Download or read book Guidelines for Agricultural Irrigation with Municipal Wastewater in Developing Countries written by Daniel Greve and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries results from a global assessment written by Raschid-Sally, L., Jayakody, P. and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2009 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 4 out of 5 cities in developing countries, wastewater is used to cultivate perishable crops for urban markets. Such practices create a health risk but provide important livelihood benefits. This study through an analysis of 53 cities in developing countries, contributes to understanding the factors that drive wastewater use. The main drivers are (1) increasing urban water demand without wastewater treatment causing pollution of irrigation water sources; (2) urban food demand favoring agriculture close to cities where water sources are polluted; and (3) lack of cheaper, similarly reliable or safer water sources. Poverty, which constrains the infrastructure needs of urbanization, is an added factor. The study makes policy recommendations stressing on, effectively applying the WHO guidelines, linking investments in water supply with sanitation for maximum beneficial impact on water pollution, and involving actors at both the national and local level, for water quality improvements and health risk reduction
Download or read book Balanced Urban Development Options and Strategies for Liveable Cities written by Basant Maheshwari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-29 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a unique synthesis of concepts and tools to examine natural resource, socio-economic, legal, policy and institutional issues that are important for managing urban growth into the future. The book will particularly help the reader to understand the current issues and challenges and develop strategies and practices to cope with future pressures of urbanisation and peri-urban land, water and energy use challenges. In particular, the book will help the reader to discover underlying principles for the planning of future cities and peri-urban regions in relation to: (i) Balanced urban development policies and institutions for future cities; (ii) Understanding the effects of land use change, population increase, and water demand on the liveability of cities; (iii) Long-term planning needs and transdisciplinary approaches to ensure the secured future for generations ahead; and (iv) Strategies to adapt the cities and land, water and energy uses for viable and liveable cities. There are growing concerns about water, food security and sustainability with increased urbanisation worldwide. For cities to be liveable and sustainable into the future there is a need to maintain the natural resource base and the ecosystem services in the peri-urban areas surrounding cities. This need is increasing under the looming spectre of global warming and climate change. This book will be of interest to policy makers, urban planners, researchers, post-graduate students in urban planning, environmental and water resources management, and managers in municipal councils.
Download or read book Wastewater use in agriculture Review of impacts and methodological issues in valuing impacts written by Intizar Hussain and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2002 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this paper is to provide a review of the characteristics of wastewater used for irrigation, and the reasoning behind the international guidelines presently used in regulating wastewater reuse for agriculture. This paper presents various systems of wastewater treatment available and discusses their benefits and shortcomings. A selective review of recent empirical studies identifies major impacts both positive and negative impacts of wastewater irrigation. Finally, the paper provides the review of environmental valuation techniques for analyzing impacts of wastewater uses in agriculture, and suggest a framework for application of some of these techniques. This framework will be applied to a developing country case study (Faisalabad area in Pakistan), in the ongoing IWMI research program.
Download or read book Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture written by Hiroshan Hettiarachchi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a broad and global level description of the current status of wastewater use in agriculture and then brings the readers to various places in the MENA Region and Europe to explain how some countries and regions have addressed the challenges during implementation. On a global scale, over 20 million hectares of agricultural land are irrigated using wastewater. This is one good, and perhaps the most prominent, example of the safe use potential of wastewater. Water scarcity and the cost of energy and fertilisers are among the main factors driving millions of farmers and other entrepreneurs to make use of wastewater. In order to address the technical, institutional, and policy challenges of safe water reuse, developing countries and countries in transition need clear institutional arrangements and more skilled human resources, with a sound understanding of the opportunities and potential risks of wastewater use. Stakeholders in wastewater irrigation who need to implement from scratch or improve current conditions, find it difficult to gather the necessary information on practical implementation aspects. The main objective of this book is to bridge that gap.
Download or read book Wastewater Irrigation and Health written by Pay Drechsel and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2010 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2009. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Download or read book WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater Excreta and Greywater written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and greywater has been extensively updated to take account of new scientific evidence and contemporary approaches to risk management. The revised Guidelines reflect a strong focus on disease prevention and public health principles. This new edition responds to a growing demand from WHO Member States for guidance on the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture. Its target audience includes environmental and public health scientists, researchers, engineers, policy-makers and those responsible for developing standards and regulations. The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes: Volume 1: Policy and regulatory aspects Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture Volume 1 of the Guidelines presents policy issues and regulatory measures distilled from the technical detail found in volumes 2 3 and 4. Those faced with the need to expedite the development of policies, procedures, and regulatory frameworks, at national and local government levels, will find the essential information in this volume. It also includes summaries of the other volumes in the series. Volume 2 of the Guidelines explains requirements to promote safe use concepts and practices including health-based targets and minimum procedures. It also covers a substantive revision of approaches to ensuring the microbial safety of wastewater used in agriculture. It introduces health impact assessment of new wastewater projects. Volume 3 of the Guidelines informs readers on the assessment of microbial hazards and toxic chemicals and the management of the associated risks when using wastewater and excreta in aquaculture. It explains requirements to promote safe use practices, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets. It puts trade-offs between potential risks and nutritional benefits in a wider development context. Volume 4 of the Guidelines focuses exclusively on the safe use of excreta and greywater in agriculture. Recent trends in sanitation, including ecological sanitation, are driven by rapid urbanization. The momentum created by the Millennium Development Goals is resulting in dramatic changes in human waste handling and processing. New opportunities enable the use of human waste as a resource for pro-poor agricultural development, particularly in periurban areas. Best practice to minimize associated health risks is at the heart of this volume
Download or read book Wastewater Reuse and Management in the Middle East and North Africa written by Azmi Ghneim and published by Univerlagtuberlin. This book was released on 2010 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The MENA region is the driest in the world. Irrigated agriculture consumes the largest volume of water resources due to the continuous demand for food production. A huge potential for satisfying this increasing demand exists in the reuse of municipal wastewater in agriculture. This book emphasizes the importance of appropriate water policies and the enabling institutional setting in successful wastewater management and reuse. The in-depth-analysis is presented through the case study of Jordan."--Page 4 of cover.
Download or read book Development of Contextually Adapted Strategies to Manage Health Risks Related to Agricultural Irrigation with Treated Wastewater written by W. Raber and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the case of limited access to fresh water resources, particularly in peri-urban areas where urban and agricultural pressure on water resources is high, municipal wastewater becomes a viable asset as a source for irrigation water. Furthermore, urban wastewater management has the objective to dispose urban drainage while avoiding negative impacts on environment and public health. Irrigation with treated wastewater is an accepted option in wastewater management in increasing more countries. However, strict official regulations on effluent quality in combination with poor institutional, financial and infrastructural settings of low income countries often restrict construction and maintenance of required infrastructure to provide effluent quality as stipulated by legislation. An effect of this paralysed situation is indirect, uncontrolled, and partly illegal use of raw sewage or poorly treated wastewater for agricultural use, which poses a risk to the environment and health of producers and consumers of crops. The presented work gives impulses for contextual wastewater management design based on case specific requirements of agriculture and environment on water quality. The focus of the research lies on determination and evaluation of health risks for consumers of wastewater irrigated crops by Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) on basis of WHO Guidelines for wastewater use in agriculture from 2006. Possible health risk reduction measures along the production chain by on-farm practice or wastewater treatment are identified. Also risk for the agronomic system and environmental pollution risk by chemical water quality in wastewater irrigation is considered on basis of FAO guidelines, drinking water quality guidelines and additional literature. Contextual specific risks are identified and evaluated for the case of a wastewater irrigation project in Magabheni, South Africa. Revealed risk factors and particular on-farm health risk reduction measures were evaluated and negotiated with farmers during the planning and implementation of the agricultural system. Based on findings from the Magabheni case maximal concentrations for selected water quality parameters of irrigation water could be concluded and hypothetical wastewater management systems are presented. Contextual developed water quality and possible treatment systems are compared with those stipulated by national legislation revealing more flexible system design in contextual wastewater management.
Download or read book Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries written by Duncan Mara and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Affordable and effective domestic wastewater treatment is a critical issue in public health and disease prevention around the world, particularly so in developing countries which often lack the financial and technical resources necessary for proper treatment facilities. This practical guide provides state-of-the-art coverage of methods for domestic wastewater treatment and provides a foundation to the practical design of wastewater treatment and re-use systems. The emphasis is on low-cost, low-energy, low-maintenance, high-performance 'natural' systems that contribute to environmental sustainability by producing effluents that can be safely and profitably used in agriculture for crop irrigation and/or in aquaculture, for fish and aquatic vegetable pond fertilization. Modern design methodologies, with worked design examples, are described for waste stabilization ponds, wastewater storage and treatment reservoirs; constructed wetlands, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, biofilters, aerated lagoons and oxidation ditches. This book is essential reading for engineers, academics and upper-level and graduate students in engineering, wastewater management and public health, and others interested in sustainable and cost-effective technologies for reducing wastewater-related diseases and environmental damage.
Download or read book Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries written by Hillel I. Shuval and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Irrigation with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater a Guidance Manual written by G. Stuart Pettygrove and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-08 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Irrigation with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater - A Guidance Manual is for use in the planning, design, and operation of agricultural and landscape irrigation systems using reclaimed municipal wastewater. It is written for civil and sanitary engineers, agricultural engineers, and agricultural extension workers and consultants. The manual is also useful as a reference for public works officials, municipal wastewater treatment plant operators, and students at colleges and universities. The text emphasizes irrigation for the purpose of optimizing crop production; therefore, it includes detailed instruction in the calculation of crop water requirements. Furthermore, the benefits and limitations of using reclaimed municipal wastewater for agricultural and landscape irrigation are discussed, as are other topics of special interest, including water management for salinity and sodicity control, and economic and legal aspects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation.
Download or read book Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture written by Christopher Scott and published by Cabi. This book was released on 2008-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of urban wastewater in agriculture is receiving renewed attention, with the increasing scarcity of fresh water resources in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Wastewater is a low-cost alternative to conventional irrigation water, although it may carry health and environmental risks. This book critically reviews experience worldwide of these issues. Emphasis is placed on untreated wastewater use by means of field-based case studies from Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. It brings together a range of perspectives including economic, health, agronomic, environmental, institutional, and policy dimensions.
Download or read book Irrigation with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater written by G. S. Pettygrove and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Water Reuse written by Chris Binnie and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2008-05-14 with total page 649 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water Reuse: An International Survey of current practice, issues and needs examines water reuse practices around the world from different perspectives. The objective is to show how differently wastewater reuse is conceived and practised around the world as well as to present the varied needs and possibilities for reusing wastewater. In the first section water reuse practices around the world are described for regions having common water availability, reuse needs and social aspects. The second section refers to the “stakeholders” point of view. Each reuse purpose demands different water quality, not only to protect health and the environment but also to fulfil the requirements of the specific reuse. Reuses considered are agricultural, urban agriculture as a special case of the former, municipal and industrial. Alongside these uses, the indirect reuse for human consumption through aquifer recharge is also discussed. The third section deals with emerging and controversial topics. Ethical and economical dilemmas in the field are presented as a subject not frequently addressed in this field. The role of governments in respect of public policy in reuse is discussed as well as the different international criteria and standards for reusing wastewater. The importance of public acceptance and the way to properly handle it is also considered. The fourth section of the book presents contrasting case studies; typical situations in the developed world (Japan and Germany) are compared to those in developing countries (Pakistan and Brazil) for agricultural and industrial reuse. Indirect planned reuse for human consumption (Germany) is compared with an unplanned one (Mexico). The Windhoek, Namibia case study is presented to emphasize why if the direct reuse of wastewater for human consumption has been performed with success for more than 35 years it is still the only example of this type around the world. To illustrate the difficulties of having a common framework for regulating water reuse in several countries, the Mediterranean situation is described. Other case studies presented refer to the reuse situation in Israel, Spain, Cameroon, Nepal and Vietnam, these latter countries being located in water rich areas. This book will be an invaluable information source for all those concerned with water reuse including water utility managers, wastewater policy makers and water resources planners as well as researchers and students in environmental engineering, water resources planning and sanitary engineering. Scientific and Technical Report No. 20
Download or read book Water Reuse for Irrigation written by Valentina Lazarova and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-12-28 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compilation provides guidelines that facilitate the successful planning and operation of water reuse projects. Offering the information, analysis and proven experience for agricultural and landscape irrigation, it bridges the gap between fundamental science and relatively uncharted areas of economic, institutional and liability issues. It delivers a synthesis of information recently emerging in both science and in the practice of irrigation with reclaimed water. The book compiles guidelines, recommendations and codes of best practices from around the world for all types of recycled water uses, and it examines recent concerns about adverse effects on plants, groundwater and public health.
Download or read book Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In order to face the challenge of disappointing returns on public investment in irrigation and drainage new solutions have emerged. These solutions are based on widely available technology and new management and governance options. The main message of Re-engaging in Agricultural Water Management is that the irrigation and drainage sector should not continue to be dealt with as a standalone sector, but should be integrated into a broader perspective, one that embraces the objectives of productivity growth, poverty reduction, natural resources management and environmental protection."
