Download or read book Grapevine Viruses Molecular Biology Diagnostics and Management written by Baozhong Meng and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The domestication of grapes dates back five thousand years ago and has spread to nearly all continents. In recent years, grape acreage has increased dramatically in new regions, including the United States of America, Chile, Asia (China and India), and Turkey. A major limiting factor to the sustained production of premium grapes and wines is infections by viruses. The advent of powerful molecular and metagenomics technologies, such as molecular cloning and next generation sequencing, allowed the discovery of new viruses from grapes. To date, grapevine is susceptible to 64 viruses that belong to highly diverse taxonomic groups. The most damaging diseases include: (1) infectious degeneration; (2) leafroll disease complex; and (3) rugose wood complex. Recently, two new disease syndromes have been recognized: Syrah decline and red blotch. Losses due to fanleaf degeneration are estimated at $1 billion annually in France alone. Other diseases including leafroll, rugose wood, Syrah de cline and red blotch can result in total crop loss several years post-infection. This situation is further exacerbated by mixed infections with multiple viruses and other biotic as well as adverse abiotic environmental conditions, such as drought and winter damage, causing even greater destruction. The book builds upon the last handbook (written over twenty years ago) on the part of diagnostics and extensively expands its scope by inclusion of molecular biology aspects of select viruses that are widespread and economically most important. This includes most current information on the biology, transmission, genome replication, transcription, subcellular localization, as well as virus-host interactions. It also touches on several novel areas of scientific inquiry. It also contains suggested directions for future research in the field of grapevine virology.

Download or read book Grapevine Leafroll Disease written by Matthew Magnus Halldorson and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Grapevine Leafroll Disease written by Naidu Rayapati and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Limiting the Spread of Grapevine Leafroll Disease GLR written by J. G. Charles and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Assessing Grapevine Leafroll Disease Impact in Commercial Vineyards Throughout Pennsylvania written by Alexander Varaksa Jr and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is an economically damaging viral disease of grapevine that is negatively impacting the wine industry by reducing yields and delaying fruit ripening. Recent studies have indicated that GLD presence has been identified in the northeast U.S. Unfortunately, little information is known on GLD presence and spread in Pennsylvania, the impacts of GLD, and how to properly manage it. GLD impact has been shown to be variable as well, where different factors such as the environment, cultivar, rootstock, virus species, or mixed infection can play a role in disease severity. Additionally, the spread and impact of GLD over time is not well understood, suggesting a need for multi-location and multi-year studies. The goal of this research was to determine GLD spread over time in four vineyards located in different climatic regions in Pennsylvania, determine GLD impact in each location over several years, and correlate disease impact with site-specific weather conditions, which would provide useful information for future GLD studies and for growers. This thesis has three main objectives, and each objective is addressed in a separate chapter of the thesis. The first chapter focuses on identifying GLD presence and spread within four commercial vineyards located in regions with considerable weather variability across Pennsylvania. Within the first chapter, vineyard blocks were tested for GLD each year to determine if the disease was spreading from year to year. Vector scouting was conducted to determine if mealybug vectors are present in the vineyards, which would indicate that disease can continue to spread. I hypothesized that disease spread would occur within vineyards if mealybug vectors were found. At this current time, no mealybug management or scouting practices are conducted in any of the vineyards by growers. The second objective of this thesis was to determine disease impact on vine vegetative growth, production, and fruit quality over the span of three years by evaluating GLD effects at four commercial vineyards and comparing within and across seasons. In Pennsylvania, growers have little to no information regarding the effect of GLD on vine parameters. Through this objective, I identified if vine production and fruit quality differences between healthy and GLD infected vines were consistent or varied across years and regions, and if the results can impact a grower's production. I hypothesized that GLD-infected vines will have lower yields by having lower cluster weights, reduced pruning weights, and will be less cold hardy due to the viruses' impact on carbohydrate assimilation and storage in the vines. I also hypothesized that fruit from infected vines will have lower total soluble solids (TSS) and higher titratable acidity (TA) at harvest due to delayed vine maturity caused by GLD. Additionally, GLD impact will vary across sites and regions, as differences in weather conditions may play a role in disease effects. The third objective of this thesis was to identify the influence of weather parameters on GLD impacts on infected vines compared to uninfected. This objective focused on two common weather parameters that heavily influence vine growth, productivity and fruit quality, rainfall and growing degree days (GDD) measured each season at the four commercial vineyards. This objective could help identify if the severity of GLD's effects on vines vary with seasonal weather conditions (e.g., lower or higher seasonal temperatures). For this objective, I hypothesized that the effect of weather will differ in GLD-infected vines when compared to non-infected vines. Differences between GLD-infected and non-infected vines will be more relevant under unfavorable conditions (i.e., more rainfall, less heat accumulation) for berry development and ripening in the northeastern US. However, GLD-infected vines in areas or seasons with higher GDD and less rainfall might be able to assimilate enough carbon to properly ripen the fruit, leading to similar trends in GLD-infected and non-infected vines. Results from this research can provide useful information for incorporating weather conditions into GLD impact studies that allows for GLD effect correlation with weather. My findings also show the importance of conducting GLD research in several locations over longer periods of time to get proper assessments of GLD effect. Showing that GLD impact is site-dependent would be useful in developing proper management strategies for growers based on the effects in their vineyards.

Download or read book Graft transmissible Diseases of Grapevines written by International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 1993 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Epidemiology of Grapevine Leafroll Disease Within New Zealand Vineyards written by Christina Petersen and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapevine leafroll (GLR) is one of the most economically important and widespread diseases of grapevines. This disease was first identified within New Zealand vineyards in 1964 and is of increasing concern to the wine industry. Although GLR is not usually lethal, it causes erratic bearing, and due to delayed ripening, the sugar content from infected vines may be 25-50% lower than healthy vines harvested on the same date ... attempts to prevent the spread of leafroll have focused on the use of sanitary programs, the aim of which has been to propagate virus-free material through the detection and elimination of leafroll diseased grapevines ...

Download or read book A Century of Plant Virology in India written by Bikash Mandal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a compilation of research work carried out on plant viruses during past 100 years in India. Plant viruses are important constraints in Indian agriculture. Tropical and sub-tropical environments and intensive crop cultivation practices ideally favours perpetuation of numerous plant viruses and their vectors in India, which often cause wide spread crop losses. Of all the plant pathogens, studies of plant viruses have received a special attention as they are difficult to manage. A large body of literature has been published on the plant virus research from India during past 100 years; however the information is so far not available in one place. This book provides comprehensive information on the biology, molecular biology, epidemics, crop losses, diagnosis and management of viruses and viroids occurring in India. Description of properties of the viruses are provided in the chapters comprising of different genera such as Allexivirus, Begomovirus, Babuvirus, Badnavirus, Carlavirus, Carmovirus, Cucumovirus, Closterovirus, Ilavirus, Mandrivirus, Potyvirus, Tospovirus, Tungrovirus and Sobemovirus. Virus-vector research related to aphid, thrips and whitefly is discussed. The work on the management aspects of plant viral diseases has been described with reference to the conventional, antiviral and transgenic approaches. Further, the quarantine mechanism developed in India for the exclusion of viruses and vectors has also been included. The book also provides useful information about the capacity building on the research and education on Plant Virology in India. Overall, the book covers a wide range of accounts of research findings and innovations in Plant Virology in India during past 100 years. The book will be a resourceful reference to the students, scientists, agricultural professionals and policy makers.

Download or read book Compendium of Grape Diseases Disorders and Pests written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Grapevine Leafroll associated Virus 3 written by Roshni Rohra and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is susceptible to infections from nearly 70 viruses and virus-like organisms, of which Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is one of the most economically destructive. Infection of GLRaV-3 causes grapevine leafroll disease (GLD), creating characteristic symptoms of leafrolling and chlorosis or leaf reddening, depending on the grapevine cultivar. The extensive genetic variability of the GLRaV-3 viral population has resulted in the classification of isolates into 10 phylogenetic groups. The effect of viral genetic variability on viral titre and spread, virus-encoded suppression of RNA silencing (VSR) activity of p19.6 and p19.7, and symptomology has been investigated in this project using group I, VI and X genetic variants of GLRaV-3. This research has uncovered significant differences in the biological properties of each genetic variant studied, as well as a postulated link between relative VSR activity and virus-titre, spread and symptom development. Group I p19.6 and p19.7 have strong local VSR activities; group I virus has high local accumulation with slow spread. Additionally, group VI p19.6 and p19.7 have possible systemic VSR activities; group VI virus accumulated highly and uniformly throughout the vine, resulting in severe symptoms. Group X p19.6 and p19.7 possess weak local and systemic VSR activities; group X virus has low and slow accumulation and spread with late symptom expression onset. Overall, this work has correlated the role of VSRs in the processes of virus accumulation and spread, symptom patterning and symptom severity from group I, VI and X genetic variants of GLRaV-3. Understanding the pathogenicity factors of GLRaV-3 is a crucial area of research with future implications in mild strain cross-protection. These findings have provided a foundation for future research in obtaining a mild strain of GLRaV-3.

Download or read book Distribution and Monitoring of Grape Mealybug written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Characterization of Viruses Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease in Vitis Rootstocks in South Africa written by Megan Harris and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the global and most economically significant viral disease of grape cultivation is grapevine-leafroll disease (GLD). Viruses associated with GLD are known as grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaVs) and numbered in order of discovery, with the most important one being GLRaV-3. Viti- and Foveaviruses are often also often found in mixed infections with GLD, and speculation exists regarding a codependence of transmission of some Vitiviruses with GLRaV-3. As with most grapevine growing countries, many strains of GLRaVs, Viti- and Foveavirus are present in South Africa. A local certification scheme exists with the objective of providing grapevine scion and rootstock material free of these viruses to farmers. Rootstocks show no GLD symptoms thus making visual diagnostics impossible. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that GLRaV-3 is difficult to test for in rootstocks than in scions, possibly due to uneven distribution and low viral titre in rootstocks. It is however also possible that rootstocks select for specific strains of GLRaV-3 which may be less amenable to the detection technique. The difficulty in detection of GLRaV-3 could result in unwitting infection of healthy scion material by infected rootstock material during grafting. To gain greater insight into the detection of GLRaV-3 detection in rootstocks both rootstock and scion tissue were sampled separately from 95 grapevine individuals and tested using a broad spectrum PCR protocol directed at a highly conserved primer binding sequence flanking a highly variable region of the GLRaV-3 helicase gene. Amplicons of scion and rootstocks of 22 vines were subjected to Illumina next generation sequencing to determine the composition of the GLRaV-3 variant population. Poor detection (43% of samples) at low amplicon levels were obtained for GLRaV-3 in primarily R99 rootstock compared to the corresponding scions (GLRaV-3 detected in 93% of the scions samples) and corroborated the perceived poor detection of this virus in at least R99. We also determined that poor detection of GLRaV-3 is not due to the presence of a PCRinhibitory substance in rootstocks as we obtained high levels of amplicons of Vitiand Foveaviruses associated with the rootstocks of GLD infected vines. This was achieved using universal degenerate primer nested RT-PCR combined with Illumina next generation sequencing of the resulting amplicons. Confirmation tests were performed using Vitivirus specific primers to determine the identity of the unidentified Viti- and Foveaviruses found. Direct Sanger sequencing was used on 37 rootstock samples and 20 corresponding scion samples. Viti- and Foveaviruses were significantly less detected (61%) in rootstocks than corresponding scions (82%). The dominant component of the viral population was shown to differ between samples, with Grapevine virus B (GVB) and Grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV) only found dominant in rootstocks. NGS data exhibited that the largest amount of the total reads belonged to GVB (44%), though no pattern could be differentiated between differing rootstocks. This is the most comprehensive study done on the viruses associated with GLD in rootstocks in South Africa, and will contribute to improve the certification scheme.

Download or read book Studies on Grapevine Leafroll Disease written by Melanie Newfield and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Grapes and Wines written by António M. Jordão and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-02-28 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book "Grapes and Wines: Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis, and Valorization" intends to provide to the reader a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art and different perspectives regarding the most recent knowledge related to grape and wine production. Thus, this book is composed of three different general sections: (1) Viticulture and Environmental Conditions, (2) Wine Production and Characterization, and (3) Economic Analysis and Valorization of Wine Products. Inside these 3 general sections, 16 different chapters provide current research on different topics of recent advances on production, processing, analysis, and valorization of grapes and wines. All chapters are written by a group of international researchers, in order to provide up-to-date reviews, overviews, and summaries of current research on the different dimensions of grape and wine production. This book is not only intended for technicians actively engaged in the field but also for students attending technical schools and/or universities and other professionals that might be interested in reading and learning about some fascinating areas of grape and wine research.

Download or read book Molecular Biology and Epidemiology of Grapevine Leafroll associated Viruses written by Bhanu Priya Donda and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies were conducted on molecular biology and epidemiology of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses infecting wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars in Washington State. In the first objective, the complete genome sequence of two isolates of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1, genus: Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae ) was determined to be 18,731 and 18,946 nucleotides. The genome of GLRaV-1 isolates contain nine open reading frames with long 5' and 3' non-translated regions (NTRs). The sequence differences in the 5'NTR was used to develop a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for distinguishing GLRaV-1 variants in vineyards. Northern blot hybridization revealed the presence of three of the eight putative 3' co-terminal subgenomic (sg) RNAs at higher levels in virus infected grapevine samples. The 5' termini of five sgRNAs were mapped and their leader sequences determined. The results provided a foundation to further elucidate the comparative molecular biology of grapevine-infecting members of the family Closteroviridae..

Download or read book A Plant Level Spatial Bioeconomic Model of Plant Disease Diffusion and Control written by shady atallah and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapevine leafroll disease threatens the economic sustainability of the grape and wine industry in the United States and around the world. This viral disease reduces yield, delays fruit ripening, and affects wine quality. Although there is new information on the disease spatial-dynamic diffusion, little is known about profit-maximizing control strategies. Using cellular automata, we model the disease spatial-dynamic diffusion for individual plants in a vineyard, evaluate nonspatial and spatial control strategies, and rank them based on vineyard expected net present values. Nonspatial strategies consist of roguing and replacing symptomatic grapevines. In spatial strategies, symptomatic vines are rogued and replaced, and their nonsymptomatic neighbors are virus-tested, then rogued and replaced if the test is positive. Both nonspatial and spatial classes of strategies are formulated and examined with and without considering vine age. We find that spatial strategies targeting immediate neighbors of symptomatic vines dominate nonspatial strategies, increasing the vineyard expected net present value by 18% to 19% relative to the strategy of no disease control. We also find that age-structured disease control is preferred to non-age-structured control but only for nonspatial strategies. Sensitivity analyses show that disease eradication is possible if either the disease transmission rate or the virus undetectability period is substantially reduced.

Download or read book Filamentous Viruses of Woody Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: