Download or read book Ground Motion Simulation Validation Based on Loss Metrics written by Poojitha Shashi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of the earthquake ground motion parameters on the probabilistic loss estimation of buildings is the major interest of this study. For the seismic performance assessment, real ground motion records from the past earthquakes are required. Estimation of repair costs in future earthquakes is the major component for seismic loss analysis. This study addresses the sensitivity of the statistical characteristics of ground motions contributing to the building loss. Among these characteristics are the ground-shaking intensity (Arias Intensity), duration, and frequency at the middle of strong-shaking phase of the ground motion. These parameters are vital in determining the seismic response of the building structure. A fine study on the sensitivity of the seismic response and corresponding loss of the building structure to ground motions model parameters is carried out using Performance-based Earth- quake Engineering and Performance Assessment Computational Tool, respectively. But due to the scarcity of moderate to large earthquakes, the real records fail to match the required characteristics of motions, as there are insufficient set of data available for analysis to be carried out. Even, the of technique scaling ground motions results in overall unrealistic properties. This has led to the simulation of ground motions which will provide the additional and hopefully accurate predicted information on characteristics of the moderate to large earthquakes. Hence, a fully non-stationary stochastic model for strong earthquake ground motion model is considered which employs the statistical characteristics (waveform parameters) as model parameters matched with those of identified for a large sample of recorded ground motions for specified earthquake and site characteristics, to deliver simulated ground motions to examine the building loss metrics, which depends on the uncertainties in various analysis process starting from obtaining Intensity Measure (IM), Demand parameters (EDPs) to the repair cost estimates. From the predictive equations, specified earthquake and site characteristics results in the model parameters.Further, the validity of simulated ground motion time series representing the real ground shaking during future earthquakes is a crucial step. This study employs the hybrid broad- band ground motion simulation applied simulations to validate against the real records. With the help of hybrid approach, making use of wave propagation phenomena and site response characterization, effort has been taken for validation of these simulated ground motions is conducted for the sensitivity of seismic response and loss for these simulated ground motions.

Download or read book Ground Motion Simulations written by Lynne Schleiffarth Burks and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Engineers use earthquake ground motions for a variety of reasons, including seismic hazard assessment, calibration of ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), and input to nonlinear response history analysis. These analyses require a significant number of ground motions and for some scenarios, such as earthquakes with large magnitudes and short distances, it may be difficult to obtain a sufficient number of ground motion recordings. When sufficient recordings do not exist, engineers modify available recordings using scaling or spectrum matching, or they use ground motion simulations. Ground motion simulations have existed for decades, but recent advances in simulation methods due to improved source characterization and wave propagation, coupled with increased computing power, have increased potential benefits for engineers. But before simulations can be used in engineering applications, simulations must be accessible and consistent with natural observations. This dissertation contributes to the latter issue, and it investigates the application of simulations to specific engineering problems. The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Broadband Platform (BBP) is an open-source software distribution that enables third-party users to simulate ground motions using research code contributed by model developers. Because the BBP allows users to compute their own simulations with little knowledge of the underlying implementation and it ensures that all calculations are reproducible, it is extremely valuable for simulation validation and engineering applications. In this dissertation, the BBP is evaluated as a simulation generation tool from an engineering perspective. Ground motions are simulated to study parameters of engineering interest, such as high-frequency variability, near-fault ground motions, and local site response. Though some parameters need further development, such as site response (which is currently implemented using simple empirical amplification), the BBP proves to be an effective tool for facilitating these types of engineering studies. This dissertation proposes a simulation validation framework based on simple and robust proxies for the response of more complicated structures. We compile a list of proxies with robust empirical models that are insensitive to changes in earthquake scenario and do not rely on extrapolation for rarely observed events. Because predictions of these proxies are reliable under a variety of earthquake events, we can confidently compare them with simulations. The proposed proxies include correlation of epsilon across periods, ratio of maximum to median response across horizontal orientations, and ratio of inelastic to elastic displacement. The validation framework is applied to example simulations and successfully exposes some parameters that need work, such as variability and correlation of spectral acceleration. Finally, this dissertation investigates the application of simulations to response history analysis and fling-step characterization. A 3D nonlinear structural model is analyzed using recordings and simulations with similar elastic response spectra. The structural performance and resulting design decisions are similar, indicating that simulations are effective for response history analysis subject to certain conditions. To investigate fling-step, we extract fling pulses from a large set of simulations. Extracted fling properties such as amplitude and period are then compared to specially-processed recordings and relevant empirical models for surface displacement and pulse period. Reasonably good agreement is found between simulations, recordings, and empirical models. In general, ground motion simulations are found to be an effective alternative or supplement to recordings in several engineering applications. Because simulation methods are still developing, this work is not intended as an evaluation of existing methods, but rather as a development of procedures that can be used in ongoing work.

Download or read book Ground Motion Simulation Validation for Building Design and Response Assessment written by Peng Zhong and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earthquake ground motion records are used as inputs for seismic hazard analysis, development of ground motion prediction equations and nonlinear response history analysis of structures. Real records from past earthquake events have traditionally been recognized as the best representation of seismic input to these analysis. However, our current way of implementing recorded ground motions is poorly constrained and suffers from the paucity of certain condition ground motions, such as the one with short distance and large magnitude. Meanwhile, even though the scaled ground motion is capable of matching the target spectrum, the content of frequency domain and ground motion parameters become unrealistic. With the rapid growth of computational ability and efficiency of computers, simulated ground motion can be an alternative to provide detailed and accurate prediction of earthquake effect. At the same time, simulated ground motions can provide a better representation of the whole ground motion generation process, such as fault rupture, wave propagation phenomena, and site response characterization. Hence, the aforementioned disadvantage of recorded ground motion can be overcame.Despite ground motion simulations have existed for decades, and the design code, such as ASCE/SEI 7-10 (ASCE, 2010), allow use of simulated ground motions for engineering practice, engineers still worried about the stability in ground motion simulation process and similarity between response of engineered structures to similar simulated and recorded ground motions. In order to draw simulated ground motions into engineering applications and make them practical, this dissertation is making contribution to address this issue. Simulated ground motions have to be validated and compared with recorded ground motions to prove their equivalence in engineering applications.This dissertation proposes a simulation validation framework. First step: Identify ground motion waveform parameters that well correlate with response of Multi-Degree of Freedom (MDOF) buildings and bridges. Second step: Develop goodness-of-fit measures and error functions that can describe the difference between simulated and recorded ground motion waveform characteristics and their effect on MDOF systems. Third step: Device the required update to ground motion simulation methods through which better simulations are possible. Forth step: Assess the current state of simulated ground motions for engineering applications.In general, simulated ground motions are found to be an effective surrogate and replenishment of natural records in engineering applications. However, certain drawbacks are detected, 1) Simulated ground motions are likelihood to mismatch certain ground motion parameters, for example, Arias intensity, duration and so on; 2) Structural behavior resulting from recorded ground motions and simulated ground motions are different. The difference stems from the fact that simulated motions are mostly pulse like motions. Because the simulation methods are still developing, our intent is not ranking or classifying them, but rather to provide feedback to update ground motion simulation techniques such that future simulations are more representative of recorded motions.

Download or read book Enhancement and Validation of Ground Motion Simulations written by Nan Wang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accurate prediction of strong ground motion is central to seismic hazard analysis in order to estimate losses during major earthquakes. Ground motion simulations are essential to seismic ground motion prediction, especially for locations of infrequent observations, such as large magnitude and short distance events, where simulations can provide a viable alternative to data. Therefore, enhancement and validation of ground motion simulations, the primary goal of this dissertation, are highly desirable. In Chapter 2, we quantify the effects of four important factors on ground motions from large normal-faulting earthquakes on the Wasatch fault in the Salt Lake Basin: rupture direction, location on the hanging wall versus the footwall, deep 3D basin structure, and the distance from the rupture in the near field range. In Chapter 3, we attempt to validate the presence of several proposed waveguides in the Los Angeles area using 3D simulations and observed data from ambient noise. Here, we compare the numerical and empirical surface-to-surface Green tensors for virtual sources located on the San Andreas Fault. The regions of large peak motions caused by waveguide focusing in the simulations show generally good agreement with increases in the Green tensor amplitudes, supporting the presence of two separate waveguides in greater Los Angeles. In Chapters 4 and 5, we develop an empirical frequency-dependent spatial ground motion correlation model and methods to rectify simulation techniques that otherwise produce synthetic time histories deficient in inter-frequency and spatial correlation structure. The methods are tested using a hybrid deterministic-stochastic broadband ground motion generation module, where our method reproduces the empirical correlations well for a large number of realizations without biasing the fit of the median of the spectral accelerations to data. We find that the best fit of the inter-frequency correlation to data is obtained assuming that the horizontal components are correlated with a correlation coefficient of about 0.7.

Download or read book Validation of Simulated Ground Motions for Bridge Engineering Applications written by Rachelle George Habchi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study presented herein provides validation of five methodologies (EXSIM, GP, Irikura-Recipe, SDSU, and SONG) for ground motion simulation. The 1994 Northridge earthquake is selected alongside a bridge model as the test bed for this validation. This validation comprises a comparison between Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs) obtained from Nonlinear Response History Analysis (NLRHA) of the bridge model subject to simulated and recorded motions of Northridge. The significance of the differences between the two EDPs are correlated with Intensity Measures (IMs) of the simulated and recorded motions. The IMs considered are normalized Arias intensity (Ia), Significant Duration (Td), time at mid-duration (tmin), rate of energy accumulation ( Ia/Td), rate of change in predominant frequency (o'), and predominant frequency at mid duration (omid). A regression of logged recorded parameters yielded Ia, Td, and omid as significant IMs. A regression analysis of logged recorded ground motions discovered that o' was also significant when considering multiple ground motion angles from 0 to 180 at 9° increments. A mixed effects regression was performed to establish the influence of simulation realization, ground motion station, and angle of rotation possessed on the model. Statistical distributions of the recorded and simulated IMs and EDP were compared to each other. Regardless of simulation methodology, the mean and variance of the simulated EDP were comparable to that of the recorded. It is recommended that the methods employed in this study be used with various recorded earthquakes in future research to assess the practicality of this validation approach.

Download or read book Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Structural Response Simulation Using Statistical and Causal Inferencing written by Henry Burton and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sufficiency criterion has long been used to evaluate the effectiveness of a ground motion intensity measure (IM) in capturing the link between ground shaking and structural response. However, a typical sufficiency-based evaluation of an IM only tests for the possibility of linear dependency and the interaction among the upstream parameters is not considered. To address these and other limitations, two new IM evaluation methodologies are proposed. The first methodology considers the loss of statistical information when an IM is used to predict the engineering demand parameters (EDPs) without including the upstream parameters (i.e., earthquake magnitude, source-to-site distance and epsilon). The best IM is the one that minimizes the loss of predictive performance when it is the only model input relative to when it is used as a predictor together with the upstream parameters. To consider the possible interactive effects, a machine learning model is used when both the IM and upstream parameters are used as inputs. The second methodology uses a causal inference approach where the effect of the IM on the EDP distribution is quantified while considering the earthquake magnitude, source-to-site distance and epsilon as control variables. The double machine learning approach is implemented for this purpose. The two methodologies are applied to a set of five steel specifical moment resisting frames. The results show that the statistical loss-based and causal inferencing approaches produce results that are more conclusive than the sufficiency-based approach and more consistent with the physical laws that govern the IM-EDP relationship.

Download or read book Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention MICCAI 2022 written by Linwei Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-15 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The eight-volume set LNCS 13431, 13432, 13433, 13434, 13435, 13436, 13437, and 13438 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2022, which was held in Singapore in September 2022. The 574 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 1831 submissions in a double-blind review process. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: Part I: Brain development and atlases; DWI and tractography; functional brain networks; neuroimaging; heart and lung imaging; dermatology; Part II: Computational (integrative) pathology; computational anatomy and physiology; ophthalmology; fetal imaging; Part III: Breast imaging; colonoscopy; computer aided diagnosis; Part IV: Microscopic image analysis; positron emission tomography; ultrasound imaging; video data analysis; image segmentation I; Part V: Image segmentation II; integration of imaging with non-imaging biomarkers; Part VI: Image registration; image reconstruction; Part VII: Image-Guided interventions and surgery; outcome and disease prediction; surgical data science; surgical planning and simulation; machine learning – domain adaptation and generalization; Part VIII: Machine learning – weakly-supervised learning; machine learning – model interpretation; machine learning – uncertainty; machine learning theory and methodologies.

Download or read book Earthquake Early Warning Systems written by Paolo Gasparini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-10 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides information on the major EEW systems in operation and on the state-of-the-art of the different blocks forming an EW system: the rapid detection and estimation of the earthquake’s focal parameters, the signal transmission, the engineering interface and the information reliability/false alarm problem. It is the first time that so many aspects of EEW systems have been specifically focused upon within a single book.

Download or read book Earthquake Source Mechanics written by Shamita Das and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1986 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Seismological Research Letters written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Integrated Earthquake Simulation written by Muneo Hori and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated earthquake simulation (IES) is a new method for evaluating earthquake hazards and disasters induced in cities and urban areas. It utilises a sequence of numerical simulations of such aspects as earthquake wave propagation, ground motion amplification, structural seismic response, and mass evacuation. This book covers the basics of numerical analysis methods of solving wave equations, analyzing structural responses, and developing agent models for mass evaluation, which are implemented in IES. IES makes use of Monte-Carlo simulation, which takes account of the effects of uncertainties related to earthquake scenarios and the modeling of structures both above and below ground, and facilitates a better estimate of overall earthquake and disaster hazard. It also presents the recent achievement of enhancing IES with high-performance computing capability that can make use of automated models which employ various numerical analysis methods. Detailed examples of IES for the Tokyo Metropolis Earthquake and the Nankai Trough Earthquake are given, which use large scale analysis models of actual cities and urban areas.

Download or read book Active Global Seismology written by Ibrahim Cemen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-04-03 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neotectonics involves the study of the motions and deformations of the Earth's crust that are current or recent in geologic time. The Mediterranean region is one of the most important regions for neotectonics and related natural hazards. This volume focuses on the neotectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean region, which has experienced many major extensive earthquakes, including the devastating Izmit, Turkey earthquake on August 17, 1999. The event lasted for 37 seconds, killing around 17,000 people, injuring 44,000 people, and leaving approximately half a million people homeless. Since then, several North American, European, and Turkish research groups have studied the neotectonics and earthquake potential of the region using different geological and geophysical methods, including GPS studies, geodesy, and passive source seismology. Some results from their studies were presented in major North American and European geological meetings. This volume highlights the work involving the Eastern Mediterranean region, which has one of the world's longest and best studied active strike-slip (horizontal motion) faults: the east-west trending North Anatolian fault zone, which is very similar to the San Andreas fault in California. This volume features discussions of: Widespread applications in measuring plate motion that have strong implications in predicting natural disasters like earthquakes, both on a regional and a global scale Recent motions, particularly those produced by earthquakes, that provide insights on the physics of earthquake recurrence, the growth of mountains, orogenic movements, and seismic hazards Unique methodical approaches in collecting tectonophysical data, including field, seismic, experimental, computer-based, and theoretical approaches. Active Global Seismology is a valuable resource for geoscientists, particularly in the field of tectonophysics, geophysics, geodynamics, seismology, structural geology, environmental geology, and geoengineering. Read an interview with the editors to find out more: https://eos.org/editors-vox/neotectonics-and-earthquake-forecasting

Download or read book Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering in Europe written by Kyriazis D. Pitilakis and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of invited lectures including the 5th Nicholas Ambraseys distinguished lecture, four keynote lectures and twenty-two thematic lectures presented at the 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, in June 2018. The lectures are put into chapters written by the most prominent internationally recognized academics, scientists, engineers and researchers in Europe. They address a comprehensive collection of state-of-the-art and cutting-edge topics in earthquake engineering, engineering seismology and seismic risk assessment and management. The book is of interest to civil engineers, engineering seismologists, seismic risk managers, policymakers and consulting companies covering a wide spectrum of fields from geotechnical and structural earthquake engineering, to engineering seismology and seismic risk assessment and management. Scientists, professional engineers, researchers, civil protection policymakers and students interested in the seismic design of civil engineering structures and infrastructures, hazard and risk assessment, seismic mitigation policies and strategies, will find in this book not only the most recent advances in the state-of-the-art, but also new ideas on future earthquake engineering and resilient design of structures.

Download or read book Validation of a New Flying Quality Criterion for the Landing Task written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book National Earthquake Resilience written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-09-09 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States will certainly be subject to damaging earthquakes in the future. Some of these earthquakes will occur in highly populated and vulnerable areas. Coping with moderate earthquakes is not a reliable indicator of preparedness for a major earthquake in a populated area. The recent, disastrous, magnitude-9 earthquake that struck northern Japan demonstrates the threat that earthquakes pose. Moreover, the cascading nature of impacts-the earthquake causing a tsunami, cutting electrical power supplies, and stopping the pumps needed to cool nuclear reactors-demonstrates the potential complexity of an earthquake disaster. Such compound disasters can strike any earthquake-prone populated area. National Earthquake Resilience presents a roadmap for increasing our national resilience to earthquakes. The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) is the multi-agency program mandated by Congress to undertake activities to reduce the effects of future earthquakes in the United States. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-the lead NEHRP agency-commissioned the National Research Council (NRC) to develop a roadmap for earthquake hazard and risk reduction in the United States that would be based on the goals and objectives for achieving national earthquake resilience described in the 2008 NEHRP Strategic Plan. National Earthquake Resilience does this by assessing the activities and costs that would be required for the nation to achieve earthquake resilience in 20 years. National Earthquake Resilience interprets resilience broadly to incorporate engineering/science (physical), social/economic (behavioral), and institutional (governing) dimensions. Resilience encompasses both pre-disaster preparedness activities and post-disaster response. In combination, these will enhance the robustness of communities in all earthquake-vulnerable regions of our nation so that they can function adequately following damaging earthquakes. While National Earthquake Resilience is written primarily for the NEHRP, it also speaks to a broader audience of policy makers, earth scientists, and emergency managers.

Download or read book Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis written by Jack Baker and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seismic hazard and risk analyses underpin the loadings prescribed by engineering design codes, the decisions by asset owners to retrofit structures, the pricing of insurance policies, and many other activities. This is a comprehensive overview of the principles and procedures behind seismic hazard and risk analysis. It enables readers to understand best practises and future research directions. Early chapters cover the essential elements and concepts of seismic hazard and risk analysis, while later chapters shift focus to more advanced topics. Each chapter includes worked examples and problem sets for which full solutions are provided online. Appendices provide relevant background in probability and statistics. Computer codes are also available online to help replicate specific calculations and demonstrate the implementation of various methods. This is a valuable reference for upper level students and practitioners in civil engineering, and earth scientists interested in engineering seismology.

Download or read book Optimal Transport for Applied Mathematicians written by Filippo Santambrogio and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2015-10-17 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph presents a rigorous mathematical introduction to optimal transport as a variational problem, its use in modeling various phenomena, and its connections with partial differential equations. Its main goal is to provide the reader with the techniques necessary to understand the current research in optimal transport and the tools which are most useful for its applications. Full proofs are used to illustrate mathematical concepts and each chapter includes a section that discusses applications of optimal transport to various areas, such as economics, finance, potential games, image processing and fluid dynamics. Several topics are covered that have never been previously in books on this subject, such as the Knothe transport, the properties of functionals on measures, the Dacorogna-Moser flow, the formulation through minimal flows with prescribed divergence formulation, the case of the supremal cost, and the most classical numerical methods. Graduate students and researchers in both pure and applied mathematics interested in the problems and applications of optimal transport will find this to be an invaluable resource.