Download or read book Guidelines for Systematic Reviews on Economic Evaluations of Vaccination Programs written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This document outlines the steps for conducting a systematic review on economic evaluations of vaccination programs for the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). This is based on existing methodological guidance for systematic reviews and adapted to meet the needs of NACI"--Purpose of Guidelines, page 3.
Download or read book Economics Rules The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science written by Dani Rodrik and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2015-10-13 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A hugely valuable contribution. . . . In setting out a defence of the best in economics, Rodrik has also provided a goal for the discipline as a whole.” —Martin Sandbu, Financial Times In the wake of the financial crisis and the Great Recession, economics seems anything but a science. In this sharp, masterfully argued book, Dani Rodrik, a leading critic from within, takes a close look at economics to examine when it falls short and when it works, to give a surprisingly upbeat account of the discipline. Drawing on the history of the field and his deep experience as a practitioner, Rodrik argues that economics can be a powerful tool that improves the world—but only when economists abandon universal theories and focus on getting the context right. Economics Rules argues that the discipline's much-derided mathematical models are its true strength. Models are the tools that make economics a science. Too often, however, economists mistake a model for the model that applies everywhere and at all times. In six chapters that trace his discipline from Adam Smith to present-day work on globalization, Rodrik shows how diverse situations call for different models. Each model tells a partial story about how the world works. These stories offer wide-ranging, and sometimes contradictory, lessons—just as children’s fables offer diverse morals. Whether the question concerns the rise of global inequality, the consequences of free trade, or the value of deficit spending, Rodrik explains how using the right models can deliver valuable new insights about social reality and public policy. Beyond the science, economics requires the craft to apply suitable models to the context. The 2008 collapse of Lehman Brothers challenged many economists' deepest assumptions about free markets. Rodrik reveals that economists' model toolkit is much richer than these free-market models. With pragmatic model selection, economists can develop successful antipoverty programs in Mexico, growth strategies in Africa, and intelligent remedies for domestic inequality. At once a forceful critique and defense of the discipline, Economics Rules charts a path toward a more humble but more effective science.
Download or read book Vaccines for the 21st Century written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-02-21 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vaccines have made it possible to eradicate the scourge of smallpox, promise the same for polio, and have profoundly reduced the threat posed by other diseases such as whooping cough, measles, and meningitis. What is next? There are many pathogens, autoimmune diseases, and cancers that may be promising targets for vaccine research and development. This volume provides an analytic framework and quantitative model for evaluating disease conditions that can be applied by those setting priorities for vaccine development over the coming decades. The committee describes an approach for comparing potential new vaccines based on their impact on morbidity and mortality and on the costs of both health care and vaccine development. The book examines: Lessons to be learned from the polio experience. Scientific advances that set the stage for new vaccines. Factors that affect how vaccines are used in the population. Value judgments and ethical questions raised by comparison of health needs and benefits. The committee provides a way to compare different forms of illness and set vaccine priorities without assigning a monetary value to lives. Their recommendations will be important to anyone involved in science policy and public health planning: policymakers, regulators, health care providers, vaccine manufacturers, and researchers.
Download or read book Distributional Cost Effectiveness Analysis written by Richard Cookson and published by Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation. This book was released on 2020-09-30 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health inequalities blight lives, generate enormous costs, and exist everywhere. This book is the definitive all-in-one guide for anyone who wishes to learn about, commission, and use distributional cost-effectiveness analysis to promote both equity and efficiency in health and healthcare.
Download or read book Best Practices for Conducting Economic Evaluations in Health Care written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Guidelines exist for the conduct and review of economic evaluations. In the United States, the systematic review of economic outcomes and the inclusion of economic data in systematic reviews have not been standardized as much as is the case for clinical outcomes. The lack of standardization leads to large variation in the quality of economic evaluations and in the use of economic data in systematic reviews. This suggests a need to establish some standards in the United States. Systematic reviews play a critical role in determining the comparative effectiveness of medical interventions and are critical for developing clinical practice guidelines, efficacy-based coverage decisions, and general health policy. As such, the processes of searching for and summarizing studies illustrating clinical efficacy and effectiveness have been streamlined in the United States and elsewhere. While much work is being done to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of medical interventions, the United States has fallen behind international best practices in using economic data in the comparison of medical interventions for the purposes of policymaking. With increased awareness of the importance of evaluating value for money in health care, the number of published economic evaluations has increased in recent years. As more economic analyses are produced, researchers and policymakers need to have methods to synthesize and interpret the results of multiple analyses that address a single issue; systematic review offers a framework for doing this. However, systematic reviews of economic analyses pose special challenges for those who perform reviews and those who use them. Traditional techniques of meta-analysis are not appropriate for many economic analyses, which are often syntheses, as in the case of economic modeling studies, and hence should not be combined as one might combine the results of different randomized controlled trials. Instead, systematic reviews of economic modeling studies are most useful for comparing and contrasting how different investigators have chosen to structure their models and estimate key variables. They can also clarify how results differ between studies based on these different assumptions. Identifying sources of variation across studies can help individual decisionmakers determine which studies best apply to their particular settings and can guide future research by identifying areas of uncertainty. A little over a decade ago, health economists had “not yet developed a formal methodology for reviewing and summing up evidence from individual economic evaluations…or indeed for assessing whether systematic reviews are possible in this context.” Today, there are as yet no widely validated methodological criteria to be applied to screening economic studies for inclusion in systematic reviews. The difficulty with developing systems to evaluate best practices for conducting economic evaluations is that each economic evaluation faces a potentially unique set of constraints relative to gold standard sets of recommendations. Systems proposed to date have listed criteria for the assessment of economic evaluations, yet have hardly tested comparative rating and weighting of technical criteria. This comparative weighting and the need to determine whether strength in one area can offset a deficiency in another will be critical to the success of the system that is developed. However, it is not clear that systems that will result in a relative ranking of studies that are not perfect can provide anything other than an approximate estimate of the comparative validity of differing results. Nevertheless, there is unquestionably an urgent need for improving the design, analysis and reporting of economic evaluations in health care. The aim of this paper is to review the strengths and weaknesses of checklists that have been used to evaluate best practices for conducting economic evaluations in health care.
Download or read book Making Choices in Health written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2003 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Guide, in Part I, begins with a brief description of generalized CEA and how it relates to the two questions raised above. It then considers issues relating to study design, estimating costs, assessing health effects, discounting, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, and reporting results. Detailed discussions of selected technical issues and applications are provided in a series of background papers, originally published in journals, but included in this book for easy reference in Part II." (from the back cover).
Download or read book Economic Evaluation of Interventions for Occupational Health and Safety written by Emile Tompa and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-08-21 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Undertaking economic evaluations of workplace-based occupational health and safety interventions can be difficult, reflected by the significant lack of literature, evidence and guidance on the subject. Particular difficulties include: complex labour legislation; differences in the perception of health risks associated with work experiences amongst workplace parties and policy makers; the burden of costs and consequences being borne by different stakeholders in the system; conflicting incentives and priorities between the multiple stakeholders; lack of consensus about what ought to count as a benefit or cost of intervening or not intervening; multiple providers of indemnity and medical care coverage; and industry-specific human resources practices making it difficult to identify all work-related illnesses and injuries. In addition, most health economics methods books are designed for use in a clinical setting, which cannot be adapted for the workplace setting. In the face of such barriers, it is not surprising that few studies of occupational health and safety interventions contain an economic evaluation. This book aims to lay the foundations for a systematic methodology of economic evaluation of workplace interventions, by identifying the main barriers to research of high quality and practical relevance, and proposing a research strategy to remedy these weaknesses. Context chapters provide a wealth of background material ranging from a presentation of the broad conceptualization of work and health, to suggestions for strategies in confronting the dearth of data often experienced by occupational health and safety researchers. They take into account the varying institutional and regulatory approaches in different international jurisdictions. Specific topic chapters delve into the principles and application of economic evaluation methods relevant to this setting: study design, type of analysis, costs, consequences, uncertainty, and equity are all covered, providing guidance on analytical and decision making challenges. The concluding chapter synthesizes the summaries, conclusions, challenges and recommendations from across the book, presenting these in a reference case.
Download or read book Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health written by Ross C. Brownson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive work in D&I research -- now completely updated and expanded The application of scientific research to the creation of evidence-based policies is a science unto itself -- and one that is never easy. Dissemination and implementation research (D&I) is the study of how scientific advances can be implemented into everyday life, and understanding how it works has never been more important for students and professionals across the scientific, academic, and governmental communities. Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health is a practical guide to making research more consequential, a collection assembled and written by today's leading D&I researchers. Readers of this book are taught to: � Evaluate the evidence base in an effective intervention � Choose a strategy that produces the greatest impact � Design an appropriate and effectual study � Track essential outcomes � Account for the barriers to uptake in communities, social service agencies, and health care facilities The challenges to moving research into practice are universal, and they're complicated by the current landscape's reliance on partnerships and multi-center research. In this light, Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health is nothing less than a roadmap to effecting change in the sciences. It will have broad utility to researchers and practitioners in epidemiology, biostatistics, behavioral science, economics, medicine, social work, psychology, and anthropology -- both today and in our slightly better future.
Download or read book The Guide to Community Preventive Services written by Task Force on Community Preventive Services and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-02-17 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gold standard for evidence-based public health, The Guide to Community Preventive Services is a primary resource to improve health and prevent disease in states, communities, independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Preventive Services, The Guide uses comprehensive systemic review methods to evaluate population-oriented health interventions. The recommendations of the Task Force are explicitly linked to the scientific evidence developed during systematic reviews. This volume examines the effectiveness and efficiency of interventions to combat such risky behaviors as tobacco use, physical inactivity, and violence; to reduce the impact and suffering of specific conditions such as cancer, diabetes, vaccine-preventable diseases, and motor vehicle injuries; and to address social determinants oh health such as education, housing, and access to care. The chapters are grouped into three broad categories: changing risk behaviors; reducing specific diseases, injuries, and impairments; and methodological background for the book itself.
Download or read book The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-27 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vaccines are among the most safe and effective public health interventions to prevent serious disease and death. Because of the success of vaccines, most Americans today have no firsthand experience with such devastating illnesses as polio or diphtheria. Health care providers who vaccinate young children follow a schedule prepared by the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Under the current schedule, children younger than six may receive as many as 24 immunizations by their second birthday. New vaccines undergo rigorous testing prior to receiving FDA approval; however, like all medicines and medical interventions, vaccines carry some risk. Driven largely by concerns about potential side effects, there has been a shift in some parents' attitudes toward the child immunization schedule. The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety identifies research approaches, methodologies, and study designs that could address questions about the safety of the current schedule. This report is the most comprehensive examination of the immunization schedule to date. The IOM authoring committee uncovered no evidence of major safety concerns associated with adherence to the childhood immunization schedule. Should signals arise that there may be need for investigation, however, the report offers a framework for conducting safety research using existing or new data collection systems.
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries written by Dean T. Jamison and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-04-02 with total page 1449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on careful analysis of burden of disease and the costs ofinterventions, this second edition of 'Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition' highlights achievable priorities; measures progresstoward providing efficient, equitable care; promotes cost-effectiveinterventions to targeted populations; and encourages integrated effortsto optimize health. Nearly 500 experts - scientists, epidemiologists, health economists,academicians, and public health practitioners - from around the worldcontributed to the data sources and methodologies, and identifiedchallenges and priorities, resulting in this integrated, comprehensivereference volume on the state of health in developing countries.
Download or read book Health System Efficiency written by Jonathan Cylus and published by Health Policy. This book was released on 2016-12-15 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book the authors explore the state of the art on efficiency measurement in health systems and international experts offer insights into the pitfalls and potential associated with various measurement techniques. The authors show that: - The core idea of efficiency is easy to understand in principle - maximizing valued outputs relative to inputs, but is often difficult to make operational in real-life situations - There have been numerous advances in data collection and availability, as well as innovative methodological approaches that give valuable insights into how efficiently health care is delivered - Our simple analytical framework can facilitate the development and interpretation of efficiency indicators.
Download or read book Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes written by M. F. Drummond and published by Oxford [Oxfordshire] ; Toronto : Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1987-01 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As concern over costs grows in the health care sector, those involved in health economics require a clear understanding of methods used in cost-effectiveness, cost benefit, and cost-utility studies. This book provides the reader with the necessary methodological tools for undertaking the task of economic evaluation and includes discussions of many case studies, helpful illustrations, and simple exercises.
Download or read book Ranking Vaccines written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-10-11 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a number of diseases emerge or reemerge thus stimulating new vaccine development opportunities to help prevent those diseases, it can be especially difficult for decision makers to know where to invest their limited resources. Therefore, it is increasingly important for decision makers to have the tools that can assist and inform their vaccine prioritization efforts. In this first phase report, the IOM offers a framework and proof of concept to account for various factors influencing vaccine prioritization-demographic, economic, health, scientific, business, programmatic, social, policy factors and public concerns. Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework describes a decision-support model and the blueprint of a software-called Strategic Multi-Attribute Ranking Tool for Vaccines or SMART Vaccines. SMART Vaccines should be of help to decision makers. SMART Vaccines Beta is not available for public use, but SMART Vaccines 1.0 is expected to be released at the end of the second phase of this study, when it will be fully operational and capable of guiding discussions about prioritizing the development and introduction of new vaccines.
Download or read book Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine written by Peter J. Neumann and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CEAs (cost-effectiveness analyses) are used by decision makers in the health sector to make enlightened evaluations and this book provides an in depth look at how to evaluate the evaluator. The book is aimed specifically at Public health specialists.
Download or read book Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation written by Andrew Briggs and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2006-08-17 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In financially constrained health systems across the world, increasing emphasis is being placed on the ability to demonstrate that health care interventions are not only effective, but also cost-effective. This book deals with decision modelling techniques that can be used to estimate the value for money of various interventions including medical devices, surgical procedures, diagnostic technologies, and pharmaceuticals. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of the appropriate representation of uncertainty in the evaluative process and the implication this uncertainty has for decision making and the need for future research. This highly practical guide takes the reader through the key principles and approaches of modelling techniques. It begins with the basics of constructing different forms of the model, the population of the model with input parameter estimates, analysis of the results, and progression to the holistic view of models as a valuable tool for informing future research exercises. Case studies and exercises are supported with online templates and solutions. This book will help analysts understand the contribution of decision-analytic modelling to the evaluation of health care programmes. ABOUT THE SERIES: Economic evaluation of health interventions is a growing specialist field, and this series of practical handbooks will tackle, in-depth, topics superficially addressed in more general health economics books. Each volume will include illustrative material, case histories and worked examples to encourage the reader to apply the methods discussed, with supporting material provided online. This series is aimed at health economists in academia, the pharmaceutical industry and the health sector, those on advanced health economics courses, and health researchers in associated fields.
Download or read book Usefulness of Economic Evaluation Data in Systematic Reviews of Evidence written by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-04-09 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many health care policymakers in the U.S. would like to make more use of economic data in reviewing new and existing medical interventions. Although much work is being done to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of medical interventions even this technique is not used extensively in policymaking. The U.S. has fallen behind international best practices in using economic data in the comparison of medical interventions for the purposes of policymaking. Systematic reviews of evidence offer opportunities to increase the use of economic data in the health policy process. Among the systematic reviews that have been conducted recently, there is great inconsistency in whether economic evidence is collected alongside clinical research data, the quality of the data collected, and the methods used to collect the data. In many cases, clinical research data may be sufficient for making decisions about adopting interventions. However, we need to explore and define better the information that is needed to guide those who are in charge of making requests for systematic reviews of evidence. More information is needed about: (a) when economic data might add to decisionmaking on top of the efficacy/effectiveness data presented in typical systematic reviews, and (b) if economic data are helpful, what methods should be used to include this information. Such information could guide future calls for systematic reviews of evidence. More information on best approaches for the inclusion of economic data alongside systematic reviews of clinical evidence will also benefit those responsible for producing systematic reviews. At present, many systematic reviews of evidence do not include economic evidence. Even if efforts are made to review the economic evidence, economic evidence often is insufficient to treat it in the same way that meta-analytic techniques can be applied to other pieces of evidence. Further, some economic evidence concerns primary data while other economic evidence is derived from more or less standardized and protocol-based approaches based on mathematical modeling. Investigators involved in performing systematic reviews need better guidance for making requests for economic evidence alongside other systematic reviews of evidence, with careful definitions of terms. This report has two aims. The first aim is to develop a conceptual framework for deciding when economic outcomes could provide policy-relevant information when included in systematic reviews of clinical outcomes. In the last of a series of works on grading of recommendations, the authors began a discussion about including resource use (a key input into costs and other economic considerations) in the grading of recommendations. When deciding on what to include in an economic evaluation component of a systematic review, the analyst needs a frame of reference. This report provides a conceptual framework that can guide the choice of perspective, the target or reference populations, and the assessment of generalizability. The framework also demonstrates how the interaction of these choices has important implications for the conduct of the analysis. The framework was developed by a multidisciplinary team that developed a draft framework and shared that framework with experts in cost-effectiveness analysis and public policy who reviewed and provided feedback before the framework was finalized. The second aim of this report is to define tradeoffs between incorporating previously completed “off-the-shelf” evaluations from the published or grey literature into systematic reviews, versus performing an explicit independent economic evaluation as part of a systematic review. The evaluation of the tradeoffs between the choices is based on theoretical and conceptual arguments, the availability of data, and nature of expected results.
