Download or read book Geomechanical Simulations of CO2 Storage Integrity Using the Livermore Distinct Element Method written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large-scale carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) projects involving annual injections of millions of tons of CO2 are a key infrastructural element needed to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The large rate and volume of injection will induce pressure and stress gradients within the formation that could activate existing fractures and faults, or drive new fractures through the caprock. We will present results of an ongoing investigation to identify conditions that will activate existing fractures/faults or make new fractures within the caprock using the Livermore Distinct Element Code (LDEC). LDEC is a multiphysics code, developed at LLNL, capable of simulating dynamic fracture of rock masses under a range of conditions. As part of a recent project, LDEC has been extended to consider fault activation and dynamic fracture of rock masses due to pressurization of the pore-space. We will present several demonstrations of LDEC functionality and applications of LDEC to CO2 injection scenarios including injection into an extensively fractured rockmass. These examples highlight the advantages of explicitly including the geomechanical response of each interface within the rockmass. We present results from our investigations of Teapot Dome using LDEC to study the potential for fault activation during injection. Using this approach, we built finite element models of the rock masses surrounding bounding faults and explicitly simulated the compression and shear on the fault interface. A CO2 injection source was introduced and the area of fault activation was predicted as a function of injection rate. This work presents an approach where the interactions of all locations on the fault are considered in response to specific injection scenarios. For example, with LDEC, as regions of the fault fail, the shear load is taken up elsewhere on the fault. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies of Teapot Dome and indicate significantly elevated pore pressures are required to activate the bounding faults, given the assumed in situ stress state on the faults.
Download or read book Geomechanical Simulations of Caprock Integrity Using the Livermore Distinict Element Method written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large-scale carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) projects involving annual injections of millions of tons of CO2 are a key infrastructural element needed to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The large rate and volume of injection will induce pressure and stress gradients within the formation that could activate existing fractures and faults, or drive new fractures through the caprock. We will present results of an ongoing investigation to identify conditions that will activate existing fractures/faults or make new fractures within the caprock using the Livermore Distinct Element Code (LDEC). LDEC is a multiphysics code, developed at LLNL, capable of simulating dynamic fracture of rock masses under a range of conditions. As part of a recent project, LDEC has been extended to consider fault activation and dynamic fracture of rock masses due to pressurization of the pore-space. We will present several demonstrations of LDEC functionality and an application of LDEC to a CO2 injection scenario. We present results from our investigations of Teapot Dome using LDEC to study the potential for fault activation during injection. Using this approach, we built finite element models of the rock masses surrounding bounding faults and explicitly simulated the compression and shear on the fault interface. A CO2 injection source was introduced and the area of fault activation was predicted as a function of injection rate. This work presents an approach where the interactions of all locations on the fault are considered in response to specific injection scenarios. For example, with LDEC, as regions of the fault fail, the shear load is taken up elsewhere on the fault. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies of Teapot Dome and indicate significantly elevated pore pressures are required to activate the bounding faults, given the assumed in situ stress state on the faults.
Download or read book Investigation of Coupled Chemo hydro mechanical Processes with Discrete Element Modeling written by Zhuang Sun and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geological storage of CO2 is proposed as a near-term economically viable approach to mitigate CO2 emissions, and is an example of the coupled chemo-hydro-mechanical processes. Although CO2 injection and enhanced oil recovery are viewed as mature technologies in the oil and gas industry, investigation of all possible implications is necessary for secure and effective long-term CO2 storage. The injection of a large volume of CO2 into target storage formations is usually associated with a number of geomechanical processes that are initiated at the pore scale. Therefore, a pore-scale geomechanical model, i.e. Discrete Element Method (DEM), is of great importance to better understand the underlying pore-scale processes and mechanisms that govern the large-scale CO2 geological storage. In this work, we concentrate on several significant pore-scale coupled phenomena. Firstly, CO2 injection into geological formations involves chemo-mechanical processes and shifts the geochemical equilibrium between the minerals and resident brine, which subsequently induces mineral-brine-CO2 reactions and affects CO2 storage mechanical integrity. We utilize a numerical model that couples the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and the Bonded-Particle Model (BPM) to perform simulations on synthetic rocks that mimic tested rock samples. Numerical results, in agreement with experimental evidence, show that both cement and particle dissolution significantly contribute to rock weakening in sandstones with carbonate/hematite cements and pore-filling carbonate. Secondly, reservoir compaction involves hydro-mechanical processes that induce changes in porosity and permeability, and is a significant concern for the oil and gas production. We develop a grain crushing model based on the DEM to investigate the changes in porosity and permeability under the reservoir stress path. Grain crushing is shown to be the dominant mechanism for significant changes in porosity and permeability under a high effective stress. Samples consisting of large and soft grains tend to be more readily compacted. Finally, fluid injection in the subsurface may induce fractures and is another common hydro-mechanical process. We couple the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to solve for the mechanics of a solid granular medium and the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to model fluid flow and drag forces. We validate the resolved CFD-DEM numerical model against experiments from the literature and investigate the impact of physical properties and injection parameters. This work reveals how the pore-scale processes contribute to fluid-driven fracture initiation
Download or read book Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations Results from the CO2 Capture Project written by David C Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-01-03 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade, the prospect of climate change resulting from anthropogenic CO2 has become a matter of growing public concern. Not only is the reduction of CO2 emissions extremely important, but keeping the cost at a manageable level is a prime priority for companies and the public, alike. The CO2 capture project (CCP) came together with a common goal in mind: find a technological process to capture CO2 emissions that is relatively low-cost and able be to be expanded to industrial applications. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project outlines the research and findings of all the participating companies and associations involved in the CCP. The final results of thousands of hours of research are outlined in the book, showing a successful achievement of the CCP’s goals for lower cost CO2 capture technology and furthering the safe, reliable option of geological storage. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project is a valuable reference for any scientists, industrialists, government agencies, and companies interested in a safer, more cost-efficient response to the CO2 crisis.
Download or read book Geological Storage of CO2 written by Jan Martin Nordbotten and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-10-24 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the large research effort in both public and commercial companies, no textbook has yet been written on this subject. This book aims to provide an overview to the topic of Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS), while at the same time focusing on the dominant processes and the mathematical and numerical methods that need to be employed in order to analyze the relevant systems. The book clearly states the carbon problem and the role of CCS and carbon storage. Thereafter, it provides an introduction to single phase and multi-phase flow in porous media, including some of the most common mathematical analysis and an overview of numerical methods for the equations. A considerable part of the book discusses the appropriate scales of modeling, and how to formulate consistent governing equations at these scales. The book also illustrates real world data sets and how the ideas in the book can be exploited through combinations of analytical and numerical approaches.
Download or read book Geomechanics in CO2 Storage Facilities written by Gilles Pijaudier-Cabot and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-29 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CO2 capture and geological storage is seen as the most effective technology to rapidly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Up until now and before proceeding to an industrial development of this technology, laboratory research has been conducted for several years and pilot projects have been launched. So far, these studies have mainly focused on transport and geochemical issues and few studies have been dedicated to the geomechanical issues in CO2 storage facilities. The purpose of this book is to give an overview of the multiphysics processes occurring in CO2 storage facilities, with particular attention given to coupled geomechanical problems. The book is divided into three parts. The first part is dedicated to transport processes and focuses on the efficiency of the storage complex and the evaluation of possible leakage paths. The second part deals with issues related to reservoir injectivity and the presence of fractures and occurrence of damage. The final part of the book concerns the serviceability and ageing of the geomaterials whose poromechanical properties may be altered by contact with the injected reactive fluid.
Download or read book Coupled Hydro Mechanical Analysis of the Geological Barrier Integrity Associated with CO2 Storage written by Qun Wang and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2016-08-11 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work presents an indirect hydro-mechanical (HM) coupling concept to study the caprock integrity with regards to CO2 storage in saline aquifer by means of numerical simulations. The HM coupling concept is realized by developing an effective mean stress dependent permeability model and an effective mean stress dependent Biot’s coefficient model in reservoir sandstones. The developed models are implemented into the numerical HM-simulator TOUGH2MP-FLAC3D by writing functions with Fortran 90 in an open source code TOUGH2MP and FISH Language in FLAC3D, respectively. The pilot project for CO2 storage in Ketzin is chosen as a case study to validate the developed HM concept. The numerical simulations are performed using the modified HM coupling simulator TOUGH2MP-FLAC3D. The good agreement of the simulation results with the existing research data suggests that the developed coupling concept can be used for the caprock integrity analysis in the pilot project at Ketzin. In addition, a generic model with reasonable assumption is adopted to study the caprock integrity with regards to CO2 storage in saline aquifer under commercial injection conditions, and the results confirm that the developed coupling concept can be applied to CO2 storage in commercial scale.
Download or read book Coupled Geomechanical Reservoir Simulation written by Amin Amirlatifi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Founded by Department Of Energy, the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership is investigating the Williston Basin as a candidate for sequestering CO2 emissions from power plants. The State of Missouri, a member of PCOR, lies at the outermost point on the proposed transportation route and consequently faces the highest CO2 compression and transportation costs. In order to minimize the cost of CO2 sequestration, it is desirable to find a storage site within the state. The Lamotte sandstone is identified as a suitable sequestration aquifer formation in Missouri with acceptable permeability, porosity, extension, rock strength and water salinity. Using the finite element analysis package ABAQUS for the geomechanical analysis and the fluid flow simulator Eclipse for pore pressure determination, this work looks at pore pressure - stress coupling which has significant implications for failure mechanism, fault reactivation and caprock integrity. The present work also suggests the use of Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) to quantify the lateral fluid flow boundary type and differentiating between open, closed and infinite systems. The present work also suggests a new boundary condition, Semi-Open, which is a transitional lateral boundary condition between Fully Open and Closed boundary conditions. Results of the present work provide a coupling module that can be used to conduct coupled geomechanical analysis for CO2 sequestration projects, facilitate the building of 3D mechanical earth models and provide insight into the role of boundary conditions with respect to CO2 storage capacity. The coupling procedure is utilized to evaluate CO2 storage potential and assess the geomechanical risks for CO2 sequestration in a candidate storage site in the North-Eastern part of the state of Missouri for sustainable CO2 sequestration"--Abstract, page iv.
Download or read book Geological Carbon Storage written by Stéphanie Vialle and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-12 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geological Carbon Storage Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity Seals and caprocks are an essential component of subsurface hydrogeological systems, guiding the movement and entrapment of hydrocarbon and other fluids. Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity offers a survey of the wealth of recent scientific work on caprock integrity with a focus on the geological controls of permanent and safe carbon dioxide storage, and the commercial deployment of geological carbon storage. Volume highlights include: Low-permeability rock characterization from the pore scale to the core scale Flow and transport properties of low-permeability rocks Fundamentals of fracture generation, self-healing, and permeability Coupled geochemical, transport and geomechanical processes in caprock Analysis of caprock behavior from natural analogues Geochemical and geophysical monitoring techniques of caprock failure and integrity Potential environmental impacts of carbon dioxide migration on groundwater resources Carbon dioxide leakage mitigation and remediation techniques Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity is an invaluable resource for geoscientists from academic and research institutions with interests in energy and environment-related problems, as well as professionals in the field.
Download or read book Reactive Transport Modeling of Cap Rock Integrity During Natural and Engineered CO2 Storage written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long-term cap rock integrity represents the single most important constraint on the long-term isolation performance of natural and engineered CO2 storage sites. CO2 influx that forms natural accumulations and CO2 injection for EOR/sequestration or saline-aquifer disposal both lead to concomitant geochemical alteration and geomechanical deformation of the cap rock, enhancing or degrading its seal integrity depending on the relative effectiveness of these interdependent processes. Using our reactive transport simulator (NUFT), supporting geochemical databases and software (GEMBOCHS, SUPCRT92), and distinct-element geomechanical model (LDEC), we have shown that influx-triggered mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions within typical shale cap rocks continuously reduce microfracture apertures, while pressure and effective-stress evolution first rapidly increase then slowly constrict them. For a given shale composition, the extent of geochemical enhancement is nearly independent of key reservoir properties (permeability and lateral continuity) that distinguish EOR/sequestration and saline-aquifer settings and CO2 influx parameters (rate, focality, and duration) that distinguish engineered disposal sites and natural accumulations, because these characteristics and parameters have negligible (indirect) impact on mineral dissolution/precipitation rates. In contrast, the extent of geomechanical degradation is highly dependent on these reservoir properties and influx parameters because they effectively dictate magnitude of the pressure perturbation; specifically, initial geomechanical degradation has been shown inversely proportional to reservoir permeability and lateral continuity and proportional to influx rate. Hence, while the extent of geochemical alteration is nearly independent of filling mode, that of geomechanical deformation is significantly more pronounced during engineered injection. This distinction limits the extent to which naturally-occurring CO2 reservoirs and engineered storage sites can be considered analogous. In addition, the pressure increase associated with CO2 accumulation in any compartmentalized system invariably results in net geomechanical aperture widening of cap-rock microfractures. This suggests that ultimate restoration of pre-influx hydrodynamic seal integrity--in both EOR/sequestration and natural accumulation settings--hinges on ultimate geochemical counterbalancing of this geomechanical effect. To explore this hypothesis, we have introduced a new conceptual framework that depicts such counterbalancing as a function of effective diffusion distance and reaction progress. This framework reveals that ultimate counterbalancing of geochemical and geomechanical effects is feasible, which suggests that shale cap rocks may in fact evolve into effective seals in both natural and engineered storage sites.
Download or read book Coupling Models of Different Complexity for the Simulation of CO 1tn2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers written by Melanie Yvonne Darcis and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Geomechanics of CO sub 2 Storage in Deep Sedimentary Formations written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides a review of the geomechanics and modeling of geomechanics associated with geologic carbon storage (GCS), focusing on storage in deep sedimentary formations, in particular saline aquifers. The paper first introduces the concept of storage in deep sedimentary formations, the geomechanical processes and issues related with such an operation, and the relevant geomechanical modeling tools. This is followed by a more detailed review of geomechanical aspects, including reservoir stress-strain and microseismicity, well integrity, caprock sealing performance, and the potential for fault reactivation and notable (felt) seismic events. Geomechanical observations at current GCS field deployments, mainly at the In Salah CO2 storage project in Algeria, are also integrated into the review. The In Salah project, with its injection into a relatively thin, low-permeability sandstone is an excellent analogue to the saline aquifers that might be used for large scale GCS in parts of Northwest Europe, the U.S. Midwest, and China. Some of the lessons learned at In Salah related to geomechanics are discussed, including how monitoring of geomechanical responses is used for detecting subsurface geomechanical changes and tracking fluid movements, and how such monitoring and geomechanical analyses have led to preventative changes in the injection parameters. Recently, the importance of geomechanics has become more widely recognized among GCS stakeholders, especially with respect to the potential for triggering notable (felt) seismic events and how such events could impact the long-term integrity of a CO2 repository (as well as how it could impact the public perception of GCS). As described in the paper, to date, no notable seismic event has been reported from any of the current CO2 storage projects, although some unfelt microseismic activities have been detected by geophones. However, potential future commercial GCS operations from large power plants will require injection at a much larger scale. For such largescale injections, a staged, learn-as-you-go approach is recommended, involving a gradual increase of injection rates combined with continuous monitoring of geomechanical changes, as well as siting beneath a multiple layered overburden for multiple flow barrier protection, should an unexpected deep fault reactivation occur.
Download or read book Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 Injection in Deep Aquifers written by Chao Li and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mots-clés de l'auteur: CO2 injection ; thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling ; reservoir stability ; caprock integrity ; aquifer expansion ; finite element method ; analytical development.
Download or read book The Geomechanics of CO2 Storage in Deep Sedimentary Formations written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides a review of the geomechanics and modeling of geomechanics associated with geologic carbon storage (GCS), focusing on storage in deep sedimentary formations, in particular saline aquifers. The paper first introduces the concept of storage in deep sedimentary formations, the geomechanical processes and issues related with such an operation, and the relevant geomechanical modeling tools. This is followed by a more detailed review of geomechanical aspects, including reservoir stress-strain and microseismicity, well integrity, caprock sealing performance, and the potential for fault reactivation and notable (felt) seismic events. Geomechanical observations at current GCS field deployments, mainly at the In Salah CO2 storage project in Algeria, are also integrated into the review. The In Salah project, with its injection into a relatively thin, low-permeability sandstone is an excellent analogue to the saline aquifers that might be used for large scale GCS in parts of Northwest Europe, the U.S. Midwest, and China. Some of the lessons learned at In Salah related to geomechanics are discussed, including how monitoring of geomechanical responses is used for detecting subsurface geomechanical changes and tracking fluid movements, and how such monitoring and geomechanical analyses have led to preventative changes in the injection parameters. Recently, the importance of geomechanics has become more widely recognized among GCS stakeholders, especially with respect to the potential for triggering notable (felt) seismic events and how such events could impact the long-term integrity of a CO2 repository (as well as how it could impact the public perception of GCS). As described in the paper, to date, no notable seismic event has been reported from any of the current CO2 storage projects, although some unfelt microseismic activities have been detected by geophones. However, potential future commercial GCS operations from large power plants will require injection at a much larger scale. In conclusion, for such large-scale injections, a staged, learn-as-you-go approach is recommended, involving a gradual increase of injection rates combined with continuous monitoring of geomechanical changes, as well as siting beneath a multiple layered overburden for multiple flow barrier protection, should an unexpected deep fault reactivation occur.
Download or read book Geomechanical Characterization of CO2 Storage Reservoirs on the Rock Springs Uplift WY written by Hua Yu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon sequestration in deep geological formations has been considered as an important and practical solution to significantly reduce the CO2 emission. CO2 injection into reservoirs may lead to mechanical, chemical, and hydrological effects on the geological formations. This Ph.D. research primarily focuses on quantifying and analyzing geomechanical properties and the effect of CO2 on geomechanical properties of reservoir rocks. The research includes: 1) select and prepare rock samples (Weber Sandstone) from Rock Springs Uplift, Wyoming; 2) design and conduct geomechanical experiments; 3) improve the estimations of geomechanical properties of rocks; 4) develop the analytical model describing the nonlinear rock failure behavior; 5) investigate the effect of compliant pores on reservoir rocks under different stress states; 6) quantify and analyze the changes in geomechanical properties of reservoir rocks due to CO2. Major conclusions drawn from this research were summarized. First, a new method proposed for estimating elastic constants and crack propagation stress thresholds significantly eliminates bias due to both user-defined data interval and poor data resolution on the stress-strain data analysis procedures. Second, a generalized power-law failure criterion was derived in terms of the rock strength properties and validated through published test data for different rock types. Third, the nonlinear pore pressure-volumetric strain relationship at low confining pressure changes to a linear behavior at high confining pressure. Fourth, the unstable crack growth region governed by the initial compliant porosity is independent of the differential pressure. Fifth, the effect of CO2 on geomechanical properties of Weber Sandstone in the linear elastic, nonlinear plastic, and post-failure regime is limited. However, a consistent change in Mohr failure coefficients due to CO2 was observed.
Download or read book Geomechanical Geochemical and Hydrological Aspects of Co2 Injection Into Saline Reservoirs written by Maziar Foroutan and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon dioxide Capturing, and Sequestration (CCS) is a promising technique that helps mitigate the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. CCS process mainly involves capturing CO2 at the industrial plant, followed by transportation and injection into a suitable geological storage, under supercritical conditions. Saline aquifers are among the best geological storage candidates due to their availability, high storage capacity and injectivity. Despite the CCUS technology promise, several public safety concerns remain to be address, including but not limited to reservoir/wellbore stability and integrity, CO2 leakage, ground deformation (uplift) and induced seismicity. The injected supercritical CO2 is trapped through different mechanisms in the host reservoir including (i) structural and stratigraphic trapping, (ii) residual trapping, (iii) solubility trapping, and (iv) mineral trapping. Dissolution of CO2 into the formation brine creates an acidic environment, which is highly reactive. The potential mineral dissolution in reservoir rocks can enhance the storage capacity and reservoir injectivity, while the secondary precipitation of minerals can decrease the storage capacity and injectivity. However, the geochemical processes triggered by CO2 injection can potentially degrade the mechanical properties of the reservoir rock, which can consequently disturb the wellbore-stability, reservoir integrity, and lead to significant reservoir compaction. Furthermore, injecting CO2 changes the stress-regime by increasing pore-pressure in the reservoir and its surroundings, which can potentially reactivate the existing faults, leading to induced seismicity. In this research, experiments were performed to evaluate the variation of porosity and pore-connectivity of intact sandstone specimens upon injecting CO2-enriched brine. In addition, the permeability evolution during the CO2-enriched brine injection process was evaluated under different reservoir condition. The mechanical impacts of injecting CO2-enriched brine were evaluated by comparing the mechanical properties (i.e., elastic, strength, seismic and time dependent properties) before and after injecting CO2-enriched brine. In addition, to evaluate the response of fractured reservoirs to CO2 injection, CO2-enriched brine was injected into a limestone and varyingly cemented (i.e., calcite and quartz cemented) sandstone specimens that were artificially fractured. The experimental results were used to numerically simulate CO2 injection into a core-scale porous medium to investigate the changes in CO2 concentration and mass transfer mechanism under different porosity, permeability, and injection pressure values. The experimental results of injecting CO2-enrihed brine to the intact (non-fractured) specimens revealed permeability enhancement and mechanical weakening caused by mineral dissolution. The extent of changes in permeability and mechanical properties of rock specimens varied under different reservoir conditions (i.e., pressure, salinity, and temperature). The mechanical weakening increased the possibility of induced seismicity, which consequently resulted in decreasing the allowable injection pressure of CO2. However, the permeability increase resulted in enhancing CO2 mass transfer and accelerating the solubility trapping in the brine aquifer.
