could not. The original foreword by Benjamin Quarles, professor emeritus of history at Morgan State University, and a new foreword by Bernard C. Nalty, the chief historian in the Office of Air Force History, offer rich insights into the world of these soldiers.
Download or read book Alone in the Profession of Arms written by Jeremy Wayne James and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following Emancipation, many African Americans came to view military service as a crucial step toward the greater acceptance of blacks into American society and, potentially, toward complete citizenship. Military service demonstrated that the African American community was prepared to take on all of the responsibilities associated with full citizenship and verified that blacks were fully capable of serving as Regular Army soldiers, a role that had historically been reserved for white Americans alone. In 1866 Congress opened the ranks of the Regular Army to African Americans with the creation of four all-black regiments. These units were manned entirely by black enlisted men under the command of white officers. Although not legally confined to the enlisted ranks, African Americans were not expected or encouraged to pursue positions as commissioned officers. Many white Americans, including senior military and political leaders, did not believe that blacks possessed the competencies required to serve effectively as military commanders. In the late nineteenth century three exceptional African American men successfully challenged this notion. Henry Flipper, John Alexander and Charles Young became the first three black graduates of the U.S. Military Academy and the first black men to earn commissions as line officers in the Regular Army. Each of these talented men achieved success where countless others before them had failed. The middle class values and Protestant work ethic championed by their parents in their childhood homes shaped the way that Flipper, Alexander and Young viewed social issues and provided them with the greatest motivation to pursue careers in the profession of arms. While each of them earned the grudging respect of some of their white contemporaries, in the eyes of many, their race overshadowed their professional successes and weighed heavily upon any assessment or characterization of their service. Despite these challenges, each of these men served as role models for aspiring black youths and their successes helped to instill a sense of pride within other members of their race. These men remain important figures in African American history and continue to be a source of inspiration for many, both inside and outside of the black community.
Download or read book Impact of Battalion and Smaller African American Combat Units on Integration of the U S Army in the European Theater of Operations During World War II Black Infantry Platoons and Patton s Panthers written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African Americans performed admirably and with valor in the wars prior to World War II. However, Commanding generals' attitudes on African American leadership competency and capabilities to master modern weapons remained in doubt after World War I. During World War II, the U.S. Army had to fight multiple modern militaries on several different fronts provided African Americans opportunities to change negative military attitudes towards them. Several African American units served with distinction during World War II. Large African American combat units, including infantry and cavalry divisions normally served within a prescribed command structure and were nominally excluded from interaction with white soldiers, with the exception of their commanding officers. Smaller functional combat units, anti-aircraft artillery, field artillery, and platoons integrated more frequently with Caucasian troops due to their unique task organization. This paper will examine these small unit integration experiences to determine their impact on the decision to integrate the US Army in 1948 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION * Literature Review * CHAPTER 2 - MOBILIZATION PLANS AND SELECTIVE SERVICE * African American Perception During the Interwar Period 1919 to 1941 * Key Progressive European and African American Leaders * CHAPTER 3 - MOBILIZATION AND TRAINING (1940 to 1944) * Personnel Assignment in a Segregated Army * Formation of Small Black Combat Units * Deployment Policies and Race Tensions (1942 to 1944) * CHAPTER 4 - 761st TANK BATTALION "PATTON'S PANTHERS" CASE STUDY * Saar Basin Offensive * CHAPTER 5 - THE 5TH PLATOONS * The Beginning of Something Beautiful * Discrimination and Humiliation Home and Abroad * Need Creates Opportunity * Infantry Training * No Racial Divide in the Trenches * Dishonored * The Integration Demand * CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSION Military service historically created opportunities for African Americans to gain equality. The need for manpower necessitated a change in government policy to allow African Americans to be involved in America's wars was typically the driving force. World War II was no exception as the Saar Basin Offensive, Battle of the Bulge and the subsequent Ruhr Campaign necessitated a call up from all available units to fill personnel shortages along the front lines. Once again, opportunity arose for African American combat units to display their patriotism and push for equality on the battlefield. Senior U.S. Army officers and government officials developed policies and procedures from 1919 to 1945 in order to define the appropriate size of segregated African American combat units. These leaders approximated the size of African American combat units through their own personal prejudice and bias of African Americans ability to fight in combat. Decentralized operations in small combat units, battalion and below, had the greatest impact on changing European American perceptions of African American ability to serve in an integrated Army. In the Revolutionary War, American leadership allowed five thousand African Americans to serve in direct response to the British promise of freedom for slaves who fought for Great Britain.1 In the War of 1812, Major General Andrew Jackson established the Louisiana Free Men of Color for the Battle of New Orleans.2 Military manpower was the primary reason for African American military service in the Civil War. President Lincoln recognized the lack of American volunteers left a void in the Union Army. Ultimately, 186,000 African Americans served in the Civil War.
Download or read book African American Generals and Flag Officers written by Walter Lee Hawkins and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detailed, career-oriented summaries are given for over 120 men and women who often overcame societal obstacles to become ranking officers in the U.S. military. Included are members of all branches of the armed services (Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps), as well as the National Guard and Reserve.
Download or read book The Black Officer Corps written by Isaac Hampton and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Armed Forces started integrating its services in 1948, and with that push, more African Americans started rising through the ranks to become officers, although the number of black officers has always been much lower than African Americans' total percentage in the military. Astonishingly, the experiences of these unknown reformers have largely gone unexamined and unreported, until now. The Black Officer Corps traces segments of the African American officers' experience from 1946-1973. From generals who served in the Pentagon and Vietnam, to enlisted servicemen and officers' wives, Isaac Hampton has conducted over seventy-five oral history interviews with African American officers. Through their voices, this book illuminates what they dealt with on a day to day basis, including cultural differences, racist attitudes, unfair promotion standards, the civil rights movement, Black Power, and the experience of being in ROTC at Historically Black Colleges. Hampton provides a nuanced study of the people whose service reshaped race relations in the U.S. Armed Forces, ending with how the military attempted to control racism with the creation of the Defense Race Relations Institute of 1971. The Black Officer Corps gives us a much fuller picture of the experience of black officers, and a place to start asking further questions.
